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6 ืฉืก 8118016ืฉ8 11017ื˜ื˜ื 0806 1085 61181/ื”ืž ืคื•ื 1 


116116296 21016045 ?000021100 


ื ืขืกืก. 6ื–ื˜?1ื˜ืก-ื˜10019ืฉ0))ืก1ืžื• 
ื’ื•ื–0ืก.1416ื’ื•ืก-ื•ืค015ืกื ืฅ//:ืคืŸื•ื–ื— 


0068400ื˜20 16045ืกืฅืข? 116111896 86 1 60 


ื–ืกืŸ ืขื•56106 ืกื—ื•ื•ื—ืก 1066ื˜ืกื–ืง 15 101ื–010ื—ื– 115 
ื–ืก 010ื–60006 106ืกื–ืกื—ื–ื—ื–ืกืก ื–ืก'? ืฆื•ื—ืก 96ื˜ 90001ื–ืกื˜ 
ืกื—ื–ืฉืก11ืก1 106 64 ืคื• 0001004 16056ื˜ ,96 ื–ืกื—}ืก ืฅื—ืก 

1 1ื•1ืกื—ื–ืก 


ื ืขืกืก. 6ื–ื˜?1ื˜ืก-ื˜10019ืฉ0))ืก1ืžื• 


ืช200002600 21016645 116111296 06 1' 0 


1 
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ืจ 
;ื˜ื™ 


= 


ื•ื™ื™ืžื›ืื“ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืฐืจืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืง ืงืคึผืกืค . 
ื™ืึธืกืœ ื‘ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื“ืฆืขืจื” ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทื ื‘ืฃ | 
ืฉืึธืœืขืื™ื ืœืฒ ื› ืขื. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืก (ืจืึท- 
ืžืืŸ. ืคึฟืึทืจื•ืขืฆื•ื ื‘) + . 6 ื™ 
ืžืึธื˜ืœ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืืŸ ืจืื›ื•ื•ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืจืฒึทืš (ืœื™ื“ืขืจ) : 
ื’ืขื ืื“ื™ ืฆืกื˜ืจื˜ืš ื“ื•ืฒึท ื“ืขืจืฆืฒื˜ืขื ื ืฆืŸ . * . . 
ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ืจื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืืžืข, ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ . 
ื›ืึธืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืื™ืฒืŸ ืœื™ื“ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืข... ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืงืก ืจึนื™ืื ื˜, 
ื‘ืืจื™ืก ืžืึทื’ื™ืœื’ืขืš ื•ืžืขืืคื” ื ื’ืจื•ื•ืžืืŸ 
ืœื™ืคึผืข ื”ืขืœืขืจ, ืคืขืœื™ืงืก ื›ืื™ึดืžืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ืคื™ื ื™ืข . ืืฐืฆืกืœืงื™ืŸ. ืคื™ืจื˜. ื”ืฆืœืฆื˜ืก 
ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจืึธืฐื•- 
ืฆืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื 
ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืื›ืึธืฐื™ืฆืงื™. ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื“ืืš . 
ื™ืื ืงืขื•ื• ืžื™ืœืฉื˜ืฒืŸ. ืืœื˜ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ 
ืขืœื™ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธื ืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ื ืฉื™ ื˜ืข ืื™ ื ืจ ืขื” 
ืคื–ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืง. ืฐื ืกื™ืœื™ ืคืึธ ืœืฐืฐื•ืืจืึธื˜ืฉื ื™. ืžืฑืฑ- 
ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. . . 
ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื›ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืขื“ืฑ 
ืืจื“ ืจืึธื–ืขื ื˜ืืœ. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ืฆืœื˜ (ืกืึธืฃ)ืฃ . . :*+ ืฉ". . 
ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ื’ืจืึธืกืžืืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง. ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข. ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 
ื™ื ืง ืึธ ืฐ ื˜ื™ืคืœื™ื ืก ืงื™ ืื•ืคืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ืืฐืจืึธื ื‘ื™ืง. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืขืฑื™ืข . . . 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ. 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข . . 
ืงื•ืจืฆืข. ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก. ืžื™ ื›ื ื™ึดืœ ืงืจื•ื˜ื™ืงืึธืฐ. ื“ื™ 


ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืฒื‘ืขืฃ + . . = 
ื : ืžืืจื’ืึธืœื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื™ื ืึธื™ืœื 
,ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ? . . 


ืขื˜ื ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข. ืื™ื’ ืึธืจ ืงืจื•ืคึผื ื™ืง, (ืžืืจืง ืงืฑ 
ืคึผืึธืฐืขืฆืงื™ ืืข -- ื ื™ืช 
ืื™ืŸ 809ืจ . , 

ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื™ื“ืื˜ืขืก. : : ื‘ ื”' ื˜ : ืกึน ืง ืข ืจ 
ื›."ื . ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืก ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืš ื“. ืžืื ื™ื“ืŸ 4 + , 

ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืž. ื . ื ื™ : ื ืœ ืก ืง ื˜ . ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข 
ืคืึธืœืง ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ (ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’) . . . . 

ืกืขืจื’ืฒื™ ืœื™ืคึผืงืึธ. ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฐืึธื™ 


ืœื• ืจืื™ ื˜ืข .ื˜ื ืฉื™ืฉ .ื™ืข ืง. 
ืคื™ื˜ืขื ืขืŸ ืื”ื• ืจืื™ื”ืขืœื˜ + ืฆ' ื ืข 6 + ืฆื™ 6 , 
ื”ืื ืง 4 + +, ืจ 6 6 80 01 
ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื•ื ื™ื™ ืขื™ 6 


ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ + . 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจื™ื’ืจืืคื™ืง. ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื™ื™ ืก-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ . . . . ' 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข. ืึธืœืขื’ ื’ื•ื‘ืืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืข- 
ืžื•ื” ื•ืฉื™ื˜ + + ื™ื + 6 + 6'. 6 2 


ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืฉ . . 

ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึธืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•" . . . ื 

ืจืขื•ื˜ืžื˜ ื”ื˜ื™ืฉ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ)ื™+ + * + +. . + 6 ; 


3 
4 


103 
105 


108 


14 


ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ื. ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก 


ืจืขื“ืงืึทืœืขื’ื™ืข: 

ื›. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ (ืฉื˜ืขืœืคืืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ), 

ืฉ. ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ, ื˜. ื’ืขืŸ, 

ื. ื˜ื•ื•ืขืจืกืงืึทื™, 

ื‘. ืžืึธื’ื™ืœื ืขืจ, ื›. ืžืขืœืืžื•ื“, 


ื‘. ืคืื ื“ืคืขืจ, ื’. ืขืกื˜ืจืฒึทืš 
(ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ), 


ื”. ืคึผืึธืœื™ืื ืงืขืจ, ื™. ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, 
ื™. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืง ืงืคืกืค 


ืืฃ ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขืคืจืขืกื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 20:ืขืจ-- 40:ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 20ื™ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 


ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจื“ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 'ืคืกืกืจ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื- 
ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื- 
ื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™- 
ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืขื˜". 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึทื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืึทืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืฃ 
ืฆื• ืžืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืข- 
ื›ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืฉื™ื–ื, 

ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 1948 ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืœืึทื–ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜. ืืœืก ื ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืฅ ืึธื ืฆื•ึผื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืจืขืคึผืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœืึทื–ืข 
ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืงืึทืœืขื’ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ 1952 ืคืึทืจืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืฃ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข. 

ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืœื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 1955 ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื– 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืงืจื™ืžื™ื ื™ืจื˜ืข ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืื‘ืจื™- 
ืฆื™ืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 22 ื ืึทื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1955 
ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื“ืข ืื™ืกืคื™ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ-ืคึผืจืึทืงื•ืจืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืกืกืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ,ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข 
ืืœืข ืคืืจืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืข ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืคึผืกืค 
ืก. ื. ืœืึธื–ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ืื™. ืก. ืคืขืคืขืจ, ืื™. ืก. ื™ื•ื–ืขืคืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืœ. ืž. ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜- 
ืงืึธ, ืคึผ. ื“. ืžืืจืงื™ืฉ, ืข. ืื™. ื˜ืขื•ืžื™ืŸ, ืก.ืœ. ื‘ืจืขื’ืžืืŸ (ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜), 
ืœ. ืก. ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืื›ืืงืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ื™ึทืฉืขืจ ืจืขืื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ืืฆื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ. 
ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืžืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžื™ืกื™ืข ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึทืžื™- 
ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ื‘ืื ืฆืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืคึผืกืค ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืฐื•. ื. ืฉื™ืžืขืœื™ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“. ื . ื”ืึทืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
(ื ืึทื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜), 

ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึท ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, 


ื™ืึทืกืœ ื‘ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจ 


ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืจ 


ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื”ืืงื“ืึธืžืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืื–ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืืฐืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืฐื•ื ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืกืืš ืฉืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜, 
ืจืึธืžืื ื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜. 
ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ? ืฆื™ ืžืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜, ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜ -- ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืฒืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืฅ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ืŸ? ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืคืืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืกืฒึท ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืืœืข ื’ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš? 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ืคืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื’ืืจ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ (ืึธืคึผื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ) ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืขื–ื™ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืืœืฅ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื•ืืจืŸ. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ (ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜): ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, -- ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืขืกืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืกืืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ,ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข, 
ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“!" ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜, ืื– ื’ืจืึธื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื ืกืืš 
ื‘ืื’ืื‘ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ ืฉืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื™ ืจืึธืžืื ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืกืืš ืื•ืžืคืืจื’ืขืกืœืขื›ืก. ืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ื–ื™ื™ืจืข, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืงื™ืขื, ื ืึธืจ ืื–ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืฑืจืœ. ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืืงืข 
ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. 

ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื ืึธืจืขืžืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืืฃ ืฐืึธืœื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื›ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึธืจืฐืขืกืข ืคื™ืก, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉืืจืคืข ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืึธืกืขื˜ ืคืขืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืœ-ืžืขืคืืจื ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ื’ืขืœืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข. ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ 


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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœืžืืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ื 
ืฐืึธื’ืŸ, ื ืคืืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื ื™ืฆืŸ ืจืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคึผืœืึทืฉื˜ืฉืื“ืงืขืก ืืฃ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข 
ืคืจืื›ื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื™-ื”ื•ืจื‘ืขืก, ื•ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคึผื•ืขืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืœืข- 
ื’ืึธืœืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืจื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืงืืœื™ื•ื–ืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขืคึผื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืœืขื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ื ืœ, ืฐื• ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ืกื˜ืขืœืžืืฉื ื™ืข, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ืข ืคืขืจื“ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืงืขื“ื™ืงืข 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขื ืขืจ, ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื ืจืึธื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืจืขื“ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœ: 

-- ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง, ื“ืื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื“ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืขืกืึธ! 

ื ืึธืจ ื’ื™ ืฆืขืจืฒึทืก ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš! ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื™ืคื™ืœ ื”ืขื ื˜? ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืงื™ืขืš? ืงื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื–, 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืืก ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืก ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืขื ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืึทืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง ืื™ื ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืฆื• ืฆืขื–ืขื’ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืŸ ื“ืขืžื‘ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืืกืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื ื™ืฆืŸ 
ืกืคึผื™ืฆืขืก ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืขื“ืขืจ. ืึธืคื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืจืื ืงืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ืืคืฆื•ืœืึธื›ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜, 
ืคืืจืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืคึทึผืื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืื– ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืฒืกื˜ืŸ 

-- ื ื•, ื–ืึธื’ ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืฅ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ 
ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขื’ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง? 

-- ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื˜ืื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืก'ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ. 

ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืงืืจื ื™ืข. ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจืึธื“ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืืฑืกื˜ืึธืงืŸ ืงืœืขืฆืœืขืš 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขื ืงื•ื™ืขืš. 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื˜ืฉ-ื ืืก, ืฐื™ ืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืึทืงืขืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก-ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื. ืืฐืขืงื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืข 
ื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ึทืขื ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜: 

-- ืคึผืืฐืœืึธ, ื›ืึธื“ื™ ืกื™ื•ื“ื™ (ืงื•ื ืื”ืขืจ), ื’ื™ื‘ ื ืึธืจ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทืงืืจื ื™ืข-ืจืึธื“, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒ 
ืงืœืขืฆืœืขืš ืคืืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืจืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืึธืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฆืืฆืงืขืœืขืš. 

ืคึผืืฐืœืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง. ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑืขืจื™ื, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜: ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉืžื™ืœืขืง ืžืื›ื˜ ื ืจืึธื“, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืจืขื“ืŸ, ื’ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืข ื–ื•ืžืคึผื™ืงืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืฆืขืŸ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืœื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ 
ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืขื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืžืฒึทืกื˜ืจืขืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜.. 

ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื ืืคึผืข ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื ืื›ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืึธื‘ืœืืฐืข, ื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืืœ-ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืคืืจื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฒื™. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• , ืคืึธื ื™ืข ื’ืื ืขื•ื•" -- ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืคึผืฒึทืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืื›ืขื•ื•ืข ืงื™ืœืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืึทืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™. 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜. ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื ืคืื ื˜ืขืจื™ืขืคึผืึธืœืง ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธื–ื™ืจ ืืœืก ืกื˜ืขืœ 
ืžืืš ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ-ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข. 

ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืกื˜ืขืœืžืื›ืขืจืฒึท. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืึธืŸ 
ืฉื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ื•ืžืขืฉ, ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืงื ื™ืคึผ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื•ื™ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืœืืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜. ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืขื ืŸ ื ื‘ืœืื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืžืึธืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื˜ื™ืงื ื“ืœ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœืฒื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ืข ืžื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฆื• ืœืฑื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื•ื™ืกื•ืืงืกืŸ ื ื’ืจืฑื™ืกืขืจ ืœืืžื“ืŸ, 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ืคืืจืžืึธื’ ื ืฉืืจืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืฐืึธื›ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื ืกืืš 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืจืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืข ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืœืฒื’ืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืึธืจืขืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ื“ ื ืคืืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืจืึธืฉืขืฉืึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืžืงื™ืคึผืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ 
ืœืขื ืื™ื, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื™ืœืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืœื™ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื›ื ื–ืึธืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืœ ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืข- 
ื’ืึธืœืข, ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“, ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึธืฉื˜ืฉืื“ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ื ื˜ืฑื™ื•ื•ืข ืคืืจ ื ื˜ืฑืฐืข. 


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ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืฐืฒึทื– ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. ื’ืื ืฆืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜. ืฆื• ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ ื™ืึธืจ, ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืฉื™ืœืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื 5-ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ -- ืžืขืŸ" 
ื“ืขืœืขืŸ, ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืขืŸ, ืคึผืขืจืขืฆืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืขืŸ, ื’ืึทื’ืึธืœืŸ, ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืŸ. ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจื™ืฉื•ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื  ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ื– ืงืขื“ืฒึท ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืืฒื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธืงื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒื™ื“ืœ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจื‘ืืจื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐื™ืฅ 
ืฆื• ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืœืขื“ืขืจ, 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผ. ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ืคืึธืจ-ื”ืฑื– ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืื›ื˜ืœืขื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึธื“ืขื ืข ืฐืขื’ืขื ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืจืœืฒ ืื•ื™ืคืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืงืœืขืš ืžืขืœ, 
ืงืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื™ืฆืขื ืขืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืืจื™ื“. ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ื ืขืคึผ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื–, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜-ืื™ื™ื’ื’- 
ื˜ื™ืžืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืขืžื™ื™ืœืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื• ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ 
ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ. ื– 

ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืก ื–ื•ืŸ, ืงืืœืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ. ืงืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆืฒึทื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืคืืจ 
ื ืฉื•ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื‘ื 600 ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ื ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ืื ื’. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขื ื™ืฉ ,ื–ื™ื“ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ', ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ืกืฒื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืข 
ื”ืขื ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื›ืึทื›ืขื ืกืฒึท ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืก ื–ื•ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฉืขื ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืคึผืฒึทื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืจื“-ืื•-ืฐืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ืœ-ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐื•ึผ ืงืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืฉื™ืœืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืจื“-ืื•ืŸ-ืฐืึธื’ืŸ -- ืื™ื– ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ. 

ื ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื™ื’ืœ, ืœื™ื™ื, ืฆืขืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ื•ื™-ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข. ืืฃ ืฐื™ืคืœ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฉื•ื™ืžืขืจ. ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื ืงืœืื ื’, ืื– ืงืืœืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื–ืืฐื›ืึธื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืืœืก ื 
ืœื™ืฉืขื ืขืฅ. 

ืงืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทืฉืขื• ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธืฉืขืฐืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™"ืœ. ืคึผืขืจืขืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ-ืฉื•ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื– ืื™ื ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดืฉืขืฐื•, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืจืืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื˜ืข ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉ-ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, 
ื‘ื™ึทืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉื“ืœื™ื ื’ืฐื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืฉื•ืœืŸ ื ื•ื™ืกืข ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขืจ. ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดืฉืขืฐ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื˜, ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืงืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ื•ื™ื›ืฉื•ืœ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืคื™ืจืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ืงืืคึผืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื ืึธืจ 
ืงืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืจืขืฐืขื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืกืืžืึธื•ื˜ืฉืงืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜, ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ืžืืจืงืกืŸ, ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื’ืขืœืŸ, ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดืฉืขืฐ, ืžืื›ืžืขืก ืงื™ื ืข, ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ื•ื ืขืŸ, ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ื ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืงืœืื ื’ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื -- 
ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืขืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ืืกืขืจืคื™ืจืขืจ, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึทื–ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืื–ื ืœืืžื“ืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืคืจืื“ืœ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืคืœืขื’ ืืฃ 
ืคื™ื™ืกืขืš ืืจืึทืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึทึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ืงื™ื ื“. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืคืจืื“ืœืก ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ื– ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื ื ื“ื™ืจ -- 
ื’ืขื ื•ืจื˜-ื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ื”ื•ื™ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื ื–ื™ื‘ืขืœืข -- ืงืืœืžืขื ืงืขืŸ. ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึทื ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜-ืคืืจื’ื™ื ืขืจืก ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืงืœืื ื’, ืื– ื ืžืขื“ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืคื™ ื˜ืึธืขืก 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืจืื“ืœืขืŸ ื–ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื ืคืจืขืžื“ืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ืก, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขื ืœืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ. ืงืืœืžืขื ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื ืงืึธืคึผ ื’ืขืงืจืฒึทื–ืœื˜ืข ื”ืขืจืขืœืขืš, ื ืงื•ืจืฅ ื ืขื–ืœ, ื ื›ื™ื ืขื•ืฐื•ื“ื™ืง 
ืคึผืขื ืขืžืœ, ื ืžืึธืœืขื˜ืืžืขื“ื™ืงืก. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืืœืžืขื ืงืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœืจ 
ื›ืึทืจ (ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืึทื’ื˜ ื ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืฐื“ื™ืง ืงืขืœื›ืœ, ืืŸ ืืœื˜). ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
,ื ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขื ืขืจ", ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื– ื’ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ืฐื- 


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ืกืขืจืคื™ืจืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืžืขื ืื’ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ืคืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื. ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืฐื ื˜ ื‘ืื 
ืึทืžืขื“, ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืžื™ื-ื ืฑื™ืจืึธื™ึดื. ืฐืฒึทื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืœื›ืœ, ื“ืึธืก 
ืืœื˜ืขืœืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื™ืืจืฉื ื˜ ื‘ืื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง. ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ื 
ืคืืœืฉืขืจ ืงืœืื ื’, ื ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืก. ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืก, ืขืจืฉื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ืงืืœืžืขืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืงืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืฐืฒึทืŸ ืึทืŸ ื ืกืืš ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื ืคืืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืจืฒึทื–, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜, ืืฑืกืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื›-ื . ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืก ,ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜', ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ,ื ืขื ืžื™ืš, ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืคืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ", ืžืืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก ,ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžืคื•ื™ื’ืœ". ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืœืื ืฆื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืืœืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืฒึทืœืขืก. 

ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืคืืจืœืื˜ืขื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจืฉืžืึธืœืฆืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึผืขืœืฆืœ, ืคืœืขื’ 
ืึธืคื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ: ืคืืจืคืœืื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืฉืึธืกืฒ:ืฐืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืœ-ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืœื“-ืฉืขื˜ืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ , ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื‘ืœื•ื', -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜. 

-- ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ, -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ... 

ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ? ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืงืจืื ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ. ืคื™ื ืฃ ืงื™ื " 
ื“ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืœืขืจ. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืขืงืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื™ื™ืฆืขื˜ ืงืืœื™ 
ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ืึทื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื– ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’, ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืš-ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจืฒึท ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืงื ืืคึผืข 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ื ืฉื™ืœืขืจ, ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ. ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื“ืจืื˜ื•ื•ืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื›ืึทืœื™ืขื•ื•ืข, 
ืื•ื™ืกืคืœืขืงืœืขืŸ ื ืคึผืึทื“ืžื™ืึธื˜ืงืข ืฆื• ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ -- ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ. 

ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก'ื‘ื™ืจื–ืฉืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจ, 
ื‘ื™ื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืœืฒึทืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜, ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืขื ืงืขืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื 
ื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ. ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ืœ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืขื›ื”ืื‘ืข. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืœืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืขื–ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืœื™ื›ืขื•ื•ืื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, 
ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืœืึธื–ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืฒึทืฃ ืืฑืก" 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ: 

-- ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ! ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืง ืื™ื– ืึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ื™ืขืฅ... 

ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืฉืžืึทืœืฆืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืงืึธ 
ืฆืขื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜: 

-- ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜. ืžื™ืš ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืงืืœืขื ื™ืง. ืฉืขื ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ .ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืืฐืขืง ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ืขื ืงืขืœืข ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. 

ื ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืขื ืขืจ, ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื ื’? ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืŸ 

-- ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ื ืคึผืึทื“ืขืฉืฐืข. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืคึผืŸ ื–ืื“ื ื™ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ื ื›ืึทืœื™ืขืฐืข... 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื’ื˜ ื‘ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฒื’ืขื ืขื 
ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืœืึธื›ืึธื“ืงืข, ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ: 

-- ืื•ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ื˜ืึธ ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืื•ื•ืขืง ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขื ืงืขืœืข. ืฐืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื? ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ืžืึธืœืึธ 
ื“ื™ืขืฅ, -- ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจื™ืฉ ื ืคึผืื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœืŸ, ื’ืขื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื’ืื ืขืงืขืก, 
ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ืฉืขืžืขืŸ. ื˜ืื˜ืข-ืžืืžืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื ืคึผืึทื’ืจืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทื ืฆื ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืœ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืคืืจืฉืฐื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ,. ืขืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื”ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืฉื™ื›?ืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผื™ื˜ืขืฅ, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜: 

-- ื ื, ืฉื˜ืขืš ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขืงืœ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜. 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืš. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ืกื˜ื•, ื“ื• ืžืืžื–ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขืจ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืœืึธืฆื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ. -- ื“ื• 
ื ืขื ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืœืืคึผ-ืืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืฅ ืื™ื ืืฒึทืŸ... 

-- ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก? -- ื”ืึธื›ื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

-- ื›ืึทื›ืขื ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืงืœืืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื“ืขืฉืฐืข. 

-- ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื“ืขืฉืฐืข. 

-- ื ื, -- ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœืืคึผ-ืืฒึทื–. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื“ืขืฉืฐืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืœืืคึผื™ืืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคื•ืœืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉืฑืกื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ื ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฆืขืžื™ืฉื˜ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืื”ื™ื ืฆื•ื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืึธื™ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœืขื ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื‘ืืจื•ื™ื’ืขื– 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ-ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ? ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจืฒึท.. -- ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืก ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืงืื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ: 

-- ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืœ ื’ืขืคึผืื˜ืฉืงืขื˜ืข? ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืก" 
ื˜ืืžืข ื ื ืขืคึผืžืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ืืจืฒึทื ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ืกื˜ืืจืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ืคืฒึทืฃ ืืฃ ืืฒึทืš, -- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. -- ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืกื˜ืขืœ- 
ืžืืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืขืกืขืจืขืจ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืจืฑืกืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข. 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืœื™ืขืง, ืฐื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจื”ืืคื˜. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื•ื™ืกืข ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจ. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐื™ืœืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื 
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื“ืขืจ-ืคืืจื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ืขืก ืจืฑื˜ืŸ 
ืœืขื“ืขืจื ืขื ืืฒึทื ื‘ื•ื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื“ืงืขืฉืขื ืข, ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืงื•ืง 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืื•ื™ืกื™ืขืก: ,ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืขื“ืขืจ-ืคืืจื™ื™ืŸ'. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืงืœืืก! ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ื ื˜ืืคึผ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข, ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ืฆืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืœืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืื’ืื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืขืœืข ืืฃ 
ืืฒึทื ืžืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜. 

ืืš, ืฐื™ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืคึผืขื“ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงื•ื! 

ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื“ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงื•ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ื ื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื›ืึทื˜ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืคื ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ, 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื ืกืืš ื›ืื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืืกืšื“ 
ืคืืจืฐืฒึทืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื•ืงื– ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืฒ- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืืื•ื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืืจืฑื™ืกืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื“ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืขืงืœ ืคืืคื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. 

ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜, ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจื•ืฃ ืืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’, ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืืฐืขืงื’ืฒืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื™ืื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืขื ืฐืฒึทื– ืืจื•ืžื‘ืœืึธื ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืื ื‘ืจืขื’, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืึธืจื˜, ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฑืกื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจืขื’, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืืฑื’ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ. 

ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืฐื•ื•ึผืžืขืŸ ื”ืขื˜-ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืื–ืฉ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืคื™ืฉื™ื ืขืฆืŸ. ืื•ืžืงืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืฉืฐื™ืžืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืฉืžืฒื›ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืกืึธืœื™ื“ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจืฉื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืคืขืœืจื–, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึท ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืฐื™ ืก'ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื›ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ื‘ืื 
ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธ ืคืื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืื“ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืŸ. 

ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืฐืขื ืงืœื˜, ืฆื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืึธื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืืฒึทื ืœืื“ื•ื ื’. ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 


ืžื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืžื•ื™ืจืข. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืคืจื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืื–ื ืึธื ื’ืขืš 
ื–ืขืขื ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ? 

ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจืฑืกืœืึธื“ืขืงื–ืืžืขื ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื™ื–ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืœืฅ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืืฃ ืฉืคึทึผืขื˜ืขืจ. ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ืืžืขื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืงื•ืจืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืขืจ 
ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื. ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง, 
ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฉืึธืขื ืฐืฒึทื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื™ื–ื™ื˜. 

ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืกืงื•ืจืกื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 

ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืึธื ื“ืึธื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืื. 

ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’-ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืข ื˜ืขืคึผื™ื›ืขืจ-ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ื’ืข ืงืื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืจืื ื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืžื™ืจืžืœ-ื˜ืจืขืคึผ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืึธื ื–ืขื ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืกื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื " 
ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืžืขืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜, ื“ื™ ืจื•ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข, ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ืฒื™ืžืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืง, ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืืŸ ืขืคืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. 

-- ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธ ืคืื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืขืคืœืขืš ืžื™ืš ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืจืึทื›ืขื ืขื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-ืžืื ื˜ืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื ื’ืขืœืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื " 
ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ. ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืขืœื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืกืืžืขื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืฒื™ื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ-ื”ืขื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ืœ. ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืขืคึทึผืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขื ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื‘ืขื ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืึธื ืืฆื™ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืŸ 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธ ืคืื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืจื™ืžื˜, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืขื ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžืฉืคึผืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ื•ืขื– ื›ืืคึผืŸ, ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: 

-- ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ื‘ืืœืื“ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืœืคื™ื ืขืŸ? 

-- ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึท ืคืื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, 

-- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ? ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ? 

ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึท ืคืื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ. 

ื‘ืื ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืึธืŸ. ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ืกื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืืœืข ื•ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืืœ. 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืื. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฃ ืžืึธื›ื™ืงืข 
ืคืขืœื“ื–ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื’ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ื•-ืื•ืคื’ืื ื’. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ! 
ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ืคื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ? 

ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืšืšืื•ืคื’ืื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืฑืงืฒึทืœืขืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ื ืงืœืขื ืขืจืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืื-ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜. ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื˜ื•ืงื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืžืขืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืคืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืœื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื‘ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฒึท. ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืื– ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืขืงื•ื™ืขืš. 

ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึทื–ื˜ ื‘ืืจื’-ืืจื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื›ืœืึทื ืงืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืข ื’ืืกืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ืฉ ืืคืŸ ืžืึธืœื“ื- 
ื•ื•ืื ืงืขืจ ืžืืจืง. 

ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกืœืึธื“ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืจืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขืกื“ื‘ืจืขื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื. 

ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืžื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขืฐ 
ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืงื–ืืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืขืก, ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืขื™ื–, ืืœื•ืคึผืงืข, ืžื™ืกื›ืึธืจ, ื™ืืœื˜ืข, ืืœื•ืฉื˜ืข, ื’ืขื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืืฒึทืคึผืขื˜ืจื™, ื˜ืฉืื˜ื™ืจ-ื“ืื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืฐื™ ื ื˜ืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื’" 
ืืื•ืœืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืจืฒึทื–ืข. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜, ื–ืึธืจื’ืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜, 
ืื– ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืขืง, ืืฒื‘ื™ืง. ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืึธืš ืคืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืื•ื™ืก ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงื•ื, ืื•ื™ืก ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ... 


ื ืึธืš ืึธื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืคึผืึธื“ืึธืœื™ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจืคืœ. ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืกื˜ืืจื˜ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืึธืกืฒ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืจื˜ืขืจืฐืฒึทื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืฑื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืขืžืขื ื˜ื™ืจื˜- 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ื’ืขืฐืขื˜ ืฐื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ื ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจืขื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ื ืงื™ื™ื ืขื, ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœ 
ืฆืขืจื ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืง ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฐืขืœื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืงื•ืกื˜ืืจื–ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ืฉืขืจืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืœื“ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืืกืคืืœื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ื˜ืจืึธื˜ื•ืืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ืื ื˜-ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง. ื‘ืœื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ ืžื™ืขืจืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจืืงืฉื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืืฉื˜ืื ืขืšืืœื™ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฆื•ื™ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืกืขื“ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืืจืงืกื™ ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ. ื•' 

ืื™ื ืขืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืจืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ ื ืคืืจืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืืœื˜ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืฒึทื›ืึธืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื’ืืก ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืข ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขืกื™ืง-ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ืข ืคื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉืขื ืกืฒึท ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืฐื™ื, ืกืฒึท ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคืึธืจืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ืึธืคึผืขืกืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืืœืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื• ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืืคึผืŸ. ื“ืึธ, ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ- 
ืงื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืข- 
ื’ืึทืœืขืก, ื“ืจืขืžืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื–ืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืœืื˜ืขื˜ืข ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืŸ. ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืคืืจ" 
ื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืงืขืคึผ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึธืงืœื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืคืขืจื“ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึธื ืขืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ื™ื•ืฉื™ื ืข. 

ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขืคึผ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืขื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข 
ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“. ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื˜-ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฐืฒื ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื˜ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜. ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืขืงืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒืฉื˜ืึธืงื™ืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืขื ืคึผืจื™ืฆื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœื•ื•ืืจืง. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืืจืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื–ืฉ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœ. ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื  
ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจืืœืขืœืข ืงืœืืกืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื˜ืข ืœืื‘ืึทืจืื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก, ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜-ืงืจืฒึทื–ืœืขืš, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื›ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจืฒึทื–, -- ื“ืึธืก 
ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. 

ื–ื•ืžืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื™ืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืจืฒึทื–, ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื ื˜ืฒึทืš-ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒื ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ ืึทื“ืขืจ ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืœื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื•ืžื“ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง, ืื ืืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึธืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื™ 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืžืืง, ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฒื™ื ืงืฒึทื˜. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง ืฆื•ื ืคืึทึธืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืคืืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื™ืขื ื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื  ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืฒื™ื“ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื™ื‘ืขื“. 

ืื™ืš ืฐืฒืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืฆื™ ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืฉืึธืจืขื• 
ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ืฐื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜, ืžื•ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื‘ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ? 


10 


ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืจืฒื™ื“, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘, ื ืึธืจ ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ื- 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืื’ืขื ื ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืื™ืืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคืืจืฆื™ื™- 
ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ื ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžืื–ืœ, ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืคืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืืจืฆื™ื™- 
ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืคึผืœืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ. 

ืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืฐืฒึทื–, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืข ืฉืึธืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ืจืึทื›ืœืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ื™ืกืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืžื™ืฉืข ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆืŸ" 
ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ. ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืขืคึผืขืก ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืขืงื˜, ื ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื›ืืคึผืŸ, ืื– ืกืข ืฉืืจื™ึดืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ 
ื˜ืึธื’. ื“ืืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืœืขืš, ื–ื™ื™ ืฆืขืจืฒึทืกืŸ 
ืืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ืงื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื•ื–ืืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืฉ. 

ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึธื›ืœืขืŸ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืืœ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืงืึธื ื“ื™ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ื“ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข. ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื“ื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืžืื’ืื–ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ื ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจืึธื–ืฉื ืขืก, 
ืงืึทื ืคืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ื™ืกืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืกื˜ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืคึผืื˜ืขืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ 
ืคึผื™ืจืึธื–ืฉื ืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืคืขื˜ืŸ, ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืคืœืขืฉืœืขืš ืกื™ื˜ืจืึธ, ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš, ืื– ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ืขืก ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ... ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืš ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ. 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืื’ืื–ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืœ. 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืคืœืขืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืื’ืื–ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ื ื ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ื“ืขื ืžืื’ืื–ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš... 

ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทื ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ื ืึทืš ืจืึธื›ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื“ืื–, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืก ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื ื™ื’ืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืจืื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืงืœืืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืกืฆืขื ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธืฐืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ,ืงืืฉื˜ืื ืงืข". ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืฐื™ื ืงืœ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ื‘ืขื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืื ืึธืข ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืืžืขืฉ ื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ ื ืื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข 
ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธืฐื•ืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืขืฉืืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜: ,ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ 
ื–ืขืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืืฃ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจืฑืกืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขื›ืึธืฐืขื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืขื ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ืฆื• 
ืงื•ื ืกื˜". ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ืื’ืื‘ื˜ืข, ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฉื•ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื ืคื•ื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืขืจ 
ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื ืฉื™ืœืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืื ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืื–ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจืืฆื™ืขื–, ืจื™ื˜ืžื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืœื›ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืง, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื, 
ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸืžื™ื˜ืขืœืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืฒึทื ืขื ื“ื™ืงื™ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืขื ืขื ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜- 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ: 

-- ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืœืขืจืขืจ. ืึธืคื˜ ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืคืืจื‘ืฒื™ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืฆืขื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืื ืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข. 
ื–ื™ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžืืžืขืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื–ื™ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืขืื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ. ืฐื™ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืกื™ืื™ื– ืงืขื“ืฒ? 

-- ืื•ืžื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื˜. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืคืขื™ึทืงืข, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 


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ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข. 

ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื’ืขืœืืกืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื. ืฐืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข ื˜ืจืขืคึผ, ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื˜ื•ืžืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง ืืŸ ืขืคืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ืงืึธืœ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ ืืŸ ืขืคืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื ืคืจื•ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจืขืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ืฆื•ื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’. 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขื“. 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื– ืืจืŸ ืฆื•ืงืขืจืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“-ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ, 
ืึทื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืคึผื™ 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึธืจื˜ืŸ. ืงืขื“ื™ื™ โ€ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื 
ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืคึผื•ืฑื˜ืขืงืข, ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ืึธื›ื™ื“ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ื’ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืœืขืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฒื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื›ืื™ื•ื ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ื“ื™ื ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทื‘ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. 

ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ืฐื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืŸ ืฆื•ืงืขืจืžืืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื“ื–ืขื ืข ื’ืจื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืง ืืึธืจ. 
ื™ืึธืžื™ื-ื ืฑืจืึทื™ึทื:ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ื 
ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื’ืขื ื“ื–ืขืœืขืš, ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืืฑืกื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื ื“ื–. ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜. 

ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขืคึผืขืœืข ื’ืจื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืืจืึทืคึผื’ืขืฉืึทื˜ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกืงืึทื•ื•ืจืขื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื‘ืขืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื ื“ื–ื•ื“ืฉืžืืœืฅ. ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉืคึผืฒึทื–. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื™ื 
ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืงืขื›ื˜ืก. 

ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ื–ืื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืŸ ืฆื•ืงืขืจืžืืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืจื•ืžืฉืคึผืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื‘ืึธืžืงืขืŸ ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ: 

-- ื’ืจื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืื'ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื–ืฒ ืคืืจืœืขื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืืึธืจืŸ 

ืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืฐืฒึทื– ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืืจืฒึทื ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ; 

-- ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืื–ื ืžืฒึทื›ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืœืื ื’ ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ... 

ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื˜ืืงืข ืืฃ ืœืื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผืขืจื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืข, ืฐืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึทืœืขื˜, ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฆื™ืขืŸ 
ืขืคืขืก ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ, ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืœืงืกืœื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื ื›ืื–ืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ื ื’ื•ืืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืืคึผื™ืงืฑืจืขืก, ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ื™ืึธืžืงื™ืคึผืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืข ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืงื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ื™ื– ื ื™ืœืข. ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก ,ืกืืœื•ื•ืข". ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืงื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ. ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก-ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ,ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ.." 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืžื™ื“, ืคืืจืžืื˜ืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืจืŸ ืฆื•ืงืขืจืžืืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ืจื•ืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: 

-- ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืื–ื ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“?.. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“, ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. .ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื•ืงืขืจื–ื™ืก? 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื“ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืืœื™ืง, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืกื™ืงืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื›ื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผืืœืขืง.." ื˜, ืขืก ื’ืข- 
ืคืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืื›ื™ 
ืฉืึธืฐืขืก. 

ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก ืื™ื ืขื ื”ืืจื‘- 
ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžืื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืืœื˜ืข ืจืขื’ื ืก ืœืื ื’ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืจื™ื–ื™ื•ื•. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธื™ืขื ืงืึธืžืื˜. ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืื˜ืขื™ืžืืžืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืงื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื ื‘ืืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ืงืŸ, 


12 


ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžืจื•, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื. ืืฉื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ 
ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ-ืื–ื™ืข. ืก'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ืงื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ" 
ื’ืจืื“. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืœืื ื“ืกืœืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืžืข ื ืขื›ืืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ื“ืขืžื™ืื ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืžืข ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืืจืืฉื˜ืฉืื ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจ, --- ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื, 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืื”ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืื™ื– ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขืš. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืจืึธื‘ืจืื–. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจืžื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืฒึทืขืš, ืฆื™ ืก'ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืึธ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื’" 
ืžืขื ื˜, ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืจืžื™ื™- ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืขื 
ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฆืฑื’ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 
ืจืฑื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืข ื‘ืืงืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ, ืึธื  
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ ืฐืื˜ื ื™ืง. ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

-- ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ? ืื”ื, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื ืื›ื˜ื–ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืžืฃ-ืžื™ืœ. ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืฒึทื’ืขืก, ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘ ืืฃ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข ื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืžื™ืš. 

ื‘ืื ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: 

-- ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื™ืึธ, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก, ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ... 


ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืกืืš ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข ื”ื™ืคืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ... ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ ืื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ -- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ืขืจืขื•ื• ืžืฒึทื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืขื•ื• ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš, ืกืึธืฃ ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1951. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื™ืึธืžื˜ืฑืฐื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืฑื™ืคึผื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ 
ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐื“ื™ืง. ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคืฒึทืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื‘ืื ืฒึทื•ื ื’. 
ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื ืขืกื˜ืŸ. ื˜ืฒึทื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’-ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืจืืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ื ื ืึธืจืžืืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืกื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจ-ืฉื™ืคืŸ. 
ืืฃ ื ืกืืš ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื“ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืœื™ื•ืœืงืขืก, ืืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืคืืกืื“ื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืœืšื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื™ื’ืœื•ื•ืขื ื˜, ื’ืขืจืฒื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœืึธื ืขืก, ื‘ืืœืงืึธื ืขืŸ, ืงืืจื ื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืึธืงืขืก, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื ืฐืขืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืงืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื–, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื•ืœื˜ืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. ืงื™ึดืขืฐื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš- 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืงืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืœื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืงืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืงืฐื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื™ืึธืžื˜ืฑื•ื•ื™ื. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื–ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜. ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื‘ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืกืฒึท 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืขืกืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืขืคึผืขืก ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืœืึธื›ืข, ืฆื• ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจืฒึท, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 25 ื™ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ื“ืจืื˜ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. 

ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื›ืขืก ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจืฒึท. 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก- 
ืฉื•ืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜, ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ืœืื ื’ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธืคึผืฐื›ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืขืกืขืจืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจืฒึท. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืคืงืข ืฆื•, ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ืืŸ ืื ืงืขื˜ืข ืฆื• ืคืืจืคื•ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืฒืกื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸื™ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื. ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื™ ื”ืืœื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืขืคืœืขืš: 


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-- ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื™ืงื™ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฆืฒื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ืคืืœืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ืข ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ 
ื ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ,ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก? ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธ ืคืึธืจ! -- ืคืจืขื’ 
ืื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. -- ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ืฉืคึผืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ 
ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ". 

ืฆื• ืืœืข ื™ืขืกื•ืจื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื– ืžืฒึทื ืข ื›ื™ืœื•ืงืขื“ื“ื™ื™ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ, 

ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืœื•ืงืข-ื“ื™ื™ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืžืขืจืกื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื˜ื- 
ื ื™ืขืŸ. ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืšืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืจืขืื’ื™ืจื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืคืœืขื’ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึทื˜ืืงืขืฐืขื˜, ื ืึทื›ื’ืขื‘ืึธืžืงืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืจ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืื ื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ื’ืขืขืจื’ืขืจื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜. ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขื›- 
ื˜ืขืจืœ, ื”ืืœืขืžืฒึท ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ, ืคืœืขื’ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ื’ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืšืฃ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜, ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจืข ืฉื•ื™ืšืคืœื™ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืžืื›ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืืžื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

-- ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ึดืขืจ. ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, -- ืคืœืขื’ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจืŸ. 

ืื ื™ืขื˜ืฉืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืฒึทืขืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 

-- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืŸ... 

ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืจ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื˜ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืกืึธื“-ืกืฑื“ืขืก ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, 
ืื– ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• 
ืžื™ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืื•ื‘ ืž'ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืืคืงืข ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืกื™ืงืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“. 

ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜. ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ? 
ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืื•ืคื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“? ืฆื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื›ืื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืึธืœื™ืจืŸ. ืคืืจืฐืึธืก? 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก? ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ื“ืึธ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืื ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืึทืจืขืžืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืงืืคึผืฆืึธื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืก, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ื–ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจ" 
ื•ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ืคืืกื™ืงืœ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข-ืฉืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทื - 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ, ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืฐื™ ื ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืื•ื™ื’. ืฆื• ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืืฃ ื ื’ืฐื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธืคึผืšืคึผืœืื ื˜ืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืงืœ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืงืึธืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืขืจืขื–ืขื™ื‘ื•ื™ื. ื“ืขื ืคืึธื™ 
ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืžื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 
5, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื“ืืจื˜ืข, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืืจื˜ืข ืžืืžืข ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืžื™ื ื™ื ืงืจืื ืงื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ -- ืคึผืึธื“ืื ืจืข, ืžื™ื’ืจืขืŸ, ื›ืึทืœืขืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก- 
ืฐืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืงื ืืคึผืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ. ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™, ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื ื™ึดืขืก-ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข, 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืฒึทื“ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืจื•ื™, ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืืงืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืฐืขืก, ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 

ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืขื•ืจืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš, ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืœืจืขืš ืื•ืค' 
ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทืข ืžืืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ืžืœืขืš, ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทืข ืฉื™ื›ืขืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื‘ืึธืจื’ ื’ืขื ืจ 
ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข. ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข 
ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืข" 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืึทื ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืžืขืกื˜ืœืขืš ื”ืึธืคึทึผืŸ, ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ืคืืจ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขืก, ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื ืขื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืืฃ 
ืฉืื‘ืขืก ืฆื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขืฉืขืจืŸ -- ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธื–, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื›ืึธื™ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืœ. 

ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื ืืคึผืข ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ืขืจืขื•ืจืคึผื™" 
ืกืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ื ืืกืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™. ื˜ืจืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ืื ื˜ืœื™ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืขืžืžืœ 
(ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกืœ ืืฃ ืึธื ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ืžืืฆืข-ืžืขืœ), ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื•ื˜ื ืขืจ ืงืืœื™ื•ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืฉื™ื›ืขืœืขืš, ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื”ืจื™ื–ื ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ืžืึธืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฐื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœ. ืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืข, ื‘ื ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš 


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ื”ืึธื‘ ืื ื˜ืœื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกืœ, ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืœืื ื’ 
ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืคืืจื”ืจื™ื–ื ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขืคึผื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข. ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืžื™ืš ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœื™ื•ื–ืฉืข. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืก?ืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ื™ืขื ืข 
ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืœ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื›ืœื™ืคึผืขื ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ืš ืžืืžืขืฉ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืกืข ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืœืขืš ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื•ื ืืœืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื ืืกืข ืฉื™ื›ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ื–ืขืงืขืœืขืš, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืงื™ืœืŸ, ืžื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืœืขื ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ืก ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืืœื˜ืข ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืึทืจื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข ืกืื ื“ืืœื™ืขื˜ืจ 
ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื-ืงื•ื™ื ืžื™ืš ื‘ืืจื•ื™ึทืงื˜. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœ, ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืกื˜ืืจืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืœืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื ื™ืก. ื›ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืข ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืก. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืœืข ื ื™ืกืœืขืš ืžืฒึทื ืขื ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ื›ืืฐื•ืขืจ. 
ื’ืึธืจ ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืฐื•ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก, ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ืข ื ื™ืก. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข, ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืจืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉืืคืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืกืืš ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื“ืขื ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ 
ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ. ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืฒึทื›ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœืขืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื“ืืจื™ื ืงืขืจ, ื ืฉื•ื•ืื›ื™ื ืงืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื›ืœื˜. ื–ื•ืžืขืจ- 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื›ืืคึผืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืืฐืขืงื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•, ื“ื™ ,ืงืึธืจืžื™ืœื™ืฆืข", ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืฉืข, ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš, ืื•ืžืงืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื”ืฒืงืึธืคึผื™ืฆืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื“ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ, 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ืข ืฉืึธืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื ืืคึผืข ืขืœืฃ ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึธืฉืขืฐ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืข ื›ืื“ืึธืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืœ. ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืืœืก ื ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจื ืึธื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื ืฉื™ืœืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ 4-ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ 
ื›ืขืžืก , ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื›ืขืจืœ" ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข -- ,ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš', ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคืืจืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ. : 


ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืกืึธืฃ ืืคึผืจืขืœ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืขืจืขืฐืจืžืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ื ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืขืจืขื•ืฑืคึผืฒื™ืกืขืš. ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืคึทึผืึทืจ ืขืกื™ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืž" 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืขืฐืขืจ ืจื•ื™ึทื ื™ืจื˜ืข 
ื’ืืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฐื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื™ 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜'. ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ืึทื ืึธืจืืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื ื™ืฆื˜ืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ. 

ืฆื•ื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื‘ื™ืœื“. ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืฐืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžื" 
ืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœืืกื˜ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืฆื•ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืข ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืืกืงืขื˜ ืคึผืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืœืืกื˜-ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœืŸ. 

ืœืขื›ืื˜ื›ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธ ืคืึธืจ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคืื“ื ืขืžื˜ ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ืืš, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืืฃ ื ืฐืขืœ 
ื›ืขืจ ื’ืืก ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜. 

ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ: 

-- ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ, ืื”ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื ืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’! 


15 


ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ 
ื ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื“ืึธืงืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜: 

-- ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ, ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืขื’. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ? 

ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื‘ืกืึธืœื™ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ื“ืึธ. ืืฃ ืื–ื ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœืื ื’ื–ืืžืข ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ. ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš: ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืึธื ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืขื ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื™ืกืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื™ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฃ-ืคืืจืฆืึธืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืงื•ื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง... ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจืื’ืขื“ื™ืข. ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ 
(ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 1948) ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ -- ืคืขืคืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืŸ, ืงืฐื™ื˜ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– 
ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืจื™ื“ืŸ... ืฐืขืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ.. ืื™ืš ืืฒืฆืข ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ 
ืื”ื™ื™ื... ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’... ืฐืขืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–.. 

ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึทืŸ-ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืข. ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฐืขื’ ื‘ื™ื– ืงื™ึทืขืฐ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜. ื ืกืืš ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ื›ื˜ืข ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ืก 
ื”ืืกืงืึธืžืข. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื ืคืืจืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืงืื ืื“ืข, ืžืขืงืกื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“ ืคืขืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืืœืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืคืืฉื™ื–ื. ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืœืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›" 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื™ืึธืจืง, ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืงืื ืื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜. ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜- 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื™ื ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจ 
ืœืื ื“. ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื ื˜ืฉืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜: ื ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจื™ืžืื ื˜ืœ ืคืืจืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœื™ืกื™ืžื•ืก ืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ึดืขืœืข ื”ื™ืœืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก! ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืžืฃ, ื ืึธืš ืื–ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ -- ืื–ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ... ืื–ื ื’ื–ื™ื™ืจืข? 

ื™ืึธ, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ึดืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข! ื ืคึผืจืึธืจ 
ืฐืึธืงืืฆื™ืข... 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื”ืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึทืขืฐ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืข 
ืงืขืคึผ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ืื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื - 
ืฉืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข. ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืกืคึผื™ื•ื•ืืงืŸ, ืœื•ื™ืฆืงืขืจืŸ, ืœืขืจื ืขืจืŸ -- ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ื–ื™ื™ืจืข ืึธื ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืข- 
ื›ืืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ืขืœืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“? 

ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืžืข ื ืขื›ืืžืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืก. ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื 
ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืœืึธืคืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื”ื™ืคืฉืข ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’, 
ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™, ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจืก ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื 19 ื™ืึธืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืืจืžื™ื™ื™ื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ื ืขืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืงืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื ื˜ืื˜ืฉืื ืงืข, ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ 1920 ื™ืึธืจ 
ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืžืข ื ืขื›ืืžืข. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ืฒ ืคื•ืŸ 1920 ื™ืึธืจ, ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืฃ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืŸื™ 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“. ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืœื‘ืœ, ื ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืก ืคืืจืฉืžื•ื™ 
ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขื’. ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืก, ืื•ื™ืš ืืœื˜ืข ืคึผืืจื˜ืฒืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืฆืงื™ื–ื. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ื“ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืคื’ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ-ืžืื ื˜ืœ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืื - 
ื˜ืฉื™ืงืœ, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื”ืขืžื“ืขืจ, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืึทืจ ื–ืึธืงืŸ, ื ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ืš, ื ืฐืึธืœืขื ืข ืงืึธืคื˜ืข, 


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ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื›ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื–ืขื. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ-ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื•ื•ืืจื ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืืฃ ื ืœืื ื’ื–ืื ืึทืคึผ 
ื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื•ื•ืืจื ื™ืืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืืฃ ื ืคืจืื›ื˜ืจืฐืื’ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืืžื‘ื•ืจ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืจืขื ืฆืขืœืข. ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืคืืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจืขืจ ื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืขื ื™ื™ึดืฉืขืฐื• ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืจื’ื™ื–ื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืื”ื™ื™ื. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืืฐืขืง ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ:ืฐืขืœื˜.. 

ืื™ื– ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš, ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ืžืฒึทื ืข? 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš: ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ื–ื™ ืคึผืืงืŸ ืžื™ืš, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ. 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ืืฉืœื™ืก ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืœ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขื‘ ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื–ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื–ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ! ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ืฆื• ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืŸ 
ืื–ื ืึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ืึทืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืคืงืข 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš. ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืฐืืงื•ื™ึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืขืœืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคื™ืจ 
ื™ืึธืจ ื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. 

ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื’ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ืฒืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื ื•ื™ืกืข ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขื ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขื ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ื ืึทืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ื•ืืงื•ืืฆื™ืข. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื ื™ื˜ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจ- 
ื ืืœื™ืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืืœืก ื ืฉืจืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื– ื’ืึทืจ ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜. ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจื™ืคื˜- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืื™ืš ืคืื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฒึท, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžืืงืกื™ื ืจื™ืœืกืงื™ -- ืžืืžืขืฉ 
ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืื‘ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธื“ืกื˜ืจืึธื˜ืฉื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจืก ื‘ื™ื˜ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืฑื™ืจืข 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื“ืกื˜ืจืึธื˜ืฉื ื™ืงืขืก. ื ืึธืจ ืืฃ ื™ืคืœ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื‘ืขืœืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ืจืŸ, 
ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืจืข (ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ). 

ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ื™ ืื™ืš ืื•ื ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื  ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื‘ื™ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืื™ื– 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืœ. ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฐื•ืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ. ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ื ืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ, ืฆืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื• ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืคืืจืฆืึทืจื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคืืžืขืœืขืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืืžืœื˜: 

-- ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืฒึทื ืขื ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜, ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. 
ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืœืฅ ื˜ืึธืŸ... ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 

ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ, ื’ืฒื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขื. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึดืงืขืจ, ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ-ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“, ื–ืึธืœ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜, 
ืื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืืจืฒึทื ืœืฒื’ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืขื ืงืึทื ืฐืขืจื˜. ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆึตืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืจื•ืžื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืฒื“ื™ืง, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืขืคึผืœืขืคื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื ื›ืืคึผ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ืื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืœ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ: ,ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจืŸ" 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืืคื’ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืง, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืื–ืฉ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ื™ืจ, 


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ื”ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฉื ืขืœ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืœืื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืข ื˜ืจืขืคึผ, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื™ืง ื‘ืขืจื’ืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืฒึทืงืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื–ื ื˜ืฉืžืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื– ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืคืืจืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื. 

ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ื ืฆืขื˜ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™: ื–ื™ ื‘ืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื- 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžืื’ืื–ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ืจื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืข- 
ื ืขืจ ืžืขืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืจืฒึท ืงื™ืœืึธ. ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฉืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ื’ืขืงืฒึทืงืœื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžืื’ื- 
ื–ื™ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ืขืจืขื•ืจื™ืึทืžื˜ืขืฐ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืœ ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืืฃ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทืคึผื‘ืืงืŸ. ื“ื™ ืจืฒ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื’ืืก. ืคื•ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืืžื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ -- ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื•ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื›'ื”ืึธื’ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืขื ื’ืฉืืคื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกืงืืจืื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืืจื•ืคื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึถืœ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฑื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜. ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžืื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ื™ืฉ, ืคืืจื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ื ื ืฒึทืข ืจื™ื™, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงื™ืœื ืžืขืœ. 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืงืืจืžื™ืฆืŸ ืžืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืก ื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฆืขื ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืืŸ, ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืื’ืื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืข ื’ืขืกืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืขืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืฆืขืก. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ. ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ื˜ืฉ-ื ืืก, ืฐื™ 
ื ืึธืš ื ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ืงืจืขื ืง. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืฒื™ืกื˜, ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื™ืœืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. ื‘ืขืžื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ 
ืคืืจืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ. 

ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืขื ืขืคื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•. 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืฆืขืก. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืคืืจื’ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜. 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืฉืืœืขืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ื™ืจื›ืข. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ื ืœืฒื“ื™ืงื’ื™ืขืจ, ืื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข. ืื™ื– ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื™ืœืŸ. ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ... ืื™ืš ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื™ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™, ืื™ ืืคื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืข- 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืข ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื™ื“ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืงืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, ืžืื›ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืข 
ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜. 

ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื™ื–, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคืฒึทืšืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืืœื‘ื•ืฉืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึทืœื™ื ื’. ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ,ืฐืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื˜ืืžืขื•ื•ืื˜ืข? ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืข ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืคืŸ ืจืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื™ืงื•ืขืš. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฉื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื 
ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืงื•ืงื˜ ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ, ืื– ืขืจ ืžืขื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื•ื™ึทืง, ืื™ืš ืงืœืฒึทื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื ื’ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื™ืกืึธืฐืขืจ 
ื’ืขืกืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืšืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื”ื™ื™ื'. ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: , ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืฆื•ืฉืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ. ื ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•... ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก:ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ , ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜"..." 

ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืก? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ.. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ื–ื™ื™ืจืข ืžื™ืš 
ืืฑืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ?.. ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื”ืึธืœืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ? -- ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ: ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืื›ื“ืึธื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ,ืžืขื’ืœืขืš" ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ,ืขืคืฉืขืจ" ืคึผืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš. ืž'ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜?..* 

ืึธืคึผื˜ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืคืืจ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื˜, ืกื–ืึธืœ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข... ,ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ?" -- ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš. ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืึธื– ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืขืคึผืขืก ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ... ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ื™. ื˜ืจืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ืึธืฉืขืฐื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’. ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ. 


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ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ" 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืืœืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืข 
ืฐืึธืœื˜, ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืขืฃ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคื ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืžืžืืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ื™ื’ ืืฃ ืื•ื™ื’. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื ื‘ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึทืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ -- ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ". ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืขืฃ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืžื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื ืื’ืขื•-ืื•ืจื›ืข, ืื™ื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ื- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข. ื ืึธืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ื‘ืขืงื™ื•ืŸ, 
ืื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ื•ืขื ืงืœืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืคืจืื’ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ืืคืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืึทืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก 
ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืขืจ ืจืขืื’ื™ืจืŸ. ,ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื˜. 
ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ื’ืืจืื ื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ืš. ืžื™ื˜ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ -- ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืกืึธืฐืขื˜, ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืžืืงืกื™ื ืจื™ืœืกืงื™". 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืœืื ืงืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ 
ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฐื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฐืฒึทืกื˜ืข ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื”ืืžืขืœืขืš ืงืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื™ืืก ื”ืืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™. ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฆืคืœืื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืก, ืึทื˜ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜... ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืขืคึทึผืขืก ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคึผืื•ื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ื’ืขืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื. 

ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘, ืžื•ืจืืฉืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ 
ื‘ื™ื• ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’. ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืจืึธื’, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ืึทืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ืฐื™ืœ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืฒึทื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืœื™ื‘ื™ืขืงืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›?ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื”ืขืคืœืขื›ื™ 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื, ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, 
ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืึธื ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฉืœื™ืกืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื–ื ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื’ืืจืื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคืืจ 
ืžื™ืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ" 
ืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธืคื ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืขืฃ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขื’? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ืกืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื– ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ, 
ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืึทื ืฆื•ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’, ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืขื ื˜ืข- 
ื ื™ืฉืŸ? ืขืคึผืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ื ืกืืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธ ืคืึธืจ... ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืฉืขืฃ ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขื™ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืงืึทืฉืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื›ื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคื ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ืขืœื›ืขื™ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืืš, ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืืœืก ืœืขืจืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืขืจืŸ-ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืื˜ืŸ. 

ื’ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืงืึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืึธืŸ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืœืขืš 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืขืฃ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ืื–ื™ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืื–ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฆืฐื•ืขืงืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก 
ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึทื‘ืขืœืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฒึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฆืึธืจื ื˜- 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื“ืขืจ-ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืืจื•ื. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื ื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื’ืื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืžืื›ื˜ ืžื•ื˜ื ืข 
ื“ื™ ื–ืฑื™ื‘ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืืŸ 
ืึธืฐื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื ื™ื˜ื“ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืฆื˜ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืืœ, ื ืœื™ื™ืขื ื–ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ืคื, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืžื™ื˜ 


19 


ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืึธืจื ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืขื˜ ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึทืขืฐ, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฐื™ื›ืข 
ืœื™ื“, ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืข, ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒ... 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ื•ืขืœืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืข 
ื‘ืึธืกืขืจืฐืขื“ืึทืžืก, ืื™ื–ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืฉืขื, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืŸ 
ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ืกื˜, ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฐืขืก ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ืขืฐืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ื ื’ืึธื˜. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก-ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉืขื --,ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜'. ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื™ึธื“, ื ืฆื™ื™ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืคืึธื ื“-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ืฐืขืœ 
ื›ืข ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืฆื•ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืœืขื‘ื ืฉื˜ืฒื’ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒืš 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืื˜ืœืืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆื˜, ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืคื™ืฆื™ื˜ื ืข ืคึผืจืข- 
ืคึผืืจืื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืฒึทื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคึผืืฆื™ึดืขื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืš ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ ืงืจืื ืงื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ืข, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขื ืข ืงืจืขื ืง, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืกืฒึท ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’, ืกืฒึท ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื’ืšื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจืขื ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜. ื‘ื 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑื™ืจื™ื, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึทืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืงืึธื ืกื•ืœื˜ืื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืื˜ืœืืš, ื ืึธืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืจ, ื–ื™ืขืจ ืžืึธื’ืขืจืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ืŸื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ืืฃ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืคืœื™ื ืง, ืืฒึทืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืคึผืขื˜. ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ, ืžื•ืจืžืœื˜ ืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ, ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ื ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœ ืงืืจืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืกื™ืœื™ืขื˜ืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขื ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื 
ืื ื•ืžืœื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: ,ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืื˜ืœืืš, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉืขืœืข ืงืืจืขืœ?" 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: , ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืงืืจืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืื›ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฃ ืฆึดื• 
ื‘ืืจื•ื™ึดืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืงืืจืขืœืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื“ืึธืก ืฆืขื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฒึท". 

ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืื˜ืœืืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ื“ืขืจืœื™ื—ืฅ ื ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ, ื‘ืืจ 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ืฉืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืงืขืฃ, ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง. ,ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ืžืื›ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืœื™ื’ ื ื”ืขืœืคืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืกืืžืขืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ 
ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœืฒึทื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ืืจืฒึทื ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ". 

-- ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื“ื‘ืฒึท ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘; -- ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืึธืฐืขืœืข, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ื ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธืฐืŸ, ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืคืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ึธืืœืึธื’ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืื“ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืœืฒื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฐืขื’ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืกื™ื ื™ืจ. ืึธืคึผื˜ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืข, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ-ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ, ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื‘ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจืšืš ืึทื“ืขืจ ื›ืื–ืขืจ-ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜: 
,ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ื“ืืจืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืขืกื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืื˜" 

-- ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ื ืขืฐืฒื™ึทืฉืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืื˜ืœืืš. ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืืœืข ื“ื™, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื. ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืงืึธืฐืขื“. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืืงืข ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืื–ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ? ื™ืขื“ืข ืงืจืื ืงื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš 
ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 

ื“ื™ ืึธืคื˜ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืš-ืงืจืืžืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ืจ-ืงืจืื ืงื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ืืฃ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืืจื˜ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืฐืื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืจื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืืกืงื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืก ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ื–: ,ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึทื“ืฐืึธืจืฆืœ 
ืื™ื– ืคื•ื™ืœ, ืื™ื– ื”ืืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ืจืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืขื›ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธื’ืŸ, ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืžืคืืจืžืฒึทื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฃ 
ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ". ื ืึทืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœืฅ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืืฃ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


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ืื•ื•ืขืงืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข-ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงืึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœืขืจืœืฒ ืคึผืจืขืคึผืืจืื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืืฒึทืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื™ืึท ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืฒื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ื‘ืจืื ืคืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื™ื™ืฆืขื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืกืคึผื™ืจื˜, ื”ืืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ืกืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืคืืจืฆื™ึทืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื’ึดืขึดื™ 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืก. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜. ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื›ืข ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ึดืขืฐืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท 
ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข-ื˜ื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข. ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ืžืขืกืœืขืก 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื™ื˜ืึธื ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ืคืืจ- 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื›ืขืฉืึธืœืขืžื“ื™ืง, ื“ืึธืš ืงืึทืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ. 
ืคื™ื ืฃ ื ืขื›ื˜ ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื˜ืึธื’, ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ืึทื ื›ืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืฑื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ; 
,ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื•ื™ึดืง, ืื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜". 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืฆืขืฐื™ื™ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืคืขืกืึทืจ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืŸ: 

-- ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืึทืงื˜ืฑื™ืจื™ื, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืง. ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื“ื ืึทื™ืข ื™ืื–ืฐืข ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื 
ืงืจืื ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžืื–ืœ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจืืจ 
ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื’ืื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืืจื˜, ืฐื™ ื ืคึผืฑืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืคึผืœืืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ืฅ. ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื ืขืก, ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคึผื˜ืึธืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, 
ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืื˜ืœืืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ืฐืขืœ ืื•ืžื‘ืื“ื™ื’ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืื“ืื ืงืขืŸ. 

ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆืขืŸ ื ืึทื›ืŸ ืืฑืกืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืœืืฉ ืฉืืžืคึผืื ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืึธื ื™ืงื™ืœืขืงืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืืงืŸ ืืœืก ื ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข ืคืืจืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืืœืื˜ืข, ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑืจื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, 
ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ. 

ืื™ื ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืคืึธื ื“:ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืื˜ืœืืš ืคืœืขื’ ืื•ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ. ืื•ืžื“ืจื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื•ืžืœื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ 
ืื•ืคื ืื ืฆื•ื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืื˜ืœืืš, ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืข. 

-- ืฆื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื“ืจืขืก? 

-- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืก'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืืœืฅ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืžืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืœืืฉ ืฉืืžืคึผืื ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืึธืจืขื. ืž'ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืคืœืืฉ ืงืึธื ื™ืืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทืกืขื›ืฅ. 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืื˜ืœืืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืจืฑื™ึทื ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื“ืขืจืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืืฃ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ื‘ืขื ืงืœืขืš ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืคืึธื ื“ื™ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ, ื ืึทืš ื 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’, ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื ืขืœ, ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืฆื•ืงืึธืคึผื ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืง- 
ืกื™ื ืจื™ืœืกืงื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ- 
ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ืšื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืขื‘ืขื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืืจืฒึทื ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืคืืจ 
ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืฒื™ืœื˜ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ืื•ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืคึผืืฆื™ึทืขื ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฆืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐื™ืื–ืฑื™ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ? ืฐื™ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข ืฆื• ืื–ื ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘? ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ื ื‘ืืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื›ืื–ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜. 


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ืžืืœืข ืฐืึธืก, ืขืจ ืžืขื’ ืื™ื ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืื– ืื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืข, ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ืื™ื ืงื™ืžืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื•ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ืขื ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจืก ืคืจื•ื™ ืฆื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื–ื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ... 

ื ืึธืจ ืงืฒืŸ ืฉื•ื ื›ืงื™ืจืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจ- 
ื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธ, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืก ื‘ืขื‘ืขื›ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืื–ืฉื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืื™ 
ืงืื ื˜ืข, ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ. ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฐืฐื›ืŸ ื ืฐื™ื ืงืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆื•ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื 
ื“ื™ืจืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ. ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืืžืขืฉ ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜, ืฐืขืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืžืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืขืจืข. 

ื–ืฒืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง-ืฉืึธืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืคืจื•ื™ ื™ืขืงืื˜ืขืจื™ื ื ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืฆื• 
ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืฒึทืก ื˜ื™ืฉื˜ืขื›ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ืžืืžืขืฉ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื™ื ืืฐืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ... ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืจื™ืœืกืงื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืฒื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืกื•ืžืข ื’ืขืœื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืงืฑื™ืคืŸ ื 
ื‘ืึธืจืžืืฉื™ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืืฆื™ึดืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืื‘ื™ 
ืฆื• ืคืืจืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข ืœืื’ืข. ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ืืคืฆื•ืœืึธื›ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื˜ืขื’, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื ืื 
ื‘ืื ืฆื™ื™ืŸื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืŸ ืึทืฐื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืกื˜ื- 
ืจืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืคื ืื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ื•ื™ืœืข ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ ืžืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื 
ืคืืœ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœ, ืื– ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ... 


ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืŸ-ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืืœื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ืืฆื™ืข-ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ:ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืืœืก ื ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืกืื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืืœืก ืœืขืจืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืืœื™ื“ืŸ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืืจืข ื™ืขื“ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืจื™ืคืžืขื˜ื™ืง, ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืืงืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ืืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื - 
ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืฆื™ืžืืœืข ื‘ืจื•ื›ืฆืึธืœืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ืืคื™ืœืข ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื™ืคืžืขื˜ื™ืง ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืื–, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 5ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก. ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืงื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืฒื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืกื˜ืข 
ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข. ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืึธื˜ืžืขื˜ืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื“ืจืฒึท. 
ืืžืขืจืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืœืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืœืฑื˜ 
ื ืฉืคึผืืจื’ืืœืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื™ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ืืจืฒึทื ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืขืก ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข ืฉื™ืœืขืจ. 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื˜ืืจืข ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืคืจืื’ืขืก ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืกืื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงืœ. ื ืึธืจ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืœื™ืžืขื“, ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืืŸ ืืจื™ืคืžืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืœืก ืœืขืจืขืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ. ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืืคืงืข ื ืงื•ืจืกืื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืจืฑืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื›ืขืก ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืึธืฐืœ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืขืฐื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืงื™ื™ืคืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืฆื™ืžืืœืข ื‘ืจื•ื›ืฆืึธืœืŸ, ืื™ืš ืืœืก ืœืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืฒึทื ืขื ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืจืกืื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื”ืืฐื•ื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื–ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืกืื ื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืข, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 


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ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืœืขืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื™ื“ื™ืข ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ, ืื• ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืœืืกืšื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ, ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืกืื ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืืคืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืœื™ืžืขื“ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข... 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ? ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืขืฃ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืขื. ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจืฒึท -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืคืืจ ื ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืืœ. ืื™ืš ืžืื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื”ืืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืฆืข? ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข 
ืื™ื™ืฆืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“, ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืื™ื™ืฆืข ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืฆืข ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืึทื›ืžืข. 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืฆืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฐืจืึธืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืžืงืขืจื ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืขื ื™ืกืึธืฐืขืจ ื’ืขืกืœ, ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืขื ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ" 
ืžืึธื ืืกื˜ื™ืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืŸ"ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืื˜, ืฐืฑื™ื ื˜ ืืฐืจืึธื ื•ืขืœืขื“ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ-ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ, ื ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง 
ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ืฒึทืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืืคืึธืจื™ื–ืžืขืŸ, 
ืฉืคึผืจื™ื›ืฐืขืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš'ืคืขืœืงืขืจ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืืฐืจืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืกืืš ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก. 
ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืž'ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืขื”ืึธืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“? 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ื“ืึธืš ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืจืึทื ืื•ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืฆื™ ืงืฒื ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืฆื™ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. ืืฐืจืึธืžืก ืคึผืื›ื“ืึธื ืขืก ืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธืคื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“. 

,ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ, ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง', -- ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ื˜ืขืจืขืฅ. ืื™ื, ืืฐืจืึธืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื " 
ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขื™ืฉื˜ืขืœืข. ืื•ื™ื‘, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ืžืข ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื 
ืืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื ืคืืจืคืืœืขื ืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื•ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืขืจ... ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ืขื˜ ืืฐืจืึธื 
ืื•ื™ืก ืฐื™ ื ืžืขืก. ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜, ื‘ืœืึธื•ื•, ื“ืึธืก ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจืึธืฐื•ืข ื‘ืขืจื“ืœ 
ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื‘ืืงืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธืจืขืฉื›ืฑื™ืจืข. 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜... 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืืš ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฐืจืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข. ืืœืก ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืืจ ืขื˜ื ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืืœืก ืงืื ื“ื™ื“ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทืœืึธ 
ื’ื™ืฉืข ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ. ืืฐืจืึธื, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืงืจื™ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง. ืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื, ืฐื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฐืจืึธื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจืŸ... 

ืืฐืจืึธื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš, ืื– ืœื•ื˜ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ืก ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืœ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธืคื 
ื’ืื ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ื“ื•ืจืš ืจืื“ื™ืึธ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก" 
ืœืื ื“ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืกืฒึท ืžืึธืจืืœื™ืฉ, ืกืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืกืฑื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜, ื‘ืื–ื•ื " 
ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง -- ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืฉื™ื–ื. 

ืืฐื•ืจืึธื ืฐืฒืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืงืึทืœืึธืกืืœืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ื•ืืœืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ... 

ืžื™ืจ ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฐืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืจืึธื ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื ื›ืืคึผ ืึธืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืืฉื˜ืืŸ"ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืฆื• ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜. ืขืจ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืืœืฅ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš.-. 


-- ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื•, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจื™ื ืงืขืจ, ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฆื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคืึธื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ.. 


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-- ืื•ื™, ืืฐืจืึธื, ืื•ื•ืจืึธื, -- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืื™ื, -- ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข, ื–ืข ืื™ืš, ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื™ 
ื’ืขื ืขื ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืจืขืงืŸ? ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ- 
ืœืขืš, ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืึธืจ! 

ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืง: 

-- ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืงืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืฉื˜ืื ืขืšื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ-ืฉื•ืฉืงืขื ื™ืฉ, ืก'ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก-ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผืจืขืš... 

ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืงื•ืงื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ, ืฆื™ ืกืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ... ืฐื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ? 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืึธืš ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืืฐืจืึทืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜... 


ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจ 26-ื˜ืŸ ืืคึทึผืจืขืœ 1951, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขืจืŸ" 
ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืฒึทืก ืกืืœืคืขื˜ืงืขืœืข, ื“ืขื 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืคืืจื›ืึธืœืึธื ืขื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืžืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืก'ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ืŸ- 
ื’ืขืจื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ื ืึธื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืžืจื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืคื•ืœื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฒึทื ืก, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ืืจื•ื ื”ืืœื‘ 
ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืื ื’ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื•ื ื–ืฒึทื™ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืฆืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืฐื•ืขืจื™ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜. ืขืก ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก-ืฉื˜ื™ื: 

-- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื™ื™ึทืฉืขืฐื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ืข, 
ืฆื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜? ื ืึธืจ ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืขืš. ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืืœืฅ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืื ื™ ื›'ื–ืึธืœ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื. ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ. ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืจื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืขืจื“ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื”ืขื ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืžืื ื˜ืื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธ.. 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืจ ื–ื™? ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ.. 

-- ื˜ืฒึทืขืจื™ื ืงืข ืžืฒึทื ืข, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- ื–ืขืฅ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•, ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ 
ืืœืฅ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืฆืขืืžืคึผืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ ื’ืฒื˜ ืื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ. 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš, ื–ื•ืš ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืึธื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ืฉืึธ ืืจื•ื ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื’... ืื•ืŸ ื›'ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืืฐื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ... ื›'ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ึดืขืกืŸ ืคึผืืจืฆืขืฃ. 

ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื›ืืคึผืŸ, ื”ืึธื  ืื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืœื™ื ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืฉืจืื ืง, 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืคึผืœืึธื“ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธื˜ืึธื“ืืœื‘ืึธื, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืคืึธื˜ืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืกืืš 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืคึผืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก. ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒื™, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืฉืืœื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืœื™ืง 
ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคืขื ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฐืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ืื– ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจืึธืคึผื›ืืคึผืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžืืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ... ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื... ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืก ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก-ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืคืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืืŸ ืื™ืจืŸ ืฉืื˜ืŸ, ืืฃ ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืงืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื•ื™ืจืข, ืื– 
ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื–ืขืฆืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืก, 
ืืฃ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืจื˜. ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ 
ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืฒึทืกืข, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืš... ื ืึธืจ 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกืขืจื•ื•ืื ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืฉืขื ืข ื’ืจืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืก ืฆื™ื›ืขืœืข ืœื™ื’ืŸ, ืืฒึทื“ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจืึธื–ืขืฐืข ื”ืื ื˜ืขื›ืœ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืงืขืจ... ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ:ื”ืฑื–. 


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ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื‘ืื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื 
ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืขื ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ื™ึทื, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ. ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’, 
ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขื, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืึธื  ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืฐื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ืื”ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’. ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฐื™ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ื™ึดื:ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคื" 
ืžื™ืœื™ืข. ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœืฒื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš, ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฆื• ืฐื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืฆึดื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืื’ืข ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจืข. ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข 
ืžื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ืคืืจื™ื™ืŸ ,ืคืืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืžื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜" ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ืง. 

ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื–ืขืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื, ื ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื ื•" 
ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘, ื ืืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืงืœืขืžืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื”ืึธื  ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ื™ื–ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืขืคึผืœืขืคื˜, ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ื”ื•ื™ื–, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื–ื™ืš. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ,ื™ืึธ, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, -- ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื– ืึธื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ.. ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ.." 

ื‘ื™ื– ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื ืงืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืืกืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื›ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทื ืงืขืœืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืจืื ืงืึธื ื™ืืง, ืคืืจื‘ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืฒื’ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข. 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืขืœืขืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ื•ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง, ื–ื•ื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืขืคึผืœ ืคืืจืฆื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฐื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ โ€ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืงืœืขืฆืขืจ, ืงื•ื™ื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ" 
ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ื‘ืฒึทืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื‘ืื ืง ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืœื™ืึธื ืขืšื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. 

ืื”ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐืขืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก" 
ื’ืขืœืึทืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืื›ื˜-ืœืขืžืคึผืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ 
ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ. 

ืืฒึทื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜. ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขื ืข ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ ืฉืืœื›ืœ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืื›ืฉืึธื•ื•ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืจื•ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืึธื˜ื“ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžืื›ืฉืึธื•ื•ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจืขืžืœืขืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื•ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืœื•ื ื’. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืœื™ืง ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆึทืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ื™ืจ; 

-- ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ืขืคื ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื’ื•ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืฐืึธืจื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข. 

ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฐืึทืจื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜, -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืจืฒึทืœื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื›ืื“ืึทืฉื™ื ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ ื‘ืื ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืŸ. ืฐืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื•ืคึผืœืึธื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขืžื’ืขื›ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธื–, ืฆื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื›ืืงืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜. 

ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื–ืขืงืก ืฉืึธ ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“. ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืฆืึธืœ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืง. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืืœืžืขืจ, ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ -- ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืœืฒึทืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื’ืจืขื˜, ื”ืื ื˜ืขื›ืขืจ, ืืœืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ืœ... ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืฐืึธืจ- 
ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื•ื™ื™ื ื˜. 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืžื’ืขื‘ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•" 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืžื•ืกืขืจืŸ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜: 


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-- -ืฐื™ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืึธื™ืขืŸ, ืืฃ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก? ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื–ืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื ืกื•ื™ื ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ! 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืืœื˜ื– ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ, 
ื”ืึธืœืฅ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ื™ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืคืขืœื ืข ื”ืจื•ื‘ืขืก. 
| ื“ื™ ื“ืฐืึธืจื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืขื ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืขืœ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื›ืจื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืืžืœื˜: 
-- ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜... ื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜... ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ.. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืžื’ืขื ื™ืกื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืœืฒืŸ. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื ืฆืขืจื™ื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืข ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ: 
-- ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฐืขืจ? ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืืœ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžืึธื›ื™ 
ื˜ืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธืœืฅ, ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื’ืจื™ื‘ืœ.. ื“ื• ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ 
ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืงื•ืžืขืŸ? ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืœืฒึทืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜... 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื ืคืืจื’ืœื™ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื– ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืคึทึผืึธื’ืจืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜. ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื–ืขืงืœ ืืฃ ืืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ืœืฒื’ืŸ 
ื ืงื™ืฉืขืœืข, ื ื‘ืฒึทืงืึธืฐืข ืงืึธืœื“ืจืข, ื ืœืฒึทืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ืื ื˜ืขืš. ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ืขืงืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 
-- ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ... 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื ื‘ืื•ื•ืื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืกืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœ-ืงืืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข ืฉืฐืขืจืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ืš, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื– ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืึธื˜ 
ื–ืข ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืœืฒื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจื™ืฉืจืื ืง ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜, 
ืฐื™ ื ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒ, ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื’ืขืฉืึทื›ื˜ืขื ืข ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ืœ. ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื ื“ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื”ืขืžื“, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืืจื•ืคื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืงืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืขืžื’ืขื‘ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื ื˜. 
ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ ืžืฒึทื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื›ืืฐืฐืขืจื˜ืข ืึธืœื™ืขื˜ืฉืงืขืŸ -- ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขื ืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืžื’ืขื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืœื™ื ื’ ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืฐืข-ืืฒื’ืขืœืขืš ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื‘ืœืฑื–ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื–ืขื›ืฆื ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ืฉื™ืœืขืจื ืก ื‘ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื›ืืœืื˜ืœืขืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืืงืขื˜ืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ" 
ื ื™ืฉ, ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืฆื™ื ืงืข ื ืื›ื˜ื”ืขืžื“ืขืœืขืš. ืฐื™ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ื ืึธืš ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ- 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืื™ืืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ืฉืืคื•ื ื’, ืฆื• ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคึทึผืขื˜ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ 
ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืฐืึธืจื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืžืืจื™ืข ืคื™ืึธื“ืึธื™ 
ืจืึธื•ื•ื ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืœืขืคึผืึธื ืขื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืก , ืคึผืึธื ื™ืื˜ืึทื™". ืžื™ืš ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืฐืึธืจื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืœืก ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืžื™ืš, ื“ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืคืึธื“ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืฑื–, 
ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืึทืœื™ืขื ืงืขืก ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืขืžื’ืขื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืข" 
ืฐืึธืจื ื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฐืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื’ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ.. ืึธืœื™ืขื ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ืื™ื•ื• ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: 
-- ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ืื“ื™ืข ื™ืึธืกื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืจ? ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜. ืึธื˜ ื‘ื 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ืจืขืฐืึธืœืฐืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ื™ืงืœื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ืœ.. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ,ืงืึธืจืžื•ืฉืงืข" (ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ืจืœ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ื– ืฐื™ 
ื ื›ืึธืœืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืขืจ"ื˜ื™ืจ), ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขืจืฒึท ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืžืœื˜: ืึธื˜ื‘ืึธื™!', ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžืื ื˜ืœ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขื ื‘ืขื˜ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืึทืฐืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืืจืงืขื˜ืšื“ื™ืœ, ืฆื•ืงืึธืคึผื ืก ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ืฉืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืจืฒึทื–ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืืœืก ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ, ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืื–ื•ื™, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ,ืฆื™" 
ืžืขืจืœ" -- ื“ื™ ืงืืžืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืงื•ืจืื˜ื•ืจ... 
ื“ื™ ื ืึธื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฆืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ืก ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš 
ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจืขืงืœ-ืœืขืžืคึผืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ื– ืื™ื™ืšืื•ืšืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื“ืจืึธื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืืฃ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื‘ืืจืข ืคืืจื˜ื•ื ืงืœื˜ืข ืฉืฒึทืšืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื“ืขืจืงื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ 


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ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจืขืžืœืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืกืื™ื– ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืกืื™ื– 
ื ืื›ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจืขืงืœ-ืœืขืžืคึผืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขืกืœืขืกืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืึทืฐืขื˜ืข 
ื’ืจืื˜ืขืก ืื™ื ืขื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ, ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื”ืื ื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคึผืจืืฐืขืŸ ืืฐืื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’-ื™ืึธืžื˜ื•ื™ืฐื™ื, ืžืข ืคืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื™ืื, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืขืจ-ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ, 
ืžืข ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืื ืึธืฅ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข. 

ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ืฐืึธืš ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœ-ืงืืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ืžื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืึทึธืคึผ ื ืกืืš ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืก'ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืฃ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ: ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ? ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ? ืž'ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืืจื˜ ืืฃ 
ืžื™ืจ. ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืึธืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒื™. ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฒึทื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ืจืขื–ืฉื™ื. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ืœืึธื– ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ื’ืฒืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขื 
ืœืขืคืœ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืžื•ืฉืงืข, ื›ืืคึผ ืืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื™ื ืงืขื•ื•ืข ืฉื™ืกืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข-ืงืขื›ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืœ, ื–ื•ืคึผ ืื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืกืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื›ืœื™ืึทื‘ืงืข. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื ืขื ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฉืžืขื ืงืขืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ'ืงืืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื›ื™ื™ืœืขื•ื•-ืจื™ื™ืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื ื’ ืขืก ืืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ. ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืฉืืฉืงืขืœืข ืึทืงืจืขืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืœ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธึทืŸ ื ืงืืคึผืขืœืข ืกืขื ืฅ, ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื’ืขืœืข ืฆื•ืงืขืจ. ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ื ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื ืงืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืืจืื ืงืข, 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืืœืฅ. 

-- ืกืึธื“ืข! ืกืึธื“ืข! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื˜ืคื™ืกืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ. 

ืขืก ื ืืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ืื™ื ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืžืึธื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืฐื™ืจ ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข. 
ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืืœืฆืขื ืข ืฐืึธื‘ืœืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ื’ืจืืžืึธื•ื•ืข ืคึผืฒึทืงืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ ืฉืฐืขืจ, ืื™ 
ืงืœืขืคึผื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื‘ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ืืฃ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืฒึทืงืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืคืืจืงืœืขืคึผืŸ ื ืงืืฅ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืกื˜ืข. ืึธื ืจื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืฒึทืงืข ืื™ื–ืŸ ื ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื‘ืŸ. ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื’ืื ืฐืขื ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคึผืฒึทืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืžืขืก ืžืึธืฐืขืก, ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืื– ืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื–ื™ื ืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ืขืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืฒึทืงืข, ื”ืึธื ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆืขื˜ืฒื™ืœื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืจืฒึท ื›ื- 
ืœืึธืœื™ื, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืœืขืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™. ื“ืึธืก ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืืฃ ื›ืืœืึธืงื™ื ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ 
ืึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉืืจืคืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ืืคื™ืœืข ืงื ืขืคึผืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืื–ืืจืขื˜. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืืจืฑืกืงื ืฒึทืคึผืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, 
ื•ื™ ืคืืจืงืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืงืœื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจื˜ืข ืฆืขื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืจืฒึท ื›ืืœืึธืงื™ื. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ: ืฐื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื–ื ื‘ืœืึธื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืขืœ? ืฆื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืžื™ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฆืขืžืึธืœืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืงืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš? ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ืื–ื ื‘ืขืงืขืจืฒึท? ื ื™ื˜ ืืŸ- 
ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขืจ ืฆืขื“ืจื•ื™ื‘ืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข. ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืืœื•ืคึผืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทืงืข, ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืœืื ื’ ืงื ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืงื ืขื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืงื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจืงื™ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืืฑืกื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš, ืฉืื›- 
ืžืื˜-ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ, - ื›ืื ืขืงืข-ื“ืจื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื™ 
ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื˜ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ. ื ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืงื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ืื•ืคื–ืขืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ืฒ"ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ืฐืขื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงื- 
ืžืขืจ-ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืขื ืื™ื™ื’ืœ (ื’ืœืื–ืึธืง) ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืžื•ืฉืงืข, ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜: 

-- ืฐืขืกื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจืฆืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœื›ืœืขืš.. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื ื˜. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ืขืจ ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืžื•ืฉืงืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืง ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืขืจ... 

ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜, ืคืืจืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ืื•ืคื–ืขืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืœืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืึทื–ืขื˜, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื™ืคึผืขืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืจืฒื™ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืคื˜, ืกืžืึธืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื›ืœืึธืจืงืข, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืืœืข ืืฑืกื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืืœืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืฒื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจ, ื’ืข- 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ: 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืงืืจืฆืขืจ? 


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-- ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืคึผืจื™ื“ื•ืจืึธืง. 

ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจืฆืขืจ. ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืก? ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืจืขืง 
ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื˜ืืคึผ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืขืคึทึผืขืก ืึธื ืฉืคึผืืจืŸ, ื ืึทืจ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืึธืคึทึผื˜ืฉืืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืœืึธื– ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ืฒืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ืฆืข" 
ืžืขื ื˜-ื“ื™ืœ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืฉืฐืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืงืœืขืฆืขืจ. ืขืกืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ื ื‘ืœืขื“ 
ื›ืขื ืข ื˜ืฉืืฉืงืข ืจื•ื™ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืคึผืฒึทืงืข -- ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืจืื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข. ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ืืฃ ื ื”ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ืึธื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืจ'ืขืจื“, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ? ืฐืขืจ 
ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธ? ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืืฐืขืงื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ืžืื›ืฉืึธึท- 
ืฐืขืก, ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ืข ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜. ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ืืคึผืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืกื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืคืฑื™ื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’. ื ืึธื›ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืืจืฆืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืขื ืขื ืงืขืœืขืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ื ืคืจืฒื“, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ. 
ื’ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ื ืึทืจ ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืฐืขืŸ ืกืข ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืืŸ ืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืžื•ืฉืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืื›ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข- 
ืื•ืคื–ืขืขืจ ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืืจืฒึทืŸ: 

-- ื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–! 

ื ืฆืขื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืขื˜ืœ, ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ืจืขืžืœ, ืฐื™ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื›ืึธืœืขื ืžื™ืš ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืขืžื“ืœ. ื ืึธืจ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜, ืืฒึทืœื™ืง ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืžื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื‘ืขื ื“ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื™ืš, 
ืคืืจืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื•-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืงื ืขืคึผืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืžื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ืžืคึผืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื’ื–ืืžืข ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืžืขืจ-ื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืฒืขื˜ ื ืคืืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืข ืฉืจืขืง. ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคื™ืจืŸ? 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ืื•ืคื–ืขืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืื”ืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืœืึธื ื™ืขืก, ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืืจืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ. ืฉืคึผืืŸ ืื™ืš ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ-ืงืœืึทืฆืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš. ื“ืึธืก 
ืงืœืึธืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœืข ืกื™ื’ื ืืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœืก ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืฆื•ื ืคึผืจืึธืง 
ืจืึธืจ ืึทื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ืฉืขืฃ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืกื™ื’ื ืืœืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ. ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืงืœืึธืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื–ืขืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ืึธืคึตึผื™ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜, ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืคืขืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ: ,ืคึผืึทืฉืœื™" -- ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ืŸ... 

ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜, ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’. ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒื™ 
ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜:ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคืืจืขืจื’ืขืจื˜. ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืึธื’ืขืจืขืจ, ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑืงืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืก ืฐื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. ืฐืขืŸ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื˜ืืงืข ื ื‘ืขืกืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืื ื™ื ืขื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ:ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ. ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ, ื’ืขืจืืžืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืŸ 
ืžืขื‘ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืฒึทื ืขื ื“ืขืžื‘ืขื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื ืกืืš ื ืฉืขื ืขืจืŸ, ืืฒื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืงืื ื™ื ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื™ืœืข 
ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืคืฒึทืขืจืงืืกืข. ื ืึธืš ื ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงื• ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื™ 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืืคืขืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ื–ืขืฅ ื–ื™ืš... ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื‘ืขื ืงืœ. 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื™ืš, ืื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืคืขืก ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืฆื™ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜... ื–ื™ืฅ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ ืื•ื™ืš. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขื’ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืžืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ: ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™. ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ืืœืข ืคืจืื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจ- 


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ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ? ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ-ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš: 

-- ื ืื“ื™ื•ืฉืข, ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ? ื ื•, ื’ื•ื˜? ื˜ืืงืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’. ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜. ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืงื–ืืžืขืŸ.. ืคึผืขื˜ื™ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืืฃ ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื–ื™ 
ื’ืขืจ... ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืกื ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืงืืจืคึผืŸ.. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืคื™ืฉืคืื ื’. ื ืื“ื™ื•ืฉืงืข, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืฆืฐืฒ ื’ื•ืžืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฐืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ืขื ื˜ืงืขืก... ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืื“ื•ืกืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืคึผืขื˜ื™ืขื ืงืข ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜... ื•ื•ืืจื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจื™ื ืงืข... ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื ืื›ื˜... 

ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื“ื•ืจืš 
ืœืื ื’ืข ืฉืึทืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“. ื–ื™ืฅ ืื™ืš ืฐื™ ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™, 
ืงื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’. ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื™ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืืคึผืงืขืก, ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ืขื ืกื™ื™ืฃ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืคืœืึธื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขืœืข, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜, ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœืื ื’ืข ื”ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืกืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ ื ืคึผืืจืš. ื‘ืื ืืจืฒึทื ืœืฒื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขืœืข ืื™ื ืขื 
ืฉื•ืคืœืึธื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื‘ื•ืจื˜ืฉืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœ... 

ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆืขืจื•ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืึทื ื’ืข- 
ืฆื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืขืก. ื“ื• ื’ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื ืจื™ืจ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืš-ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก: ืคืืจืฐืึธืก, ืคืืจื•ื•ืขืŸ? 

ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ื‘ืื ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 
ื˜ืคื™ืกืข:ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื”ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ. 

-- ืคึผืึธืฉืœื™... -- ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ-ืงืœืึทืฆืขืจืฒึท ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ืงืึธืจื™" 
ื“ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืืžืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžืึธืœ ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืงืขืžืขืจืœ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ืœืึธืฉืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืขืก ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ,,ื‘ืึธืงืก". ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงืขืžืขืจืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืึธืœ, ืื•ื•ืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก. ืื”ืขืจืฆื• ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ ื ืขืจื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื–ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืฅ- 
ืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืขืžืคึผื˜, ืื– ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“, 
ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ.. 

ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ,ื‘ืึธืงืก', ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืขื ืงืขืžืขืจืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ. ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืื›ืฉืึธืฐืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืฃ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ ื–ื™ ืืฐืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ 
ื‘ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืืคืืœืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืึธื›ื’ืฒืŸ ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืฉื•ืขืจืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื•ื ืึธืคึผื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’. ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ,ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื–ื™ืš", -- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฐื™ ื ืกื˜ืฑื™ืคึผ 
ืื™ื ืขื ืคืืจื™ื’ืœื˜ืŸ , ื‘ืึธืงืก". ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืงืข ืงืœื™ืžืคึผืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืŸ, 
ื ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขืกืขืจ-ืคืืจืฉืœื™ืกื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขื’ืœืขืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื‘ืึธืงืก" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื”ืขืจืฆื• ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš, ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืงืึธืœ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื–ื™ืคืฆืŸ, ืื•ื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ื–ืข- 
ืจื™ืง-ื›ืจื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื•ืกื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ื• ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืขืก ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ื 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ ืฐื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืก'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื“ืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจืฐืึธืจื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ืื–ื ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืื›ืขื“, ืื– ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฉืึธืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึท ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืฐืฒื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ืงืฒึทื˜, ื“ื™ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืขื ืข ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ืœืขื›ืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืกื˜ื•. ืื–ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื– ืึธื˜ืจืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• 
ื ืคืืœ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืกื ืึธืคึผ, ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื“ื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืงืืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืืฒึทื–. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ืข 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื ืขื , ื‘ืึธืงืก" ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืึธ ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“. ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“, ื ืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ืื›ื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ืฉืืจื™ึทืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืฑื™ืข 


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ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืข, ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ,ื‘ืึธืงืกืŸ', ืื™ื ืขื ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ื‘ืื ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข: 

-- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจ-ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ืฆื™ึทืึทื ืขืจืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜... 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ 
ืคื™ืคืฆืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืœืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืืฆื™ึทืึธื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื’ื™ื˜ื- 
ืฆื™ืข ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ, ื“ื”. ืฉืคึผื™ึดืึธื ื™ืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืื–ื•ื•ืขื“ืงืข. ืืœืข ืคึผืจืึทื˜ืึทื™ 
ืงืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืืฉื™ื ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืœ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืžืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜: ,ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง". ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืœืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ื›ืฉืื“, ืฆื™ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›- 
ืงืฒึทื˜. ืฆื™ ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ื›ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืื– ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื™ืืก-ื”ืืžื™ื™ืกื™ื 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข: 
ืื– ืื™ืš ืืœืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื’ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉ ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ืจืฒ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ึทืขืฐ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืฒื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ 
ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ , ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ", ืื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1947 ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ืืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ืจืึธื’ ืึทื ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื“ืึธืจืขื˜:ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืึทื ื’ืื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืื–ืฐืขื“ืงืข.. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื™ืขื ืกื˜ื• ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’? ืฐืึธืก ืžืื›ืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืžืขื•ื•ืื˜ืข? ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข, ืื– ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ึทืขืกืข ื˜ื•ืขื›ืฆืŸ? ื“ื• ืคึผืืจืฉื™ื•ื•ืข ืžืึธืจื“ืข! ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ ืžื™ืš ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขืŸ? 

-- ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ (ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืžืืœืขื›ื”ืืžืึธื•ื•ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขื), ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ? 

-- ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ึฐืึทื ืื–ืฉ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจืฒ 
ื“ืึธืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜... ืื•ืŸ ืžืืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืฒื™ื’ืขืจื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ื‘ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืฑื’ 
ืืฃ ืื•ื™ื’, ืžื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื˜ืฉื ืข ืกื˜ืืฐื•ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืึธืง, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื–ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืงืื ืข... 

-- ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ... ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืืœืก ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจืฒื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ืจืฒ ืขืกื™ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื•, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืฒึทืขืจื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื–ืฒืขืจ ื’ื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ืขื˜ืืœืŸ ืคืืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœืŸ, ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื™ืื“ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข. 
ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืึธืฉืขืฐืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ 
ืฐื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืจืขืฐืขื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึทืคืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืขืกืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืžืขื˜ืืœื•ืจื’ื™ืฉืข ื’ื™ื’ืื ื˜ืŸ... 

-- ื–ืข ื ืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืฆืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืจืขื“ืข. ื“ื• 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืืคื™ืœืข 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืฒึทื ืขื ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœืขืจืœืฒ ื’ืขืงืขื›ื˜ืกืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืื " 
ืงืขืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ืœื™ื™ืงื ืกื˜ ืขืก ืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ ืœื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืกืืš ื”ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขืจืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื‘ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ืขืžืขืก, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, ืืœืก 
ื ื™ื˜ื™ื“ืขืจืคืืจืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื, ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึธื’ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก, ืงืึทืœื–ืžืืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜... 

-- ืืœืึธ! ืืœืึธ! ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ, ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืงืึทืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ.. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ? ื ื“ืขืจืœืฑื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ.. ืื– ืžืข ืฉืžืฒึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ.. ืขืก ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ 
ืืฒื‘ื™ืง... ื ื•, ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜? -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืืฐืขืงืœื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขืœืข- 
ืคืึทื–ื™ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœ... 

ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึทืœ ืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ืื•ืคื–ืขืขืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜. ืžืข 
ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ื‘ืึธืงืก', ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืžื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื ืขืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืขืœืขืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ -- ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจืฆืขืจ. ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธ, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืฑืขืœื˜, ืžืืกืงื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืœืข... ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื–ืœืขืŸ ืคืึทื“ืขืจื˜ 


+ ื”ื™ 


ึน 30 


ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ืืฆื™ึทืึธื ืืœื™ืกื˜, ื 
ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข (ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืจืึธืš 
ื˜ืึธืงืึธืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜), ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขืกื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ื" 
ื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื˜, 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ... ,ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, ืคึผืืจืฉื™ื•ื•ืขืฅ, ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืกื˜, ืื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ื ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ืกื˜, ื ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ... ื–ืฉื™ื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงืื™ื ืžืึธืจื“ื!" ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ื–ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื: 

-- ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ืœืกื˜ื• ืึธืคึผื ืืจืŸ? 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืจ'ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืืจืคืข ื ืขื–ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืจืึธืžืึธืฐืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฐืœ 
ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืขืก, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืจื•ืงืŸ... 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ึดืขืŸ, ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžืฑื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜: 

-- ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ... ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ, ืคืืจืฉื™ื•ื•ืขืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึท ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ.. 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ... 

ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ืฐื™ื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ, ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืคืจื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึธืฐืข ืกื™ื ื™ืืงืขืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜... ื–ื™ื™ ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืœื™ื’ืŸ, ืื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื–ื™ืฆืŸ. ืื™ื–ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื˜ืืงืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื 
ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœ, ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ืื˜ื ืžืื›ืขืจ.. ืขืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ื™ 
ืขืกื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืื– ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืšื ื™ื˜ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’... ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ื™ืœื‘ืœ?.. 

ื“ืจื™ื™ โ€ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ืฆืขืžืขื ื˜ื“ื™ืœ, ื ืคืืจื’ืึธืกืขื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืœืฒื’ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื“ืืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ืงืึธืคึผื ืก, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒื™ืข: ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ? ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ? ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืฆืขื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืจืขื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืืœื˜ืข ืฐืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืœืฒึทื“ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขืก ื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืฑืขืœื˜ 
ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš: ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•.. 

ื ืึธืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก. ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›" 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืจืฆืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ. 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ืŸ? ืขืžืขืก, ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึธืคึทึผื’ืขืจื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืฉืœืึธืคืœืึธื–ืข ื ืขื›ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืคืืจ" 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืฆื™ื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืก: ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจ- 
ืฉื•ื ื’? ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืžืขื’- 
ืœืขืš. ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ, ืื– ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืžืขื ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืกืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฉืขืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจ... 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก. ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ" 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืก ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื™ื " 
ื’ืขืจื™ืงืœืืคึผืขืจืฒึท, ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืคึผื™ืกืข-ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ. ืืคืŸ ืฐืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทืŸ ื ืคืืจืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืœืึธื ื™ 
ืคึผืœื™ืขืกืงืขืจืฒึท, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจืขื•ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื  ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ืฆืขื”ื•ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื“ื™ื™ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื›ืขืจืฅ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ื›ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืืฒึทืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืคื™ืจื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืฐื•ืงืกื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืจืึทืฐืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืื˜ืœืขืก ื”ืึธืจ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืฐืขืจ ื–ืฉืข ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ? ืื™ืš, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ื˜ืคื™ืกืขื ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกื˜ืื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื›ื˜ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข ืฉืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื ืึธืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืจื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืึทื ืขื. ืฐื™ ื–ืฉืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ ื ื‘ืึธืจื“, ืื™ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ? ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ, ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ. ืึธืš, ืึทืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืฐืขืŸ ืกื˜ืจืขืคื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื ื ืขืก, ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจ -- ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื 
ื’ืœื™ืง ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ... 

ืื™ื ืขื ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ. ื–ืขืฅ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืขืง, ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื " 
ื“ื™ืง, ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืœ, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ, ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืฒืฒื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ. ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ื– 


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ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืฐื•ืงืกื™ืงืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจืึธื–ืœืขืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื›ืึธืœื™ืขื˜ ืคึผืึทื ืขื, 
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืคืœืึธื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื’ืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜: ,ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžื’ืขื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ื ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืขืงืกืคืขืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ 
ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’. ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก: ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ -- ื‘ืขืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ -- ืœื™ืคึผืงื™ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืขืก, ืืœืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืื ื“ื™ื“ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœึตืฒ 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื’ืฉืืคื˜-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืกืกืจ, ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ". 

-- ืฆึดื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ืŸ? -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ. 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืื– ื›'ื—ืึธื‘ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืข ืจืขื’ืขืก. ืฆื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืคืืจ, ืฆื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ?.. 

-- ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ? 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก. ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืฆื™ ืฐืฒื™ืกืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึทึผืจืืš? 

ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ, 
ื’ืขื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื‘ื•ืš, ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ-ืฉื˜ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืึธืš ืคึผืื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขื™ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคืืจ ืึทืคึผืฉืืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืงืึธื ื˜ืจื™ืง. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืœืึธืจ. ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื–ืขืกื˜, ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ- 
ืœืขืš, ืื™ื– ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ืŸ. 

ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืžืขืจ ื”ืขืคืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืฃ ,ืื™ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืืฃ , ื“ื•", ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื›ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผื™ืงื˜: 

-- ื“ื• ื˜ืจืื›ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš, ืฆื™ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ... ืคึผืื“ืœืข! 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจ. ืฐื™ ืก'ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืึธื˜ื‘ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืคึผืึธื“ื™ืึธื". 

ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืึทืฐืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื˜ืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจืขืžืœืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื• ืฉืคึผืืจืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืื ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื• ื–ื™ืฆืกื˜ ื“ืจืขืžืœืขืŸ" 
ื“ื™ืง, ื‘ืืงื•ืžืกื˜ื• ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ. ืื–ื ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ... ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืขื’ื‘ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื“ืื ืง: ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ืŸ? ื ืึธืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื˜ืืงืข 
ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื•ื ื’? ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ืžื™ืš ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืŸ? ื ื• ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึทืœื™ืฉ, ืื‘ืกื˜ืจืืงื˜... ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ื–ื, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื–ื... ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜-ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ื’ืฐื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’. ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื˜ืขื ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืื›ืฉืึธื•ื•ืขืก, 
ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืจืฑื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื’ืฒืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ื ื’ื•ื˜ื–ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื, ืืœืข ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื™ืขื ืขื ืจืขืคึผืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืขื ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืฐืืœื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, 
ืื™ื–ืึธืœื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืขื ืื™ื ื“ื–ืœ, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ื“ืึท ืงืฒื™ื ืขื 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ, ื“ืขื ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ื“ืขื ื“ืขืกืคึผืึธื˜. ื™ืขื“ืข ืจืขื’ืข ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ 
,ื’ืœืื–ืึธืง" ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืืจืฉืึทืœื˜ืขื ืขื ืงืขืžืขืจืœ... 

ืื™ืš ื›ืืคึผ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ, ืงื•ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื, ืฐื•ึผ ื ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš. ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื–ืืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืืคืŸ ืฐืขื’, ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืื ืกืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆืขืงืขืžื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœืขืก 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืื˜ืจืืฆืœ, ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืืคื’ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ืงืืžืขืจ-ื˜ื™ืจ. 

ื•ื™ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ! ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืื–ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš. ืึธื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืจื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– 


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ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืคืืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืžื™ื“ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื– ืจืขื“ืŸ, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, 
ืฐื™ืœ ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืœ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขืงืœ ื ืœืื ื’ืข 
ืฉืžืึทืœืข ืฆื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืฐืฒ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฉื™ืš, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืกืงืข, ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ืžื™ื™ ืฐื™ืœื”ืขืœืžืก ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึธืจื˜ืขื ืขื ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืง, ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืœ, ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื– ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข 
ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜ืขื ืข ืฆื™ืš, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืขืจ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก. ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืงืจื™ืš ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืš ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก, ืื– ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ื™ืึธื? ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื ื›ืฉืื“. ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธ- 
ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืืกืขื“ืงืข? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ื 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืืคึผืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืืจืŸ ืืฑืกืคืึทืจืฉืขืจ?.. ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืœืข, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืืจ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืฐืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืžืขืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 
ืื– ืžื™ืš ืืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืคื™ืœืข ,ื ืงืœืืคึผืขืจ'. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืฑืกืคืึทืจืฉืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™, 
ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื–, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืจืฒื“? ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืคึผืœืืฆืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื–ื™ื™ืคืšื‘ืœืึธื–. ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ ืžื•ื˜ื ืข 
ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืจืœืขืš ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ื›ืขื, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกืึธื ื™ื... ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ 
ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื ืกื•ื™ื ืข. ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฐืข- 
ื–ืขื ืขื ืœืขืจืขืจ ืงืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื›'ืฐื•ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. 

ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื ืืคึผืข ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขืฐ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืืฑืกืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืžืื›ื ืข ืฐืฒึทืกืคึผืึธืœื™ืืงืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 1920, ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืงืืœืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท 
ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืืคึผืงืขืก, ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ, ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืœื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ื™ื•ื ื’ืข 
ื‘ืœื•ื', ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจืฒืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืœืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ, -- ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืขื ื˜. ืงืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ืืฐืขืง 
ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจ , ืกื•ื™ื ืข"! ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš? ื ืึธืจ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ: ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื–ื™ืš, ืคึผืื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ, ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒื™, ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืืœืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืฅ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ: ,ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื. ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“, ืฐืขื˜ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ". 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืื ืกืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ึทืง. ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ื™ืึธื ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื”ืืงื™ืกืข. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ื›ืฐื™ืงืกื™ืงืขืจ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขื’ืขืก 
ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื“ืœืึทื ื™ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืขืงื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขื˜ืฉืงืขืก ืืฃ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธื’ืŸ. ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก. ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜, ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืข, ืฐื™ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžืขืงื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืืกืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ื•ื ืงืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืืฉืขืง, ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ 
ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ืขื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜, ื ืขืฆื˜ 
ืขืก ืืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืจืืŸ, ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืก, ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืฒึทื›ื˜, ืจื•ืงื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ืงื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ืขื ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ืืงืขื˜ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขื›ืึธืœื™ืขื˜ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ืงืืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืจืึธื–ืขืฐืข ืจืฑื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืจืื ื“, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ 
ื‘ืื ืคืืจื’ืื ื’. ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืืคื˜.. ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ ืžื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืœืึธื–ืขื˜. ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ: ,ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ!" -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืกืคึผืจืืฐื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐื™ ืก'ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืึธืคื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืš-ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ื ืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืฒื˜ ืขืก ืึธืŸ? ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืžืึธื’ื–ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข, ืฐืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš 
ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื“ืื ืง ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืืจ- 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจืึธืฐืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืšื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ืŸ, ื“ืขื ืจืึธืฐ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขืฐื•, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ื•ืืœืขื˜, ืึทืคึผื˜ืึธืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืœื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ 


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ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืš-ืฉืžืขืจืฆืŸ. ืฐื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืžืื–ืœ, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืœืื ื’, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืš ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ื’ืฒื™ ืฐืฒืก, ืื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื‘ื ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ื’ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื‘ืึธืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืึธืคึผ ื’ืจืึทืฐืข ื”ืึธืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ื˜ืืงืข ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจ! ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืืžืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืœืขื ื’ืขืจื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“. ื™ืึธ, ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ืคืืจืœืขื ื’ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜ืข ื”ืืจืฅ. ืฐืขืจ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ? ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืขื ื™ืง? ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืข- 
ืงืึธืฐืขืฅ? ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ืŸ (ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืง). ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืžืขืกืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืžื™ื. ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ -- ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึธืจื“. ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’ ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืจืขืžื“ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืžื•ื™ืจืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืคืืจื“ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, -- ืกื˜ื•ืงืื˜ืฉ (ื ืงืœืืคึผืขืจ). 

ืืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•" 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•'ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืขืจ. ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขื“ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ื•ืขื›ืฆืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืืฑื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืึธื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ื ืขืจ ืžืื ืกืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ, 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืกืงืขื˜ื ืึธืœื™ืกื˜, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืจืึธืฐืข ื‘ืึธืจื“, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืื™ื˜ืื™ 
ืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืœืขืึธื ืืจื“ืึธ ื“ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ -- ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ-ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืคืจื•ื-ืคืืจื›ืึทืœืขืžื˜ืข ืจืขื’ืขืก, ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืžื•ืจืžืœืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขืจืฒึท, -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืกืคึผืืœืขืœ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื™ืขื–ื•ืก ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก, ื“ืึธืก ื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™, 
ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜. ืขืžืขืก, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืฆื™ ืฆื™ื™ืœืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, 
ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื‘ื•ื›ืืจืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข ื”ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ืึธื˜ืœ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืืฉืึธืจืขืก. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื  ืื™ืš 
ื’ื•ื™ืกืข ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืื ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืืคื™ืœืข ืึธืคืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืืคืงืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉืึธืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขืจื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ 
ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื. ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ 
ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ. ื ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึทืงืขื ืข ืงืจืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืคืืจ ื ืงื•ืกื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืคืืจืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื™ื˜ืŸ? 

-- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ืฆืขืŸ ื›ืื“ืึทืฉื™ื, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืฐืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฅ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, -- ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ. 

-- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื›ื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ื ,ื“ืึธื‘ืืฐืงืข", ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 10 ื™ืึธืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 25 

-- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™? 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, 
ืื– ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคืืจืืงืฉื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืื˜ื™ืงืืŸ, ืžืขื’ ืื™ืš ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ืงืื˜ืึทืœื™ืงืขืจ... 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžืฒึทืกืข 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืึทื‘ืข-ืžืฒึทืกืขืก, ืคืืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ.. 

ื ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื“ื•ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขืš ื ืึธืขื ื˜. ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงื™ื“ืขืจ-ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคึผืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฅ 
ืคืจืขืžื“ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ืขืก ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืฉืจืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืคืืจืฉืืคื˜ืข ืœืฒื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื–ืืฉืคึผืจืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื’ืฒื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืึธืคึผ, ืงื•ืžืกื˜ื• ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืคืืจื’ืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืงืข ื’ืขืคืจื™ืจืŸ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืžืึทืจ 
ืจืขืฉื›ื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื ืขืคึผืœืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืจื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืฒ, ืฐื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืคื™ืจื˜. 

-- ืื™ืจ ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืื ืกืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ืฐื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ? 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืืจ ื ื”ืขืœื“, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš. 

-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ื›'ื ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืข ื”ืืœื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืคืืจ ื ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ. 


24 


-- ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืœื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“? 

-- ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜, ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ. ืฐื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข. 

-- ืฐืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ? 

-- ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฐืึธืœื™ื ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืกื˜ืขืœ 
ืžืืš, ืฐืขื’ืขื ืขืจ, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื ืก, ื›ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืก, ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืคึผืœืึธืฉื˜ืฉืื“ืงืขืก ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑืขืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•. 

-- ื ื•, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื ืกืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืจื•ื™ึทืงืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขืคึผืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ืขืจ. ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข 
ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืืฃ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืคืืจืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜. ืžื™ืš ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืกืืš ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ื ืก. ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืืœืื“ืข 
,ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ", ื ืžื™ืŸ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉ-ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ื–ื™ื™ืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ, ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜. 

-- ื ื• ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก? 

-- ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึทืจืฉืขืจ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืœืื“ืข ืื™ื– ื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข, ืืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืึธืฐืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ื“ืขืจื ื™" 
ื“ืขืจื™ืงื˜... 

-- ืฆื™ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ ืคึผืึทืขื–ื™ืข. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฐื˜ืฉืขื ืงืึธืŸ, ืœืขืกื™ื ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืงื, ืคืจืื ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืฑืกืฐืฒื ื™ืง. 
ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึทืขื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– 
ื ืกืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืขืœืฉืขืฐืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืžืืงืกื™ื ืจื™ืœืกืงื™, ืกืึธืกื™ื•ืจื, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐื™ื ื™ื˜ืฉืขื ืงืึธ, 
ื’ืืœืืŸ. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ... 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืคึผืขืจืœ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืก. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืฑื™ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืงืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืฃ 
ืืฑืกืฐืฒื ื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืกืืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืก ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ 
ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืข, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ืžืึทืœืขืจืฒึท. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ื•ืข- 
ืœืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฐืขืœื˜, ืืฑืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืกืืš ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, -- ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึทืœืื™ึดื, ืื™ืŸ ื ืืฆืขืจืขื˜, ืื™ืŸ 
ื›ืฒึทืคืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึธืฐืขืก. ืื™ืš ืคืืจื ื™ื™ื’ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืžืฒึทื ืขื ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื ื™ืืœืŸ ืคืึธืœืง... ืขืจื’ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงืขื“ืฒึท ืฆื• ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ 
ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืขืกื˜ื• ืื•ื™ืก ืฐื™ ื ืžืืจื˜ื™ืจืขืจ. ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืคืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืคืืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง... ืื™ื– ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืก ื ืฐืขืจืง? 

-- ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ? 

-- ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื ื" 
ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ืงืขืจ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ, ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ื–ืฉืืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœืฅ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ... 

ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืข ื–ืขืงืœ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืก, ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื ืฐืฒึทืก ื”ืื ื˜ืขื›ืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืงืขืฐืขืจ ืงืึธืœื“ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื’ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง 
ืฐื•ึผืจืฉื˜, ืงืึธืœื‘ืืก-ื’ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืงืข, ื ืงืขืคึผืœ ืงื ืึทื‘ืœ, ื’ืขื‘ืขืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืขืกืŸ. ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืคืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืœื™ืงืื˜ืขืกืŸ. 

-- ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืื–ื ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ืขืกื ื•ื•ืืจื’? ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื, ืื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ืื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคึผืึธื›ืœื™ืึทื›ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื›ืœืข ืงืืฉืข. 

-- ืขืกื˜, ืขืกื˜, ื–ืฉืืœืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜... 

ื›'ื”ืึธื› ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื›ืืคึผืŸ, ืžืืžืขืฉ ื’ืขืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจื”ืฒื˜ ืกืฒึท ื“ืขื 
ืงืึธืœื‘ืืก, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืงืข, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื‘ืขืงืก ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึธื–ืฉื™ื ืงืขืก. 


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ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ, ื‘ืืงื•ื ืื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืœ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื™ืœืงืข ื ืึทืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืžืขื–ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื›ื•ืฅ ื ืœื™ืœืึธ 
ืฆื•ืงืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืข ืงืึธื ืคืขื˜ืŸ -- ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืข ื˜ืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผื•ืจืŸ. ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ. ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืŸ ืจืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืืฑื™ืกืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืงืœืืžื™ืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืœืื“ืข ,ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ" ืืฃ ืื•ืงืจื- 
ื ื™ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืžืืงืกื™ื ืจื™ืœืกืงื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืกืคึผืฒึทืœืขืก ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ; 

-- ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท, ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ.. ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ื ื ืขืก 
ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื’ืœืฒื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ.. ืฐื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืฒื›ื ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข ื”ืึธืจ, ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืึธืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืึทืคึผื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืœืขืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœืข ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ. 
ืฐืึธืก ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืฉ ืคืืจื ืึธื˜ืŸ. ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื– 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ. ืื– 
ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื˜ื™ืงืืŸ. 

ื ืึธืš ื ื“ืฑืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ึธืง, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜-ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, 
ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงืก- 
ืคึผืขืจื˜ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืžืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื•ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืฆืขืงืฒึทืขื˜. ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ืฐื•ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืฆื™ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ืึธ ืึธืคึผื˜ืึธืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืื– ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจืฆืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืงืื“ื™ืœืขืงืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ืฆึทื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืจื‘ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืื‘ื•ืจืขื˜ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื 
ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืคึผืืคึผืงืข -- ืื›ืฆื™ืง ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื–ืข: 

-- ื ื, ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ... 

ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืึธืœืข ืฉืขืงืขืจ! ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืคืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื’ืขื‘ืข? ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื– ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืจ 
ืคืจื™ื“ื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื–ืขืฆืŸ? 
ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืจืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฃ! 
ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœืฒื‘ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืขืคืœืขืš, ืืคื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ืขื˜ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื“ 
ืงื™ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืžื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืคืœืึธื“, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, 
ื“ืึธืก ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขืœืข, ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืึธืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืกืขื ืข, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื˜ืข- 
ืœืขืคืึธื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœืฒืขื ื˜, ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืฆืขืคืœืืงืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก: 

-- ื ื•, ื’ื™ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ืง, ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึทืจืฉืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ: ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืœึดื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ,ื“ืขื ื™ืื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ, ืก'ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึธืจืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ". ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก: ืื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื™ืื ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ื“ืขื ื™ืื ื”ืืžืขืœืขืš, ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ืื, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉื•ื™ื? ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืœื˜. ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืคืืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึธืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ, -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึทืขืœ, 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงืึทื ืฆืขืคึผืฆื™ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ, 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ" ืคึผื™ื™ื–ืื–ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืกื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืœื™ึดืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง. ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืคึผืืจื™ืกืŸ -- ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ-ื‘ืฒืžืขืจ? 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ื ื“ื™ืง ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืื“ืข ,ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ", ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขื ืื•ืž- 
ืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ? ื“ื™ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ; ืืœืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข, ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืžื™ื™ืœืข ืื ื˜ื™ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข. 

ืืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘'ื’ืขื–ืื ื’, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื–ืฒ 
ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืึทืคึผืฉืืฆื•ื ื’, ื ืึธืจ ืืฃ ืื–ื ืคึผืืกืœืฐื•ื™ืœ, ืืฃ ืื–ื ื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 


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ืจืขื›ื ื˜... ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื“ืืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ื”ืื ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื›'ืฐื•ืขืœ ืขืคึผืขืก-ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืฉืจืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ... ืื–ื ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืก... 
ืื–ื ื‘ื™ืœื‘ืœ... ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืงืŸ! ื ื•, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜, ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก. ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก. ื“ืจืฒึท ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื’ืขื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื– ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ- 
ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกืึทืฃ ืื–ื ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื–ืข. ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ.. 
ืฉืคึผื™ึดืึทื ืื–ืฉ... 

ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื• ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืขื’. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ... ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืฆืฐืฒืฒื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื˜ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืงื•ืงื˜ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืœืึทืฆื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื, ืฐื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ... 

ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜: 

-- ื ื•, ื”ืึทืกื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ? 

ืื™ืš ืฉืฐืฒึทื’. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื• ื ืึธืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? 

ืื™ืš ืฉืฐืœืฒึทื’. 

-- ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืื ื“ื™ื“ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ, ื’ืื ืฅ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื˜- 
ืœืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, ืื– ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขืš ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืกื˜, ืื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง. 
ื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ! 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืžืขืก, -- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš. -- ืฐื™ืื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืื–ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื‘ืืจืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืข 
ืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉ ืื–ื ื’ืขื ื™ืืœืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ? ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜. 

-- ื“ื• ื›ื™ื˜ืจืขืฐื•ืขืคื˜, ืคึผืืจืฉื™ืฐื•ืขืฅ! -- ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ. -- ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, ืื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึทืŸ: 

-- ื ืื˜ืืฉืขื ืงืข, ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ืึธ? ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืืคื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืจืฒึท. ื ื•, ื’ื•ื˜, 
ืœื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ืงืข... 

ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ืขืงืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื•ื•ืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืจืฐืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืœืฅ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข, ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื ืงืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืœื˜ืข ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ืžืื˜ 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ ืืŸ ืึธื‘ื›ืึธื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ืงืืžืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืคืงืข, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ื’ืฒื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ. ื•ื•ื™ืค? ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืœืฒึทืšื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข 
ื‘ื™ื™ืจ'ืฉืžืขืจืฆืŸ, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืš ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื™ื˜ืข ื ืคึผืึธืจ 
ื˜ืื‘ืœืขื˜ืงืขืก... 

ื“ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ, ืžืื›ืžืขืก ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ื›ืฉืื“: ืฆื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ! ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข:ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืืžืขืจ, 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ. 

ืขืก ืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงืืžืขืจื™ื˜ื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืคื™ืกืข- ื“ืขื–ืฉื•ืจื ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ืœ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืขืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืžืื ื˜ืœ -- ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื›ืคื™ื™ืฆื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื›ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื”ืขืจืฆื•, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื–ืฉื•ืจืงืข. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืืฃ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขืื’ื™ืจื˜, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื’ื•ื™ืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ื ืขื ืขื ืžืื ื˜ืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก" 
ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืึธืŸ" (ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข 
ืึทื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœ, ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ืŸ). ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขืš ื–ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก 
ื–ื•ื™ ืืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืืฃ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืขืžืขืจืœืขืš, 
ื–ื•ื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืข ืงื•ืคึผืข, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืขืžืขืก, ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ื™ืจืขืœืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ื ืฉื˜ืึธืงื™ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ. ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื ืขื โ€ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื• ืฐืึธืจืึธืŸ", 
ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืื ืฅ ื˜ื•ืžืœื“ื™ืง, ืขืคึผืขืก ืคึผืึทืจืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›'ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฆื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืื”ืขืจืฆื• ืืจืฒึทื ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื 
ื”ืึทื› ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืงืขื ื˜ืœืขืš ืงืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืฆืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื› ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ืคื›ืืคึผืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืขื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืึธืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืฐืฒื ื™ืงื™ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึท 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขื’ืขืก ืืจื•ื, ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืงืขื ื˜ืœืขืš ืงืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืœื›ืœ 
ืคื™ื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ. ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ 


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ืขืžื’ืขื‘ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ, ื“ื•ืจืš ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ื ืฉืฐื•ืืจืฆืŸ ื’ืื–ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ. 
ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ ืžืฒึทื ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ึดืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื™ืจืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื˜ืึธ. 

-- ืžืขืจื“ืขืจืก! ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ... ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื”ืขืจืŸ... 

ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœืืคึผืขืจืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ. 

ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืื›ืฉืึธืฐืขืก ืขื’ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืš. ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืžืึธืจืขืฉื›ืฑื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืข, ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ืืœื“ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึทืงืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึทืจืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคืึทื“ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึทื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ ืืงืฉืึทื ืขืกื“ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื’ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ืื– ืืฃ ื•ื™ืคืœ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืขืฐื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจ-ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฆืขืฉื™ืกืŸ -- ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉืžืึธื›ื˜ืขืก, ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ... ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคืขืœื“, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐื™ ื ื”ื•ื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื ื™ื˜ื“ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื‘ืืจืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื‘, ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื”ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’? ื ืึทืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื ื”ื•ื“ืึธืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื’. ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทืœื•ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืืฃ ื ืคึผืึธืœื•ืกื˜ืื ืขืง? ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜, ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืฑื’ืขื ืข ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืข, ื›ืึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืฑืขืœื˜. 

ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืงืขืžืขืจืœ. ืืจืึธืคึผืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืืฉื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื–ืข ืื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื•ื˜ืฉืืจืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ 
ืžืื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืงืœืขืš, ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึทึผืœืฒ- 
ืฆืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืื˜ื•ืคึผื™ืง, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื ื›ื˜ืึธืœื™ืคึผื™ื–- 
ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ. ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืฐืฒึทื– ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืฐืขื“ -- 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืืจื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืงื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืื’ืึธืŸ. 

ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. -- ืื•ื‘ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื›ื• ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ืš 
ืฆืขืฉื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจืก 
ืคึผืจืึธืฐืึทืงืืฆื™ึทืึธื ืขืœืข ืคืจืื’ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื”ืขืจืฆื•? ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ โ€ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ ืฐืึธืจืึธืŸ" ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขืงื–ืขืงื•ืฆื™ืข. ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืขืŸ ื›ืื“ืึทืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืฑืกืคืึทืจืฉื•ื ื’ืกื™ื˜ืคื™ืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ืืจื˜, ืžืข 
ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ: ืฐื™ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื›'ืฐืขืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืœืื›ื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑื’ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธืจืขืืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืคึผืึธืจืึธื–ืฉื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืึทื ื’ืื‘ืŸ... 

ื ืึทืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ืงืืžืขืจ ืคืืจ ืคึผืกื™ื›ื™ืฉ-ืงืจืื ืงืข (ื“ื™ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืžืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ,ืคึผืกื™ื›ื•ืฉืงืข"). ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืœืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื ืฆืขืŸ ืืจืขืก- 
ื˜ืื ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืœ ื ื˜ื•ืžื‘ืึธื˜ืฉืงืข. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืœืื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืงืฐืื“ืจืื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืื‘ื•ืจืขื˜ืงืขืก. 
ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ืœืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฐืขืง ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื ื’ืœืึธื– ืžื™ืœืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืžื‘ืึธื˜ืฉืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืจื™ืคื˜ืœ 
ืฐืฒึทืก ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืžืฒึทื›ืึทืœื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื›ืœื™ืึธื ืงืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื“ 
ื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข. ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐื™ื ืงืœ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’-ื˜ื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืฆื™ื ืงืขืฐื•ืข ืงืขืกืœ ืคืืจ ื ื' 
ื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ืœืึธืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ,ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจืืฉืข". ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ 
ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืขืกื™ึทืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืืœืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืข ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ืงืœื™ื™- 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืก ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืœ. ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืงืขืฐืขืจ ืงืึธืœื“ืจืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื™ ื ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื–ื™ืขืจ ื’ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ. ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืžืึธื“ื ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืขืฉื•ื ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืงืฐ 
ื˜ืฉืขืจืฒึท ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืœืื˜ืข, ืื– ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื˜ืฑื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ืื•ืคื•ื•ืขืงืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื‘ื™ืœื“. ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืœืื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืืคืŸ 
ื“ื™ืœ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื ืฆืขื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ืื™ื ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจืขืคึผ. ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืคึผืกื™ื›ื™ืฉื“ืงืจืื ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืœืื˜ืข. ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 


8 


ื“ื™ ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ืคืืจื™ื’ืœื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืข- 
ืงืœืืคึผื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ืขื ืขื ื˜ืฉืขืจืขืคึผ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง? ืคืืจื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืžืืจืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ. 
ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืึธ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจ-ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ื‘ืขื˜ืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ื“ืขืจืžืึทืจื“ืขื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง, ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœื“ืจืข, ืฐื™ ื ืžืฑืœืฐืึธืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืคึผืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขื, ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ. 

,ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืฉืขืœื•ื™ืœืขื, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, -- ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืคืืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื ื“ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืึธืคึผืงื•ืžืขืŸ?" ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’! ื“ื™ ืงื ืืคึผืข ืฆื•ื™ื™ืžืขืกืœืขืกื™ืงืข ื ืขืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข ื‘ื™ื–ืงืœ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคึผืกื™ื›ื•ืฉืงืฅ", 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืคึผื™ืฐืื’ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืงื•ืคึผืข" ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืฃ-ื”ื™ื ื˜, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืฉืืฉืงืขืœืขืš ืจื•ื™ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืงืืจืื•ืœ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฉืžืึธืœ ื˜ื™ืจืขืœืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื“ืจืึธื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒื™ ื’ืขื–ืืœืฆืขื ืข ืฐืึธื›ืœืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื ืงืขื ืขื ืจื™ื™ืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ ืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ืš, ืขืก ื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ, ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื’ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืืžืขืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืกื˜ื• ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืืฉืงืขืœืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจืื•ืœ-ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง: ,,ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืจืžืข ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜!", ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ืึธืคึผืงื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืืœืื˜ืข ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืึธื™ึดื. 
ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื˜ืืงืข ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืข ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืฆื•ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉื•ืจืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1937 ื™ืึธืจ: ,ืžืืžืข, ืžืืžืข, ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืืจื•ื ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜.." 
ื™ืึธ, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœื“ืจืข, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืข? 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืœืึธืจืขืจ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืืก ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืืคึผืจืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืœืื ื’ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืกื™ื›ื™ืฉืงืจืื ืงืข? ืฐื™ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉ ื–ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืก. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก? ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜? ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜? ืฐืขืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก (ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœื“ืจืข), ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“, ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื ืข ืฆืขื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ... ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“, ืฐืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’-ืืฒึทืŸ, ื˜ืึธื’:ืืฑืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ื“ื™ ืจืื“ื™ืึธ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืฉืืคื˜, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœื™ื–ื. ืคืืจ- 
ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื™ืกืขืก, ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉื•ืœื“?. ื ืึธืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืฒึท ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ -- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“? ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืคื™ืœืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื˜ืืœืขืกืงืึธื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืืจืžืขืœืงืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืฑืขืœื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข, 
ื‘ืืกื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืจ- 
ื’ืขืจืงืจื™ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ืืง, ืื– ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขื 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืฐืขื“, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืกืืงืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืงืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื–ื™ื ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ. ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื™ื“ืข ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืื™ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ... 

ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืœ, ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœื“ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืœืื˜ืข ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื ืฆืขื“ื•ืœื˜ืขืจ, ื ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขื ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ืงืืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžืื›ืฉืึธืฐืขืก, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ื”ื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ -- ืื™ื– ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจืฆืขืจ, ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืœ- 
ืฆืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื’ืœืึธื– ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ... ื ื•, ืžื™ื™ืœืข... ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืžืขืก ืื•ืžืึธืฐืขืก ื’ืขื ืึธืจืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ... 

ืขื ื“ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ืืจื•ืžื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืœืื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ, 
ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืกื™ื›ื™ืฉ-ืงืจืื ืงืข ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืœ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืกื•ื•ื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืŸ, 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐืึธืจืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืึธื“ื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืคึผืฆืขืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ: 

-- ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ืกืข? 

(ืกืึธืฃ ืงื•ืžื˜) 


; 56 
4 *ืขื• ืฉืืจ 
7 7066 


6 ืื™ ืกืจืจ ื :2621 ืจืึธื˜ ื˜ 


ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืงืก-ืื•ืŸ-ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ืกืึธืจืข ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืงืฐื•ืึธืจื™ื 


ืกืึธืจืข ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื– ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืฐืขื’ืขืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฆืื“ื™ื™ืงืขืก, ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ืืœืขืžื•ื™ืขื“ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืึท 
ื’ืจืึธื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐื™ืกืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคื˜, ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืื– ื“ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ืืœืขืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ืฐืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ 
ืœืื ื’ืข ืฉื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ ืืฐืขืง ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ืฉืฐืึธื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขื‘ืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ืคืจื™, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืฑื™ืžืข ืคืืž" 
ืœื™ืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทืš, ืฐื™ ืกืึธืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜. ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผื•ืฆื˜, ื’ืขื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืงืกืœื˜, ื’ืขืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืกื- 
ืžืึธื•ื•ืืจืŸ. ืกืึธืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืฒ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืืจืฒึทื ืœืึธืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืข ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืืจืฅ, ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืž" 
ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ. ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ืก ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืฐืฒื ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืฐืฒื ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ. 


ืคึผืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ื–ืข ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื ื•ืž. 7 --12, 1988, ื ื•ืž. 1, 1989. 


40 


-- ืื•ื™! ื–ืข ื ืึธืจ -- ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ืกืึธืจืข?! ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš? ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš? ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ? 

-- ืื•ื™, ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืึทืจืข ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, -- ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜, ืฐืฒื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ, ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืึธืžืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืฐืืจื˜" 
ืจืื ื˜, ืฐื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจื•.. 

ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืžืืžื–ืขืœืŸ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื ืŸ ื ืฐืึธืจืฃ 
ืื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ-ืื•ื“ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“: 

-- ื’ื™ื›ืขืจื˜! ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ! ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ื•ืึธืคืŸ - ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืฑื™ืœืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ืึธืžืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜... 

-- ืฐื•ึผ? ื•ืขืŸ? ืฐืขืจ? ืฉืžืื“ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ!.. 

ืžืข ืžืขื’ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื ื•ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ (ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืฒื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ), ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืคึผืืจื™ืง. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืืฒื’ืขื ืข ื”ืึธืจ, ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื˜ืึทืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึทืฐืขื“, ื“ื™ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ. ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฉืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขื’ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื™ื ืข-ืœืึธืฉืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ืŸ: 

-- ืฐื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ! ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ! ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื™ืœืขื˜? ืื–ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ! ืื–ื ื‘ืจื“ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜?!.. 

-- ืฐืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืฑืœืขื˜? -- ืื™ื– ืกืึธืจืข ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ, -- ื ืขืฉืึธืžืขื ื™ื•, ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš! ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜! ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜! ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•" 
ืžืขืŸ, ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ! ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ -- ืคืืจืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ!.. 

ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื›ืืคึผื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ืคึผืฒึทืŸ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื›ืืœืื˜, ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืงืฉื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืกืึธืจืขืŸ, ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืฆื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธื›ืฐืึธืก:ืฐืึธืก? ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ? -- ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจืฒื˜, ืฐื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒื’ืขืจ 
ืื™ื–, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ื•ื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืžืฒึทืกืข, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื“ืขื ืึธื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขื’ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืจ 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืึธื‘, ืฐื™ ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื ื™ื™ื“ ื ื’ื•ื™ืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืจืขื“. 

-- ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื™ื™ืกืึธืงื™ื! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื’ืื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื, -- ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ! ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืขืก! ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืขืก! 
ืฉืจืึธืฆื™ื! ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื! ื˜ืึธื•ื•ืืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืก! ื ื™ื "ื ืข! 

ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืกืึธืจืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื™ืคืจืื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืฐืึธื’ืขืจ, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื ืกืืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืขืžืขืก, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ,ื ื™ื™ึทื“ ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืœืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืึธื™ึดื, ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจื™ืœืืคึผ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืึทืจืขืžืข ืฉืฉืงืึธืจ 
ืฆื™ืžืœืขืš, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ,ืจื™ืคืžืขื˜ื™ืงืขืก" ืžื™ื˜ ,ื’ืื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก" (ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ืจื™ืœื™ื›ืขืก ื–ื•ื ื“ืœ ืคืืจ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ืก). ืกืึธืจืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืื“ืข ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ืฐื™ ื’ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ? ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ? ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืœื‘ืœ! ืื•ืŸ ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ! 

-- ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ืจ! 

-- ืื™ืš? -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื ื™ื•ื•ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, -- ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืœืคืŸ? 

-- ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ? ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืจ? - ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืกืึธืจืข ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, - ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ! ืื™ืจ 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ! ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื˜ื•ื™ืฐืขืก ืฐื™ืœื“-ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืฃ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื“ ื 
ื›ืึทื›ืขื! ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื›ืึทืฉืขืฐ ืžื ื ืื˜ืฉืืœืกื˜ืฐืข! ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ,ืœื™ื˜ืฉื ืข" ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ืื˜ืึธืจ!. 

ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ืฉ ื ื”ื•ืกื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœ- 
ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืืคืืžืึธืœ. ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืก ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ,ืœื™ื˜ืฉื ืข" ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ืื˜ืึธืจ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื– ืžืข ืฐื™ืœ 
ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืขืžืขืก: ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ืื˜ืึธืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ืฆืขื’ื•ื›ืขืจื ืื˜ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ,ืœื™ื˜ืฉื ืข', ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ 
ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื“ืึธืฐืขืก ืืฃ ืงืึทื ืฆืขืจื˜ืŸ, ืกืคึผืขืง- 


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ื˜ืืงืœืขืŸ, ื˜ืื ืฅืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ.. ืจืขื‘ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขื’ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ, ื’ืฅ- 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ โ€ ื˜ื™ื™. ื ืึธืจ ืกืึธืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืฒืŸ 
ื–ื™ืฆืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื ืื™ืจืข ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ื‘ื ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืข. 
ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜ ืืงื•ืจืื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื˜ื˜, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฐืึธืœืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ, โ€ ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ" ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืกืึธืจืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื ื•ื’ื ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืืฐืฐืขืง ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืžืื ืก 
ื‘ืืœืขื ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืขืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ,ื‘ืึธื ื™ื" ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื ื“ืŸ, ืฐืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืขื–ืฉื ื•ื™ื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ื ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืืกืข ืฆืฒื™ืœืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ? 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ, 

ื˜ื™ืฃ ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื‘- 
ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืฒืกื˜ ืฐื•.. ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ- 
ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ืงืื–ื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก. ,ืฐืึธืก ื˜'ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ?" ื–ื™ ื“ืืจืฃ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก. ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ 
ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก". ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ืืฑื ื ืึธืŸ ื›ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืืกืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืข ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืึธืจื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก, 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜. 

ืงื•ื™ื-ืงื•ื™ื ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื’ืขื ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ืจื™ืœืŸ: ;ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ?', ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ. 

ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืกื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘: 

-- ื? ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืœืืฐืข? ื”ื... ืคึผืจืืฐืึธื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืฐืข? ื ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™!.. 

-- ื ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืคืจืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฉื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืื ืงืขื•ื•ืื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืึธื›ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืขืœื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒื™ืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœืขืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื›ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜... 

-- ื ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข!.. 

ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืึธืจืขืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืกืŸ, ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ืคึผ: ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื–ื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง - ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข!.. ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืงื•ืžื˜, ืคืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ื- 
ื˜ื™ื, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก/ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืžืข ืขืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ ืœืฒื’ื˜ ืืฐืขืง ื‘ื ื–ื™ ืคืืจืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ, ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ืฒื™?.. 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืกืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข, ื ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ืืฃ ืฆื• ืœืื›ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฆืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืื– 
ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืฆืฐืฒื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ 
(ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ), ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื‘ืœืืฐืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืคึผื•ื- 
ืฐืึธื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืฐืข, ืฐืขืจ? ืฐืึธืก? ื ืขื›ืฒึทื‘ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืจืืฐืึธื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืฐืข, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืขืค" 
ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืกืื™ื– ื ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข.. ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืก ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืืฐืึธื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืฐืข, ื ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ื ืฆืึธืจืข, ื ื‘ื™ืœื‘ืœ, 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืึธื‘ื ืก ื–ื•ื ื“ืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืจืขืฅ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš ื ื’ืขื”ืืจ- 
ื’ืขื˜ืŸ... 

-- ื ื•?.. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆืฒืœื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฉื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœืคืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื›ื”ืืœื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ึธืื–ืฑื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘. ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื–ืฒืขืจ ื ื•ื‘- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืขืจืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืงื•ืจืื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธื  
ื”ื™ื™ื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืฐื•ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืคืจืืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ื”ืืœื˜ืขืจืก ืฐืฒึทื‘: 


. 


-- ืคืข! ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ึทืขืกืข ืžืฒึทืกืข, ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ! ื ืคึผืืกืงื•ื“ื ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืกืขืง! ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ:ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืคืืกืงื•ื“ื ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ืกืขืง! 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฉื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืึธืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืคืืจ- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ืคื•ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืคื•ืก ืื•ืŸ, ืฉืคึผื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื˜ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ื–ืฉื™ืœืขื˜ (ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฐืฒึทืก, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš), ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืึทืžืงืขื˜, ืื– ืกืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื ืžื™ืขืกืข ืžืฒึทืกืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืื›ืงื•ื“ื ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืกืขืง!.. 

ืกืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืืฃ ื ื”ืึธืจ ืืคื™ืœืข, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ึทืขืกืข ืžืฒึทืกืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืคึผืืกืงื•ื“ื ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืกืขืง -- ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ ื˜ืืงืข, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ื’ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืขืคึทึผืขืก ื–ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง! ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ื ื‘ื™ืœื‘ืœ! ืื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืขืคื ื˜ ื–ึดื™ืš ืื•ืฃ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืื ืฒึทืก, 

-- ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฃ ืืฒึทืš, ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืืฃ ืงืึธืœืฒื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง... -- 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืข ,ื‘ืึธื ื™ื', ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืžืก, ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื ืฒึทืก, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ื•ื›ื”ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืžืข ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขื“, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ื™ืข ื˜ืฉื™ื’ื™ืจื™ื ืกืงื™!.. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ? 

ืกืึทืจืข ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึท ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜, ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืงืื–ื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก 
ืืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื“-ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉื˜ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ืืœืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš, ืืœืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง. ื ืึธืจ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืืคื™ืœืข ืจื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืจื˜, ืœื™ืคืŸ, ื–ื•ื›ืŸ, ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ! ืื“ืขืจืื‘ืข, ื–ื™ ื–ืขื˜, ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึธืจ ืืฐืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜.. ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืœืื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื™ื™ืกืขืง: ,ื›ืื™ื›ืื™ื›ื -- ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื˜ืŸ!" ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืฉืคึผืื•ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ: ,ืจืขืฉืึธื™ึดื, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื˜ืŸ!". ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื˜ืŸ' -- ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ 
ื™ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื‘ืŸ: ,ืจืขืฉืึทื™ึดื, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื˜ื–!"... ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒื˜: ,ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื˜!"' ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜: ,ืจืขืฉืึธื™ึดื!' -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจื™ืก 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืŸ?.. ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืจืข ืคืืœื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ืŸ: , ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืื›ืžืึทื ืขืก! 
ืจืื˜ืขืฐื•ืขื˜!" ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืึทืจ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ื ืืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜, ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก-ืึธ! 
(ืžืข ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืจื˜). ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืึธื™ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื–ืืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึธื ืึธื’ืจืืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื’ืขืžืื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื•. ื›ื-ื›ืื™ื›ื. 

-- ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืš, ืžืื“ืื, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืจื•ื™ึธืง, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืืœื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืึธื  
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, -- ืžืื“ืื˜! ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜, ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืกื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืกืื™ื– ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข, ืกืื™ื– ื›ื•ื™ื–ืขืง, 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ื•ืก, ืก'ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืฃ ืžืข ืงืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืืŸ, ืžืข 
ืงืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื™ืก? ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ืคืœื™ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื- 
ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜! ืก/ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ื ืžืื›ื™ื ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืึทืจื ืขืกืึธื˜ื™ืœื ื™ืงืขืก... ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ, 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทื’ืจืึธื, ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืฆื˜... ื ืึทืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข! ืฉืขืงืขืจ ื’ื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜! ืก'ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜! ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒ ืืฑื™ืกืคืจืขื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืš! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืฅ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืจืขื•, ืื– ืกืฉื•ืขื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ... ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืึธื™ืขืŸ! ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืึธื™ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืึธื™ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜.. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืึธื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’!.. 

ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืจืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืกืึธืจืข, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึธื™ืขืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง? ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื–ืึธื™ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื–ืึธื™ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš... ืื‘ื™ ืœืึธื– ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ!.. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื–ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื™ืึธืžืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืกืึธืฐื•ืขืก, ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืจืื›ืžื™ื, ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื˜, ืืฒึทื ืœืฒื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื? ื•ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื? ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืคืขืงืืœ! ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื•ื™ืœ ื˜ืื›ื˜ื™ืข ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืฒืŸ! 

-- ื’ืึธื˜, ื’ืึธื˜, ื’ืึธื˜! ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืกื˜ื•, ื’ืึธื˜? 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื˜ืืงืข ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ. ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ, 
ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข, ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉืฒึทืžืคึผืขืจืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืจืึทืžืืŸ. 


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ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื‘ืšืื•ืŸื“ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ืกื™ืึธืžืงืข ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก 


ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืกื™ืึธืžืงืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืฐืขื“, ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื™ื–ืฐื•ืึธื–ื˜ืฉื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืึธืจืึธื“ืึธืฐืึธื™. ืกืึธืจืข, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืงื™ื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืึธืจืึธื“ืึทืฐืึธื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ. 

-- ืกื™ืึธืžืขื ื™ื•! ืกื™ืึธืžืขื˜ืฉืงืข! ืกื™ืึธืžืขื ื™ื•ื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืœ! ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืฒื ืขืจ! ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื" 
ื˜ืข? ืฐื• ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื˜ื™? ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜? 

ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืงื•ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืงืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก ื”ืขื ื˜: 

-- ื ื•, ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืžืืžืข, ืœืึธื– ืžื™ืš ืึทืคึผ, ืื•ื™, ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืฑ 

ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืึธืžืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืข, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐึทื™ึธืืฐื™ ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืกื™ืึธืžืงืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื‘ืฒืกืžืฒึทืกืข ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ. 

ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜, -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืกื™ืึธืžืงืข ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฐืขื ื™ืคืœืึธืขืก, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืจืฒึท ืคื•ืจืŸ: ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืงื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื ืคื•ืจ. ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ื‘ืจื™ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฑื ื ืึธืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึธืงืึธืœืึธื“ืึธื˜ืฉื ื™ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืงืขื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ, ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื™ื–ืฐื•ืึธื–ื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืงืึทืœืึทื“ืึธื˜ืฉื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืคืŸ ืื™ืฐื•ืึทื–ื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืึทืงืึธืœืึธื“ืึธื˜ืฉื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฐืขืง- 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืึธืงืึธืœืึธื“ืึธื˜ืฉื ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึทืจืŸ, ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืจ, ื‘ืืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืืš ืœืืžื˜ืขืจื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง, ื ื’ืœืื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื 
ื”ืืจื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึทื–ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืœืฒื’ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืึธืŸ ืงื™ืฉื ืก? ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ, ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’, ื‘ื™ื• 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืคึผืึทื ืขื ืื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึทืงืึธืœืึธื“ืึธื˜ืฉื ื™ืง, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืื• 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจืก ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜. ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืึธืœืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืฉื•ื‘ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืืจืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืงืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ืขืฉืืก ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. ื“ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืคึผืึธืœืขื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืก ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉื•ื‘. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ื•ื™ืื–ืฑื™ ืขืจ ื”ืฒืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ึผ 
ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜, ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืงืขืŸ ืขืจ ืงื™ืจื™ืœื™ื™ 
ื›ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืขืŸ ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ึธืื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึทืœืึธื“ืงืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“- 
ืงืข ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืึทื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขืกืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืคึผื™ืœื›ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ืึทื›ืŸ. 

-- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜? -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื›ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉืืกืžืฒึทืกืข ืื–ื ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืงื™ื ื“ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ!.. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืกื™ืึธืžืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืขืžืขืก: ืฐื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืคืœ ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ืœืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืงื™ืจื™ืœื™ื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื–ืฒื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืขืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืื˜ืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ?ืขืฆื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืืจื•ื ืคืืจ 


4 


ืคึผื•ืจื™ื:ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืข ืื•ื™ืš ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ืงื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜... ื ื•, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืŸ. 

-- ื ื•ื™ื ื•? 

-- ืขื•, ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืขืžืขืก, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ื‘ื ืงื™ืจื™ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ื’ืขืฆืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืข, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื– ืขืจ ืฉื™ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ, ื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ืื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืข ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืงืึธืœืข, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืกื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืึธืงืŸ -- 
ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืฐื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืึทืœืึธื“ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ืœ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืึธืงืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜ืื˜ืข ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ื’ืฒืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืึธืงืŸ... 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ! 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜? ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ ื ืึทื›ืืžืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืขืŸ? 

-- ื ื•, ื ื•? 

-- ื ื•, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืงื•ืจืื˜, ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืขืžืขืก, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืฐืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื™ื’ืขืฆืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืงืขืคึผืœ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš.. 

ืกืึธืจืข, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐื•ื™ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, 
ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื˜ืึธืŸ; 

-- ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืงืขืคึผืœ"ื– 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข? ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ? -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืกื™ืึธืžืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืื“ืœืขืก, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ. -- ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืืจื˜ื™" 
ืจืื ื˜ ื’ืขืกื•ื™ื“ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืขืจืขืฐืคึผืฒื™ืกืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ืจื™ืื“, ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืžืข ื‘ืืงื˜ ืžืืฆืข? ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ? -- ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ ืกืึธืจืข ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. 

-- ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืฒืก, 
ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืขืžืขืก: ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒืก ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ืจื™ืื“, ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื‘ืงืืงืŸ ืžืืฆืข, ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืฒืก ืื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš ืฆื•ื ืกื™ื“ืขืจ, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ื ืกืืš ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, ืžืืฆืข, ืžืึธืจื•ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืจื•ื™ืกืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœื™ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืื˜ืงืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืจืขืžื–ืœืขืš... 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืกืึธืจืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืืจื•ื ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืงื•ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื–ืŸ: ,ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผื™ืกืงื•" 

ืกื™ืึธืžืงืข, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ื– ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ" 
ืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืข, ื–ื™ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืฐื™ืกืŸ; 

-- ืฉื! ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืžืืžืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ? -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืกืึธืจืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืง. 

-- ื™ืึธ, ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจืขืฐ-ืคึผืฒื™ืกืขืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜? 

-- ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜? -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืกืึธืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. 

-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜? ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ื“ื™ืš ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, -- ืžืื›ื˜ ืกื™ืึธืžืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ืขืžื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืฐื•ื™ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ. 

-- ื ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜. 

-- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืœ, ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ. 

-- ื , ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? ืื™ืš ืฐืฒืก ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. 


45 


-- ื ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜? 

ืกื™ืึธืžืงืข ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืก, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื’ืขื–ื• ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืืคื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืฆืขืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืข: 

-- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜! ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜! ื ืžืฒึทืกืข ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืขืง! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืฑืœ ื’ืึธืจ ืขืกืŸ 

-- ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ! -- ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืกืึธืจืข ื ื›ืืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืคืข ื–ื›ืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื“. ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“, ืฐืฒืกื˜ ืฉื™ืŸ ืกืึธืจืข ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื˜ืึธืŸ: ืฆื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื“ ืขืกืŸ? ืฆื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜? ืฆื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ? ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก: 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื˜ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜? ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื ืึธืš? -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื... 


ืืŸ ืืฐืฒื™ืจืข! ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืื–ื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืื–ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ ื™ื•ื™ื“ื™ื™ืข ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืกื•ืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืกื•ืจืข, 
ืขืึทืจ ื ืกืืš ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืกื•ืจืขืก.. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ, -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื™ืžืขืŸ! 

ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืจืข ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืงื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงื™ื™ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš... ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜? ืฆื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜?.. 

ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ. ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืื™ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ื–ื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืจื™ื™ืคืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืขืฐืฒึทืข.. 
| -- ื ื•, ื ื ืื›ื˜! ื ื•, ื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ! ื ื ื“ื™ืจ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœืืง! ื ื•ืึธืœืึธื“ืงืข! ื ื˜ืฉื™ื’ื™ืจื™ื ืกืงื™! 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื›ืึทืœืขืžื˜! 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜.. 
ื ื•, ื ื ืื›ื˜! ื ื•, ื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ!'... ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ. ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืืจื™ื›ืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืื–ื•ื™, ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ื‘ืขืงื™ืฆืขืจ. ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ ืืœืฅ 
ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. 


ื“ืึธืก ืื›ื˜-ืื•ืŸ-ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ --ื ื”ืขืœื“ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, -- ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึท ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืข ืžืขื’ ืื™ื ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ (ืคืืจ ื–ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื‘ืืจื™ืžืขืŸ? ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘?), -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื ืื–ื™ื™ 
ื’ืขืืจื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™, ืืคื™ืœืข ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜! ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ืื– ืกืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ืก'ืื™ื– ื›ื•ื™ื–ืขืง, ืกืฉื™ื– ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ืฉืขื‘ืขื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ืฉืึธืก ืคึผื•ืœ- 
ืฐื•ืขืจ, , ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืฉืžืขืง ื˜ืื‘ืขืง!" 

ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืึธื‘ื™ืกืง", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื ืขืจืขืฐ-ืคึผืฒื™ืกืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืื– ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื”ืขืœื“, ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“. ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ 
ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ ื’ื™ื™ื˜, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ื’, ืื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืืžืึธืœ: ืืžืึธืœ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ ื”ืขืคืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ,ื ื–ืืงืึธืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื“ื•ืžืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜, ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืืžืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ..." ืื•ืŸ ืื ืขื•ื•, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ,ื˜ืจื•ืก ื ืขื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ", ื ืื“ืืจืฃ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ 
ืงืจื™ืฉื˜ืึธืœ?.. ืœืึธื– ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืžืื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆืŸ ,ืึธื›ื™ืกืงืŸ", ืœืึธื– ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ,ืืจืขืฉื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ" ืื›ืฆืŸ ืžืึทืœ, 


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ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื–ืขื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืœืŸ ,ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ" ืื•ืŸ ,ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ", -- ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ 
ืขืจ? ,ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื ืึธื‘ืœ, ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืžืขืงืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื•ื™ืœ".. ืฐืึธืก? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™? 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš. ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืืงืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ื ืขื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ,ื“ืึธืคึผืจืึธืก'. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืžืขื–, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, -- ืื“ืขืจืื‘ืข, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฐื™ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืžืข ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ืื™ื... 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื“? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐื™ืกืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืžืข ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขื“, -- ืืฒึทืš ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืคืงืข ื ,ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ"? ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข, ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ! ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜! 
ื•ื•ืขื”ืืฉื™ื™ื ื™ืก, ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืข ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจื›ืข: ืกืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื›ืืกืžืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ... ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื ื™ื˜ ืืฆื™ื ื“. ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ื–ืืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืจืึทืงื•ืจืึธืจ... 

-- ืœืึธื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื–ืืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืงื•ืจืึธืจ ืืฃ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, -- ื”ืืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ, -- ื“ื• ื–ืึธื’ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืื”ื’ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึธื›ื ืก ืฉื˜ื™ืฃ. 
ื™ื™ื ื’ืœ -- ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ื™ืข ื˜ืฉื™ื’ื™ืจื™ื ืกืงื™? 

-- ืฐืึทืกืขืจืข ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื? ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฃ-ื™ื™ื ื’ืœืขืš? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึทึธ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ 
ืฆืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ. -- ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืขืก! ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืฉื™ื’ื™ืจื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื•? ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข? -- ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ! ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ื 
,ื“ื™ืขืœืึท"? ืžืื›ื˜! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฒืŸ! ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืึธืœื“! ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš 
ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ ื ืึทืš ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืฑื•ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ, ืื– ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืข ื˜ืฉื™ื’ื™ืจื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜! ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ืึธืจ, ืื– ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ืฉืึธื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืงื™ืจื™ืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืจื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืฃื–ื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืข. 

-- ืื”ื! ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜? -- ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื 
ืื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ื”ืขื›ื˜. 

-- ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืกืŸ? -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึท ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืข 
ืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, -- ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื›ืขืก? ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื™ืก, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ, -- ืื™ืš ืฐืฒืก, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืจื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืฃ ื–ื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ื”ืืจื’ืขื ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ; ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธื ืฉื™ืงืขืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’-ืึธืจืจื™ื -ื™ื™ืฉื™ื˜ื™ 

ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืขืกืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ื ืึธืจ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ, ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื•... ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื–ื• ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจื“ืื ืงืงืŸ 
ื“ืขื ,ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืฐืขื•ืจื™ืง', ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกื™ืึธืžืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื–ื™ ื ืื™ื•ื• ืืจืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขื˜, 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ืจื™ืœื™ื›ืขืก ื–ื•ื ื“ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐืึทืœืึธื“ืงืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜. ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ, ืกื™ืึธืžืงืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜, ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ ืžืึธื™ืกืฒืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ.. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืจื™ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืฐืึทืœืึธื“ืงืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜. 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืขื›ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฐื™ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืขื›ืข -- ืœืขืžืฒึท 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? -- ืฐื™ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืึธืš ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ, 
.ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึธื˜ ืžืึทืœืึธื“ืฒ, ื˜ืฉืึธืจื ืฒึท ื–ืฉื™ื“ืขืง" (ืึธื˜ ืื™ืขื ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ืฉื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ื™ึทื“ืœ.), ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜... 

ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ืจื™ืœื™ื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ื‘ืื’ืจืึธื›ืŸ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืขืก 
ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ, ื ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง. 

ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขื ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืœืขื ื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื ืขื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉ- 
ื˜ืข ืฆืฐืฒื™:ื“ืจืฒึท ืคืจืื’ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– 
ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืจืื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 


47 


ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฐื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื“ืขื‘ื ื™ ืกืœื™ืขื“ืึธื•ื•ืื˜ืขืœ, ืื– ืืฑืฑื™ื‘ ืžืข ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื ืฒ 
ื‘ืื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ื’ื™ืจื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื’ืฒื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืคืืœืฉืŸ ืฐืขื’.. ืฐืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– -- 
ืฐืฒืกื˜ ืขืจ, ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืงืฒื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜.. ืขืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜ ืขืก ืฉื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’.. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ืืงื•ืจืื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืฃ ืืคืŸ ืขืžืขืกืŸ ืฐืขื’. ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื• ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืื– 
ืขืก ื”ืืœื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท, ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืขืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืขื›ื•ื™ืขื• ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืœืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜.. ื ืึธืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ? ืื–ื™ื•ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜, ื‘ืขื˜ ืขืจ, 
ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืกืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ึดืงืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื“ืขืงืŸ ืื•ืขืœื›ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืืœืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ.- 

ื“ืขืจ ืกืœื™ืขื“ืึธื•ื•ืื˜ืขืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขื’. ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื 
ื ื’ืœืื ืฅ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื™ื ื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื™ 
ืคืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื•ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืืคืขืœ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึธืคึผืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืŸ" 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ืคืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ืœื•ืกื˜. ืื•ื™ืš ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืืจื˜, -- ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื•ื ื’ื ืžืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜.. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. 

-- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกื™ืžื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืจืฒึท, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืื“ืœืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ืื–ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืžืฑืœ, 
ื•ื™ ื‘ื ืื™ื, ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืš ืืจืฑื™ืกืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜... 

-- ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื›, -- ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,, ืกื˜ื•ืคึผืฒึทื˜ื™ืข!"... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ 
ืคึผืึทืœึดื™ืฆื™ืข. 

-- ืฐืึธืจืขื ืžื™ืžืึทื ืขืคืฉืขืš, ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื™ืก, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฒืŸ, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ? ืฐืึธืก? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™? 

-- ืื–ื•ื™, ืื–ื•ื™, -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืกืึธืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื ืืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืฒื’ืขืจ ืื™ื–, -- ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืื“ืข ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื“ 
ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื’ืขืจืขื›?... ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืข, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืืก 
ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’? 

-- ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ื? -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืฐื™ ื ื”ืขืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ 
ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืืคืŸ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, -- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืงื•ืจืื˜, 
ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™, ื“ืื ืง ื’ืึธื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืฐืขื’. ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ืฆื•ื ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜, 
ืื™ื– ื’ืœืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึท ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ. ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืœืื˜ืข ืœื•ื ื’:ืื•ืŸ-ืœืขื‘ืขืจ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื–ื•ื‘ืึธื•ื•ืจืื˜ืฉืขื›ื ืข", ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื›ืฆืŸ ื›ืื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืขื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’, ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื ื™ืืจื™ื“.. 

-- ื™ืึธ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ื™, ืฐืฒ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื“! 

-- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ! ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ? -- ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืคื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. 

-- ืฐื™ ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื•? -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืกืึธืจืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœ, -- 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื ืœื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ? ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ? 

-- ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืกืึธื ื™ื? -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืกืึธืจืข, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืื•ืขื ืขืŸ, ื›ืึธ- 
ืœื™ืœืข, ื“ืขื ืžืืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ื ืึธืš ืื–ื 
ื ืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืžืข ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข, ,ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขื 
ืื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืืจืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ"... ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืงืึธืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ, ืœืขืžืฒึท ื–ืึธืœ ื ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืข 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืงืืคึผื•ื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืืจืึธืคึผ? ืึธื˜ ืืคืฆื•ืœืึธื›ืขืก ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? ื”ืืœืขืฐืฒึท, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืฉืขืœื•ื™ืœืขื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืืฑื™ืขืจืŸ.. -- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืกืึธืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืขืจ ืฐืฒื™ืกื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืกืึธืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืข ืคืึธื˜ืขืจื™ 
ืื•ืšืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืึทืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืก-ืึธืฐืขืก, ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืงืฆื™ืขืก, ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ, 
ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืก ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื›ืึธืœืขื. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื›ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ 


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ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก. ืกืึธืจืข ืื™ื– ืื–ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ืื ื˜, ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืฒืŸ ืงืึธืœ. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื˜ืฉืืกื˜ืึทืง ืื™ื ืขื 
ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื ืฆืขืœื™ืืจื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ. ืึธื˜ืึธื˜ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ? ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉื˜ืคืืจืงืŸ ืงืึธื ืฐืึธื™ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข ืืจืฒึทืŸ.. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›" 
ื˜ืขืจ -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืก? -- ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืืงื•ืจืื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ืื™ื–... 


ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ? 
ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทืŸื“ืื•ื–ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ื‘ืื ืฐืึทืœืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืŸ 


--ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืข-ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ... 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,ื’ืข-ืงื•ืžืขืŸ', ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืคืขืฉ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœื–ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข ื˜ืฒึทื–ื•ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืกื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืกืืš ื’ืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœืขืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืืจื™ื’ืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘-ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขื ืขื ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข. 

ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืึธืคึผื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืขื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ... ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ... 

ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ 
ืึธื˜ึฟ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืขืคืขืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจืขื˜ืข. ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืขื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืกื™ืึธืžืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจืขื˜ืข. 

;ืฐื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–?" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืคืขืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ืื– ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืข ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื.. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ" 
ื ืึธืš, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจืขื˜ืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืก ื ืึธืš 
ืก'ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืขืœืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื–ื™ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื’ืฐืืœื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื—ืฑ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ึดืงื˜, ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจืขื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึธื˜ ืื”ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืืฃ 
ืื•ื™ื’ ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, -- ืึทื• ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ! ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ!.. 

ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื“ืจืืคึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ืฃ, ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ืฆืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข... ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜? ืœืขืžืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื™ืจืŸ? ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ?.. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ, 
ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ!.. 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืงื™ืฉืขืฃ, ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืืจืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืก ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื ืขื. ื“ื™ ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืื ืฆื˜ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง- 
ืฉืจืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 

,ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ! ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ.." ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื‘ืœ, ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜... ,ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ? ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ?" -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ: ื’ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ -- ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ.." ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš. ืฐื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ -- ืฐืฒืกื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜. ื ืึธืจ 
ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขืจืŸ.. 


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ืื™ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคืืœื˜ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ. ื ืึธืจ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘-ืงืจืขื“ืขื ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืงืจื™ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืข ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืก? ,ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจ 
ื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืก, ืื– ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผืœืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฑื™ืขืš.." 

-- ื–ื™ืฆื˜, -- ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ, ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืœ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง ืืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ื‘ืœื™ืข ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข, ื”ืืœื‘-ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืคืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ;ืึธื‘ืœืืฐืข" -- ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืขืœื˜ 
ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืจ ืœืฒึทื‘... 

ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื–ื™ ื™ืœ ืื™ื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผ ืืคื™ืœืข... ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื ื˜ 
ื‘ื ืื™ื: ืฐื•ึผ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš? ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ? ืฐื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ? ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜?.. ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืื™ื’ื™ื™ื’ืขื?.. 

ืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ, ืื– ,ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื•ื™ึทืง -- 
ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ. ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืฐืฒึทืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืึทึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืขืจ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืกืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคืจืฒึท. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืืœืข ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ื™ืฆืŸ, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื›ื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืคืจืขื“ืŸ..." 

ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืคืจืขื“ืŸ? -- ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึธืœืขื? ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืขืจื ืกื˜? ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ? -- ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ืจ 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ? ืฆื™ ื–ืฒื™ ืืœืข ืฐืขืจืŸ ื‘ื 
ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืงืขืก ื˜ืฑื˜? ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ,ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ-ืžืึธืจื“", ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื’ืื–ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ?.. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ-ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ?!.. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืœืื›ืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื‘ื™ืขืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ืฆืฐืฒืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื‘ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืข ื˜ื™ืจืŸ.. 


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ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืกื•ื‘ื™ืขืงื˜" ื ืขืžื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืขื ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืกื™ื’ืืจ, ืคืืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก, ื›ืืคึผื˜ 

ื ืงื•ืง ืืฃ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืŸ, ื–ืขื˜, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜, ื‘ืืจื•ืฒึทืงื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ; ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืขืœืขื’ืื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขื’ื•ืฉืขืžื“ื™ืง ื‘ืื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื; ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›- 
ืœืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ืฉืžืฒื™ื›ืœ ืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข ื˜ืฒึทืฐืขื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ; ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื–ื•ื™ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจืึธื‘ ืงืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืฐืฒื›ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืื™ืจ, ืื– ืงืึทืœื–ืžืืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ... ื–ื™ ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ืื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ, ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขืจ... ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืคืืจื“ืื ืงืขืŸ. 

,ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื•ื™ึทืง, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืึธืœ 
ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืก, -- ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ..." ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืจื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜. ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ, ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ 
ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืคืืจืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก ืื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื–, 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ: ,ืึธ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ืื–ื, ื–ื™ ื–ื™, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš? ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืื– ืื–ื.. ืื–ื.." -- ืขืก ืคืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ... ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืืฆืื“ 
ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืขืจ ื ืงื•ืง ืืฃ ืื™ืจ, ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืืฉ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ื ืข 
ืงืึธืกืข ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื’ื•ืฉืขืžื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึทื ืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืžืึธื“ื ืขืจ ืงืึธืกืึทืงืขืจ ืฉืžืฒื›ืœ ืฉืฐืขื‘ื˜ ืืฃ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข ื˜ืฒึทืฐืขื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ... ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื”ื•ืกื˜, ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฆื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ: | 

,ืœืึธื– ื–ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ: ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืงืœืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืกืืš, ื ืกืืš ืžืขืจ.. ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ื•.. ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก, 
ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ืขืžืขืก... ื–ื™ ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ืืœืข ืคืขื“ืขื ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืืจืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืกืขืง 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ, ืคืืจ- 
ืงื ื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืงื ื™ืคึผืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ,ื“ื™ืขืœืึธ" ื–ืึธืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื ื“ื•ื ื’..." 

ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœ, ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ,ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ, ืคืืจ- 
ืงื ื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืงื ื™ืคืŸ", ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ... 

ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื˜ื™. ื–ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืึธื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืžืขืกืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืืœื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื 
ืงืืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืืกืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ืคื˜ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื• ืื™ื, ืื– ื–ื™ ืฐืฒื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืžื™, ืฐื™ ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฆื• ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ, ืฆื• ืคืืจืงื ื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืงื ื™ืคึผืŸ?.. 

,ืคืืฉืขื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืงื™ืฉืขืคื˜! ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืึธื‘ืœืื•ื•ืข" -- ื–ื™ ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ -- ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜! ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื›ืึธืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจ... ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืžื•ื™ืจืข.. ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืžื•ื™ืจืข. 
ืžืข ื”ืืกื˜ ืื™ื. ืขึถืจ ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื– ืืœืข ื”ืืกืŸ ืื™ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ,ืฉืคึผื™ืง", ื ืกื™ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง".. 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื ,ืฉืคึผื™ืง' ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื ,ืกื™ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง" ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ 
ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ..." 

ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืงืฐืขื˜ืฉื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืจื™ืจ, 
ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ื’ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ 
ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜... ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืืฆืื“ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืขืจ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื ืงื•ืง -- ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขื“ืข ืื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš.. 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืึธืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื”ืืก, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืขืงืœ, ืฐื™ืคืœ ืื™ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ืง... ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ื™ืกื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืกื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืจ ืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ืจ? ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ? ื ืึธืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฐืขืง ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’?.. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ืก ื ืึธืš ืก'ืื ื“ืขืจืข: ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ,ื“ื™ืขืœืึท" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืืœืข ืคืขื“ืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜?. ืื•ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื™ืึธ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืขืค 
ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืงืœืขืจืŸ ืื™ืจ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืึทืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ,ื“ื™ืขืœืึธ" 
ื–ืึธืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื•ื ื’?.. 

;ืึท! ืœืึธื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ -- ื“ื™ ,ื“ื™ืขืœืึธึท"' ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืžื™ึทืขืกืข ,ื“ื™ืขืœืึธ".. 
ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ... ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื–ื™ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ... ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื... ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื™ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื“ืœ ื ื“ืจืฒ ืฐื™ 
ืžืข ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ... ืื‘ื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื ืึธืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ...* 


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ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึธืจื˜. ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืขื’ื˜, ืคืืจ- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืคืืจืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืกืึธืงืข 
ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ. ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื: ,ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ? ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื ืคืืจ ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจืŸ?.." ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืจื™ืจ -- ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜... 


ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ ืืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ? 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™, ื ืึธืจ ืืฒึทื•ื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ืขืš ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ืฆื•ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืืฒึทื–ื ืก. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ื ืคึผืืจืฆืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื›ืฒึทืข.. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฐืืจื˜ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืจืื›ืžืึทื ืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ.. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื 
ืฉืฒึทืžืคึผืขืจืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืึธืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืœืข ืื™ืจืข ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื... ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื–ืืš. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืก ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืก, ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขืจืŸ... ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื -- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ? ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ? ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืคืืœื˜ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜? ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ: ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ืฐืขื ื˜, ืจืื ื’ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ืืจืฑื™ืกืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜?.. 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื’ืขืฉืขืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ... ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ 
ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจืืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜? -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜. ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืื ื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ืงืึธืœ, ื–ื™ ืžืขื’ ืฉืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืงืœืึธืจืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ,ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ-ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ! ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ'ืขื™ื›ืขืจ!" ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ืืฑื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืฑื’ืขื ืข ื ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ? ื™ืขื“ื ืคืืœืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืื ื˜, ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ื‘ืื ืื•ื™ืขืจ: 

-- ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ.. ื”ื? ื™ืึธื•.. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš.. ืื™ืš.. ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ! ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜! ื“ื™ 
ืจืขื’ืข!.. 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึทืœ 
ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ื–ื™ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื• ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ: ,ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื˜ืฉืืกื˜ืึธืง! ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื˜ืฉืืก- 
ื˜ืึธืง!"... 

ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื ื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐืขื˜? ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ืข- 
ืœืขืคืึธืŸ? ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ? - ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฐื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก: ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜. 


(ืคืึทืจื–ืข ื–ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜) 


ืžืึธื˜ืœ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืืŸ 


ืจืื›ืฐืขืกืจื™ืง ืจืฒึทืš 


ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืื›ื•ื•ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืจืฒึทืš 
ืืฃ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ: ื˜ืฒึทืš. 

ืฆื• ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืขืจ ืฆืื 

ืืฃ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืŸ: ื™ืื. 

ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื‘ื ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’. 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืืžืคืขืจ 
ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก. 
ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื˜, 


ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื’ืข 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜. 

ืฆื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื›ื•ื•ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืจืฒึทืš 

ืืฃ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ: ื˜ืฒึทืš. 

ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืฒึทืš, 
ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ื ื™ืื, 

ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 

ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืฆืื. 
ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’, 

ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืคื•ื’ืขื ืœืื ื“ 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. 


ื ืงื•ื™ืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 


ื–ื•ืžืขืจ"ืึธื•ื•ื ื˜, ืฉืคึผืขื˜, 
ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ 

ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“-ืื•ืšืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ืžืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ืกื˜ืŸ, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ืงืขื˜ืŸ ืงืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืžืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืฐืึธืžืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืœืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืœืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืœืข, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข, 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืŸ. 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ 

ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืขื›ื˜ืขื™ 

ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ 
ื‘ืœื™ึดืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ. 


ืฐื™ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ, 
ืืคืกื ืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืึธื’ ืื”ื™ื™ื 
ื ืงื•ื™ืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 


ืฐืฒึทืŸ 


ืื™ื– ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ -- 

ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ืขืก, 
ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ืฉืขืฃ-ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ, 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืš, 

ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 


58 


ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืงืึทืœืขื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ 
ืœืื ื“* ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง ื–ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืœ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 80ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, 
ืืจื™ื›ืืกื™ื™ืึทืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืคืึทืœื’ืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ-ื ืื›ื˜ 


ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 

ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, 

ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืšื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ. 

ื’ืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉื ื™ื™, 

ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜, 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื”ืืจืฅ 

ืืฃ ืงืจื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืจื“. 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื ื“ืขืจ 


ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื’ื–ืืžืขืจ ืจื•ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ 

ื–ืึธืจื’ื–ืื ื’ื•ื˜ 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜, 

ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจื• ื–ื™ืš ื”ื•ื™ื“ืขื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜. 
ืžื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืžื•ื˜ื• 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื• 

ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 

ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, 

ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, 

ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 


ื’ืขื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐื˜ ื”ืึธื˜, 

ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉื ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 

ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืงืœืึธืจืŸ 

ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื’ืึธืจื ืก 

ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื ื˜ืข ืฐืขืœื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืงืฒึทื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืืคื˜ 
ื’ืขืงื•ื•ืขืœื˜... 


ืžื•ื˜ 


ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. 

ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ื’, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜, 

ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ 

ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืงืฒึทื˜ 

ื’ืขืงื ื™ื˜. 


ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื’ื–ืืžืขืจ ืจื•ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜. 


ื’ืขื ืื“ื™ ืขืกื˜ืจืฒึทืš 


ื“ืจืฒึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 


ื‘ืจืืกื™ืœืึธื•ื• 


ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืกื™ืœืึธื•ื• ืื™ื– ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื 
ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืฉืึธ -- ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก , ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจ---ื›ืžืขืœื ื™ืฆืงื™". 

ื ื‘ืื’ื ื•ื’ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’-ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ, 
ืคืืจื”ืืจื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ื™ืื–ื“ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื™ 
ืจื™ืก ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจ ืื " 
ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึธืจื˜ 
ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขืœื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื’ืข- 
ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื•ื•ืึธื™ ืจืึธื’ ืืฃ ื ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ 
ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืจืื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืืœื•ืจื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื " 
ื“ืื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื. 

ื‘ืื ืืจืฒึทื ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืกื™ืœืึธื•ื• โ€ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืขืจ 
,ืื™ืงืืจื•ืก" ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืขืคึผื™ืฉ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 


ื‘ื™ ืขื™ .= 


)20 ื•-===) 


=ืงืคื™ ืฉื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉื– ืฉืฉ ื•ืž ื™ื™ 
ืืœ ืขื• ื™ื› ,01 9 ื˜ืœื = = 
ื == :1104 


| 


7 


= 
ืžื•ืก 
ื’ื•+ 


55 


ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืžืขื ื™ึดืข, ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืืœืข 
ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืœืึธืฃ. ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื™ืง ืžืื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืžืึธืœืข ืืฒื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธืงื™ืงืข ื’ืขืกืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ื‘ื- 
ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืคื›ืืคึผืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืขื›ื•ื™ืœืขืก ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ ืฆื• 
ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื™ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืืกื™ืœืึธื•ื•ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, ืื™ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืก ,ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง". 

,..ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจืืกื™ืœืึธื•. 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืึธืœืขื, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง. ืื™ืŸ- 
ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืกื™" 
ืœืึธื•ื• ืื™ื– ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืกืงื•ืจืึธื•ื™ื’ืืก, ืื– 


58 


ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžื•ื ื™ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืš...* 

ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืึทืš ืฆื•ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก! ืึธืคึผื–ื™ืฆืŸ 
ื’ืื ืฆืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืืคืŸ ืžืข 
ืžื•ืืจืŸ. ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก' ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืขืงื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ืื ื˜ืฉืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš. ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคืข ืคื™ืœื˜, ืื• ื“ื™ 
ืกื™ื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ, ื‘ื" 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก, ืคืืจืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืœืขื’ืืžืจืข ืื•ืžื‘ื- 
ื’ืจืฒึทืคืœืขืš. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื ืคึผืจืื’ืžืื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ 
ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืœืื›ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ืžืืงืก ืฉืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ื’ืขื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื 
ืืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืืงืฉืึธื ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืก 
ื ืฒึทืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืืœื™ื™ 
ื›ืขืžืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ื™:ืคื™ืงืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ื–ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืœื˜ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ ืืจื›ืื™ืฉ-ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืขืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ื" 
ืœืขื ื˜ืŸ. 

ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื›ืืœืขืฉืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืงืก ืฉืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืืจ" 
ื’ืขื. ,,ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืœื˜, ืžื•ื™ื ื™, ืฐื™ , ื“ืึธืœื’ืฒึทืข ืœืขื˜ื" ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ,,ืžืื–ืœื˜ืึธืฐื•", ื”ืื’ืื ื“ื™ ืกืขืžืื ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ื‘ื ื–ื™ ื’ืึธืจ ื ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข?" ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื’ ื”ืื›ื ืึทืขื“ื™ืง ืฉืึธืงืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื 
ืฉืึธืงืœ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืงืœืขืงืŸ, ืงืขื“ืฒื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืฃ 
ืœืื ื’ ื“ืขื ืฉืึธื›ื ืก ืืœื‘ืขืžื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื’ืฒืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื–ืฒ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ ืฐื™ ื 
ืœืขืงืขืš: ืžืืงืก ืฉืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื’ืฒึทืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ืœืฒื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื ื ืฒึทืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก. 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ ืคืืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ื ื™ื˜ (ืฆื™ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ), ืื– ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก' ืฐืฒึทื‘ 
ื’ืฒื˜ ืืจื•ื ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“... 

ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ. ื ื‘ื™" 
ืœืขื˜ื“ืงืืกืข, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœืื ื’ืข ื‘ืขื ืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข-ื‘ื•ืคืขื˜ ื•ื™ื ืงืœ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ื" 
ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื ืคึผืจื™ืงืจืขืจ ืคื™ืฉืจืจื™ื™ืขืš, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจ" 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ -- ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื ื’ืœืึธื– 
ื˜ื™ ืฆื™ ืงืื•ื•ืข. 

-- ืคืืจื™ื!1 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ื•ื™ ื ืฆืขืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ- 
ืกืขืจ ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืึทืจื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืง" 
ืœืขืš, ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื. 

-- ืคืืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืค-ื“ 
ื’ืขืŸ? -- ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขืงื ืฒื™ื˜ืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜, 


ืžืืœืงืขืก, โ€ ื“ืึธืก 


1 ื’ืจืึธื‘: ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ (ืจื•ืก.). 


6 


-- ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, -- ื›ืึธืจื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืืœื‘ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข" 
ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืขืงืœ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ื’ืืจืขื˜ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข, ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืจืขื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ" 
ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืข. 

-- ืืฃ ื ื ื•ื™ื˜ืคืืœ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ 
ื‘ืึธืจื™ืกืŸ. 

ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื’, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ืื˜ืฉืข-ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื ืขืžื˜ ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืžืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜. 

ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ. 

-- ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืืคืŸ ื ืฒึทื ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืฒึทื ื™ืงืข ืึธื ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืื ื“. -- 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜. 

-- ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืฒึทื ื™ืงืข? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก. 

-- ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื“ืึธ, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืงืขืจ-ื–ืืฐืึธื“, ืื™ื– 
ื ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ 
ืืœืข ื™ืึธืจ, -- ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืืจื•ื, -- 
ื›'ื ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื›'ืœืึธื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืฒืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข, ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจ' 
ื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ? 

ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,ื“ืฒึทื ื™ืงืข"' ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืงืืœื™ืข 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ" 
ืžืึธื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ื“ืื•ื“ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ 
ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืึธืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจืื’ืข: .ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืื™ืื ืึธืฐื™ 
ืฆืขืก ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืฆืขื‘ื•ืฉืขื•ื•ืขื˜?" 

-- ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก' 
ืฉื˜ืึธืš. -- ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื™ 
ืงืขืจ-ื–ืืฐืึธื“. ื”ืึธื›ื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืšืš ืคืืจื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืฐืฒึทืœืขืก ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. -- ื“ื™ ืคึผืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– 
ื’ืจืึธื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืฑืจื™ื? ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื›ื ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื–ื ืจืขืคื•ืข, ืื– ืื™ืš 
ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’. ื, -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืฐื˜ืึธืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ. 

ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืื•ืจ 
ื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก. ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืข 
ื–ืขืกืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืœ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืฒืš 
ื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืจืฑื˜ืขืจ ืœึดื™ืคึผืš 
ืคืืจื‘ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืฆืึทืšืงืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขืš. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื‘ื”ืืค" 
ื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืขืคืขืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื™ืื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืฒื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 


ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขื“ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืฐืึธืœืข 
ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืงืข ื”ื™ื ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’-ื˜ื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข 
ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืฆืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ื’ืขื™ 
ื–ื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื™ืื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืœื™ืืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข, ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืข- 
ืงืืœื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื˜ืึธืจ 
ืžื™ื“ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืข ืงื™ืึธืกืงืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 


ื”ื™ื ื˜ -- ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืจื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืžืึธืœืข ืื™ื™ื - 
ืฉื˜ืึธืงื™ืงืข ื’ืขืกืœืขืš. 

ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื“ืจืขืžืœืขื ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึธืจื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืึทื˜ืขืจืก ื”ื™ืกืคึผืฒึทืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืืจืื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืกื™ืœืึธื•ื•: 

-- ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื•, ื‘ืึธืจืงื, ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืจืืกื™ืœืึธื•! โ€ ืกืฉื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžืืžืขืฉ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉืŸ 


ื ืกืจืข 


ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืคื™ื ืคืฉื˜ืึธืงื™ืงืข ื”ื•ื™ื– ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืคึผืื ืขืœื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืืฐื˜ืŸื’ืืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืžืึทืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกืืžืข ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜- 
ืฉื˜ืึทืž. ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืฐ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื˜ืจืึธืœืฒื‘ื•ืก" 
ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืฉืึธืกืฒ. ื“ื™ 
ืขืฆืขื ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜: ื“ื™ 
ืฉืžืืจืื’ื“-ืคืืจื› ืื™ื– ื˜ืฒืœื•ืฒึทื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืืœืŸ, ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 
ืฐืฒึทื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืืงืขืฐืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคึผืื ืขืœืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขืœื“ื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื ื–ืฉืื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคืขืจื˜ืข 
ืคื™ื’ืžืขื ื˜ืืฆื™ืข. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ื™ื ืขืจ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ืคืืจ- 
ื”ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืจืฒื ื’ืื ื’ืฉื™ืจืŸ. ืื•ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ 
ืึธื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืืฒืŸ 
ืฆืขื˜ืœ? ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืคืขืจ ,7" ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ: ,ื‘ืขืจื–ืฉื™ื’ืืœ ื“. ืž.". 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืืœื˜ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฆื™ื™ื›ื’ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, 
ื‘ืขืจื–ืฉื™ื’ืืœ ื“. ืž. ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืข ื ื•" 
ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ, ื‘ืื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื“. ืž. ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’. ืœืขื›ืึทืœื”ืืคึผืึธื›ืขืก, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก 
ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื˜ืฐื•ืขืฉ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืึทื ืคืขื˜ื“ืคึผื•ื“ืขืœืข, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 5ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ื™ืง"-ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื  
ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ. 

ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืžืขื ื™ื ื™ืง 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื•ืขืš, ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืืจื•ื 
ื ืึธืš ืขืจืขื•ื• ืคึผืฒื™ืกืขืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ื ื˜, ืื– ืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืืœืขื ื™ 
ื“ืืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจืขืš ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึท. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ... 


ืกืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ื–ืืš 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึท ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกื˜ืขืคึผ-ืžืขืงื•ื™ืžืขืก. 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืงืึธืจื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื 
ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ-ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืก -- ื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืกืคืืœื˜ืื•ื™ืกื“ืืžืฃ, ื‘ืœื™ื•ื ื’-ืืจืึธืžืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกืžืืœืขื ืข 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื‘ื™ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืก ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืŸ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืืจื’. 

ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ ืžืื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืื ืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืฉ, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ื–ืฉืขื ื™ื ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืกืืœืื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ,ื›ื™ื– ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืื ืฆื™ืง 
ื™ืึธืจ" ืื•ืŸ ,ื ืื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืœื•ื•ื™ืจืข ืžืืจ- 
ืงืึธืฐื•ื ืข ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื•ืžื™ืกืงืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืกื" 
ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืืงื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืื™ืึธื ืขื– ื”ื™ื ืขืจ. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืœืขืฉืขืจ ื‘ืจืื ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจืืคื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ 
ืืœื™ื™ืšื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ืืœื™ื–ื•ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืก: 
ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืจื•ื™ืฉื™ืง. ื“ื™ , ืคืึธืจืกืฒึทื˜ืŸ" -- 
ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ ืžืื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื“ืขืคื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืข ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขืกื™ื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื˜ -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื ืจื™ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืฉืึธ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืืœืข ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทื›ืึธืœื™ื. 

ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืขืœื•ื•ื™ืจืข ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื ืขืก ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืข, 
ื ืคืจื•ื™ ื ืฆืขื ื˜ื ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ" 
ืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื•ื ืกืืฆื™ืฐื™, 
ืฆืขืกืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืขื ื“ื™ืง ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ื–ื•ื ื™ืขืŸ ืฆืขื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ,ืึธื˜ืจ 
ืจืขื˜ืฉืึธืžืกื™ื ืึธื˜ ืกื˜ืืจืึทืฐืึธ ืžื™ืจื". ื ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืขื’ืขืจ ืืฃ ื ืฆื™ื’ืœื–ืืฐืึธื“, ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืจ 
ืฆืขื ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืคื•ืœืข ืคืจืื–ืข: 
,ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืขืจืึทื˜ืฉืงืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข" 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ืข", ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืกืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื ืฒึทืขื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜. 

ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืกืึธื ื™ืข, ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ ืžืื˜- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืœื•ื•ื™ืจืข ืžืืจืงืึทืฐื•ื ืขืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. 


57 


ืกืึธื ื™ืขืก ื ืึธื–, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืžื•ืคื”ืขืจืœืขืš 
ื–ื™ ื’ืขืขืจื’ืขืจื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ 
ืžืืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืื•ืžื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืืœื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ืฉืœื™ืกืœื‘ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืœืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœ ืคืืจืŸ ืงื™ืŸ. ืืฃ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืื ืก ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข. 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืจื“ื ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ,ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœื•ื’ืŸ': ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื›ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืืœืข -- ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ื™ืข -- ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืงืื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, 

ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืฐืฒึทื–ืฅ, ืื– ืื™ืจ, ื ืœืขืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืข' 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืื™ื– ืคึผืจื™ืงืจืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื’ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืืคื˜. 

ืื‘ืจืื ืกืืžืกืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืšืคืืจื™ืงืžืื›ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™" 
ื’ืขืจ .ื‘ืึธืžืึทื ื“" ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜ ืืœืก ื‘ื•ืžืข, ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืกืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืึทืœื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืื“ื›ืŸ, 

-- ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืกืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜, 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืืฉืงืขืก. 

ืื‘ืจืื ืกืืžืกืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืคึผืื•ื–ืข, 
ืฆื•ืฆื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืœืขืžืขื ืก ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืึธืจืข ืžืืจืงืึธื–ื•ื ืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข 
ืกืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขืจ-ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึธืจ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ: 

-- ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื ืขืจ: 
,ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืก, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจ 
ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜?" ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ื, 
ืื– ืกื™ืื™ื– ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืืจื•ืžืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืฉืืฉืงืขืก. ื›ื-ื‘ืื“ื›ื! ' 

ืขืจ ืœืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ื ืขืžื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ื’ืข 
ืงืขืกื˜ืœื˜ ื ืึธื–ื˜ื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ. 

-- ื›ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฒื’ืขื ืขื 
ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜, -- ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ, -- ื 
ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืกื™ืจืฉืข, ื ืฆืขื ืขืจืœ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืงืึธื ืกื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข. ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ืœืึธืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ 
ื ื˜ืืคึผ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข. 

ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ. 

-- ื‘ื•ืžืข, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื- 
ืœื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ? 

-- ืคืจืขื’ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื“ืึธื“ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื ืข- 
ืงืขืก. -- ืื‘ืจืื ืกืืžืกืึธื ืึธื–ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคืืจืงืจื™ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. -- ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืจื™ืงืŸ ื ืกืงืื ื“ืืœ, ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื 
ื‘ืขืจื™ืข.. ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ! ืขืจ ืคึผืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ืคื™? ื’ืขืœื˜ื• 


58 


ื–ื™ืš, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 


ืก'ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐื™ 
ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืขืก ื“ื™ืจ: ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืœืึธืจื“ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืงืขืจ! ืžืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืžืข ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืฑื™ืก, ืžืข ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ 
ื–ืฒ ื‘ืœื™ื– ืืฒืŸ 
ืงื•ื•ืืœ -- ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืžืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื”ืืœื˜! -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงืœืืค ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ื–ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืŸื–ืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืœื•ืžื™ืกืขืง ืžื™ื˜ 
ืจืขืฉื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืœื•ื–ืฉืข. 

-- ,ืกืงืื˜ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืขืœืื™ื ื–ืืœื™ื˜ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืจืขื•ื•ืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื•ื ื™ืข. 

| = -- ืืจื™ืง ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ื ื–ืฉื™ื’ื•ืœื™", -- 

ืื‘ืจืื ืกืืžืกืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ื ื“ื™ืง ืขืœื•ื•ื™ืจืข ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื•ื–ืฉืข. -- ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืืœื™ืข ื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืืŸ ืืค 
ื’ืื ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืกื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ืขืจ. ื˜ืคื•ื• 
ืžืข ืื™ื– ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืืœืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื–ืฉื™ื’ืืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ื•ืžืข ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืื ื˜ืก ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืงืื“ื™ืข. ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืข 
ืฆื™ืžืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™, ื ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืืจ- 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืื ืฆืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื’ืขืคึผืึธืจืขื˜ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืื ืื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื" 
ืกืขืจ-ื”ื™ื™ืœ-ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜. ื”ืืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื”ื•ื™ื– ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื™ืก ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ื ื’ืขืจืืžืข ืฉื˜ื•ื›, ืฐื•ึผ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืฐื™ื ืงืœ ืื™ื– ื–ื•ืžืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ,ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข". 

ืืคื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคึผืœื™ืื–ืฉ" -- ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืขืœื“ื–ื™ืง ืฉืขื˜ืขื›ืœ, ืฆื• ืฐืขืœื›ืขืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืงื™ืงืข, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ืข ืื™ื ืขื ืขืฆืขื 
ืึธืคึผืจื™ืก ื˜ืจืขืคึผ -- ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅืšืึธื ืข, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืืฃ ื 
ื•ื•ืขืจืื ื“ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืข" 
ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ -- ืืคืŸ ืฉื™ืคื“ืขืง. 

ื“ื™ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืื’ืื ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉืึธืขื ืฐืฒึทื– ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ , ืฉื™ืคื“ืขืง" ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคึผืจื™ืงืจืข ืฉืึธื›ืŸ. 

ืื ืจืื ืกืืžืกืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื’ื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ื”ืื ืึธืฅ, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ืขืœื•ื•ื™ืจืข ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืคืืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜, ืฉื•ืฆืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืขืคึทึผืขืก ืจื™ืจืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืงืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืขืงืขืฐื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืœืฑื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜,. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฆืขืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืืœื˜ืžืึธื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ. ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ ืžืื˜- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขืจื- 
ืคื™ืžืข ืžื™ื›ืฒึทืœืึธืฐื ืขืก ืฉืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜, ื ื‘ืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ื ืฆื™ื’ืฒึทื ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘, ื 
ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื 


ืฐื™ื ืึธื", -- 


ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื™ 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, 

ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืื ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื- ืคึผืึทืœื™ืคืึธื ื™ืข. ืื“ืข- 
ืจืื‘ืข, ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ืขืกืึธื“, 
ืืฃ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข 
ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก... 

-- ืžื•ืžืข ืกื™ืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข? 

ืกืึทื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื. ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื’ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืœื™ืืœื™ืขืก 
ื ืฒึทืขื ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื ืืงืขื˜ืข ืืฃ ืฐื•ืขืกื ืขื™ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืขืœื•ื•ื™ืจืข ืžืืจ- 
ืงืึธืฐื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืื–ื ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ื•ื, ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืกืขืจืืคื™ืžืข ืžื™ื›ืฒึทืœืึธืฐื ืขืŸ. ืกืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ, 
ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื–ืฉื™ื’ืืœืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข 
ืกื™ืžืข ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืขื“: 
ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืืœืข ืจืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื– ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจืข, 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื‘ื ืกืึทื ื™ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ , ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจื›ืข". ืึธื‘ืขืจ -- ืื•ืŸ โ€ ืกืื™ื–ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืื–ื•ื™ -- ืกืึธื ื™ืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื™ืขื›ื•ื™ืœืขืก ืฆื• ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืงืฒึทื˜, 

-- ืกืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืฉืงืข, ืœื™ื‘ื™ื ืงืข, ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืื– 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืงืœืฒื˜ืŸ! 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืึธื ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงื˜: 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคืืจื”ืืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ืงืœ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ! -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ 
ืื‘ืจืื ืกืืžืกืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืกื™ื›ืกืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืกืขืจืืคื™ืžืข ืžื™ื›ืฒึทืœืึธืฐื•ื ืขืก ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ 
,ื’ื™ ืฆื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืขืœืฐื™ืจืึธื˜ืฉืงืขืŸ" ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ,ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื , ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ. 

-- ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง? -- ืกืขืจื- 
ืคื™ืžืข ืžื™ื›ืฒึทืœืึธืฐื•ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืคืŸ 
ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื ื•ืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ 
ื ืฉืึธืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ: ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืŸ, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืœืฑื“ืขืจืฒึท. 

-- ,ื ืื˜ืฉื ื™ืึธืก ืกื ืื˜ืฉืืœื..." -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•" 
ืžืขืŸ ืืฑืกืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื ืึธื˜ืขืก ื–ื•ื ื™ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคืืจืงืึธืจืงืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืœืึธื™ 
ื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜-ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืืฆื™ื•ื•ื™. 

-- ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืกืžืขื ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืฐืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืฐื™ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื 
ืจื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืจ ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 


ืคึผื™ืจืขื–ืฉืงืขืก, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื™ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื“ืงืขืฐืขืก. ื• ื™ื™ 

ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืคื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ืกืœืขืš ืฆื• 
ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื•ืžืข, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืืŸ,. ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืกืขืจืืคื™ืžืข 
ืžื™ื›ืฒึทืœืึธื–ื•ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ ืžืื˜ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื™ 
ืœืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง 
ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ,ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑื™ืกืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื“ืงืขืฐืขืก", 

-- ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืงืึธื•ืืœืŸ? - ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืืจืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื™ืืŸ, ืกืึธื ื™ืขืก ืžืืŸ. 

-- ื™ืึธ ืงืึธื•ื•ืืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ. -- ืื‘" 
ืจืื ืกืืžืกืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฐืฒึทื–ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ. - 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื‘ืขืกืขืจ? 
ืฐืึธื“ืขืŸ! ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ืขืจ" 
ื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ. ืืฒืŸ ื–ืืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงืœืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข, -- ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงืœืึธื’ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืกืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืฐื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืฒ. ืื•ื‘ 
ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืžืข" 
ืฉื•ื’ืขื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ื• ื“ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืŸ, -- 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ื ืงืœืืค ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืกืข- 
ืจืืคื™ืžืข ืžื™ื›ืฒึทืœืึธืฐื ืขืก ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื“ืขืžืึธื  
ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืกืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก? 

ืกืึธื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’. โ€ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืœืืœ ืžื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืขื™ื ื™ื˜- 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,ืคืึธืจืŸ". ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ โ€ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ,ื“ื™ ืคึผืืกืงื•ื“ื ื™ืืงืขืก 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึธื’ื ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“", ื ืึธืš ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ืจื" 
ืฉื™ื“ ื›ืืžื™ื˜ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื ื˜ืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 
,ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš 
ืขืจื’ืขืจ". 

ืขืœื•ื•ื™ืจืข ืžืืจืงืึทื•ื•ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืืฆื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืžืื ืก ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืขืจ ื™ืœ ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกื™ืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืžืขืก 
ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข ื›ืึธื›ืžืขืก. ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืืฑื’ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื  
ืกืึธืคึผื™ึดืข ืจืึธื˜ืืจืŸ. 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ 
ืืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืคึผืจื™ืขืจ, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืคืืœื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ, ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ืืฒื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ืข. ืœื™ื™ื’ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืžืขื ืข! -- 
ืื ืจืื ืกืืžืกืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ืฉ ื ืฉืจืฒึท ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 


59 


ืืฃ ืขืœื•ื•ื™ืจืข ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื ืขืŸ. ืกืื™ื– ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืื–ื•ื™: ืืœืข 
ืกื˜ืืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœื™ืžืขื ืข, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžืข ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืื– ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืืœืขืจ- 
ื’ื™ืข ืืฃ ืืœืข ืฆื™ื˜ืจื•ืกืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ! -- ืกืึธื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืื™ ื ืคื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ, 
ืื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืจืื ืกืืžืกืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ 
ืึธืŸ ื ืœื™ืžืขื ืข. -- ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒื™, ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜, 
ื”ืฒื ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 


ืื•ื™ืก! 

-- ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ื–ืฒ ืฆื• ืžื™ืฉ- 
ืคึผืขื˜ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืจื™ื“ื ืกืœื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืขืœื•ื•ื™ืจืข ืžืืจืงืึธืฐื ืข. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื™ืŸ 
ืฆืขื’ื™ืกืŸ ืกืฒ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืจืฒื ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืข 
ืœืขืจ, ื”ืฒืกื˜ ืขืก, ืืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืขื›ื˜ืก ืื™ื– ื–ืฒ 


ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜! -- 
ืื™ื– ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื•ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืจืข ืžืืจ. 
ืงืึธืฐื ืข. ื ื“ื™ืื‘ืขื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืง. -- ืฐื™ 
ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš! ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒื™ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืŸ. 
ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืึธืจื˜. -- ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ื‘ื™ื–ืขืคึผื™ืจืึธื–ืฉื ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจื”ืฒื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฑืœ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืจืข ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ืกืœืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ื’ืขื– ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ื‘ืื™ 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ืื™ืจืข ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืœืขื–ืžืึธืจื™ื-ืืฐื˜ืึธื“ื™ื“ืืงื˜ืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื›ืืกืขื ืขืก, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข, ืฐื•ึผ 


ื•ื ื•ื : 


60 


ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข , ื–ืฉื™ืœ ืึธื“ื ืื–ืฉื“ื™ ื›ืื™ึดื, ื•ืกืขืžื™ ืื•ื•ื- 
ื–ืฉืื™ืขื...* ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืข- 
ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ,ื”ื•ืจื'. ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืคืขืก 
ื ืœื™ืึทืฉืงืข ืžืึธืกื˜ืึธืฐืึธื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืจืฒึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ืึธืฉืงืข ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืœืึธืจื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ื" 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืืฃ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื–ื•ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜. 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื›ืืกืขื ืข-ืคึผืืจื ืึทืกืข 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืœื™ืึธืฉืงืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 


ื–ื™ื” ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ,ื–ืฉื™ืœ ืึธื“ื ืื–ืฉื“ื™ ื›ืื™ื' ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืงื™ืŸ, ืืŸ ืกืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืงื™ืŸ |ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืคื™ืฉ... 


-- ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ืขืœ, ืคืืจ- 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืง- 
ืœืขืš? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึทืกื™ืง ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื™ืืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื‘ืขืจื“ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื–ืฉื™ืœืขื˜ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ื•ื, ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ ื ืงื™ื ืขืžืื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื - 


ืฉืขื•ื•ื™ืง, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืกืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื™ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืจืึธืฐื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื ืข. 


-- ื’ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ืงื•ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืจืขืฅ! ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื™ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ! -- ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืงืœืขืš, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื–ื™ืœื™ืข ื–ื•ื ื™ืขืก ืขืœื˜ืขืจืžื•ืžืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจืข ืžืืจืงืึธื–ื•ื ืขืก ื˜ืฒึทื ืขื’. 

ื™ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืคืŸ ื‘ืืœ- 
ืงืึธืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืจืข ืžืืจืงืึธื•" 
ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืฉืขืฐืขื˜, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฐื™ื™ื ื˜, ืฐื™ ื–ื•ื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืจื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื‘ืืœืงืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ: ,ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืง 


ืจ 


0 10 : 


0 


ืœืข . 


ืจ " 
ืขื• : 
21 


8 6 
2 ( 222 
3 )0 2 
/ 


=( 
)2:8 
) 

3 
0 

0 


*ืฆ 2 


ื–ื™ืš!", ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืคืืจืžืื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฆืขืจื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืฉืขื˜: 

-- ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืคื™ืจืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™" 
ื“ื™ื•ื–ืฉื ื™ืงืขืก? ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ืกืงืื ื“ืืœ. 
ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืขื“ืขืจ. 

ื™ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืžืื ืขืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง. ืขืงื• 
ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื. ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืฑื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข-ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ื’ืœื™ืงืžืืŸ ื’ื•ืคืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก. 

ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง. ืขืงื•ื™ืจืข ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฉ -- ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืฉื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืคึผืฒึทื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืŸ-ืคืœืขืงืŸ -- ืื™ื– ืขื ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื 
ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืคืขืœื“. 

ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ ืžืื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืœืขืฐื™ื–ืึธืจ -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื‘- 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื /ื–ื•ืจื™ืขืžื™ื", ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜, 

-- ื ื•, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื ื’ืฒื˜, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆื•ื 
ืกืึธืฃ. -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื™ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฆื™ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืขืœื•ื•ื™- 
ืจืข ืžืืจืงืึทื•ื•ื ืข. -- ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืขืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืข. ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืืคื™ืœืข ืžืขืจ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืื– 
ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

-- ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ -- ืกืึทื ื™ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืงืื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืœ. 

-- ื’ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. -- ืœืึธืžื™ืจ 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜. 

ืื™ื ืขื ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืขื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืงื™ื™ื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืœ ื‘ื 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’-ื˜ื™ืจ. 


-- ื‘ื ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื 
ืกื™ืžื›ืข! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขื ืงืœ ืึธืคึผื ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื™ืข, ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฃ-ืื•ืคื–ืขืขืจืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข -- ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืฉืึธ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜- 
ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ. 

-- ื™ืึธ, ื‘ื ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื’ืขื›ื•ืจื˜ืก- 
ื˜ืึธื’, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืคื•ื˜ืขืจื–ื‘ืขื–ืจื•ืงืื•ื•ืงืข, 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ, ืื– ื‘ื ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื˜ื•ืžืœ. 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืžืืฉืžืึธืขืก ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜. ืžืข ื–ืึธื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืื– ื‘ื ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜. -- ืืฃ ื•ืืจื™ืขืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜? ืฆื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ืืฃ 
ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืก 
ื˜ื™ื›ืœ, 

-- ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ื- 
ื–ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื›ืขื–ืจื•ืงืื•ื•" 
ืงืข. -- ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืœืึธื– ืฐืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืืœื‘ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

-- ื“ืึธ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, ืืœื˜ืข, ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื•ืืจื™ืข. -- ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืฒืŸ 
ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜... ื”ืืœืขืฐืฒึท ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื - 
ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื, ืžื™ื™ืœืข. -- ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’-ื˜ื™ืจ. 


ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ.ืžืฒึทืกืข 


ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ื ืึทื™ืื“ 
ื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ืื•ืšื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืฅ- 
ืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืงืขืกื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืœืขืฉืŸ. ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืข 
ื’ืืกืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ื’ืขืจ ื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจ" 
ืฆืขืจ -- ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, 
ืื– ืžื™ื ืข, ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืฉืงืืจื‘ืขืจืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืœื™ื ื’ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืงืื˜ืฉืขืŸ. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 


ืขืฆืขื ื˜ืฑื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืขืžืขืก, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืงืข- 
ื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื”ืึธืจืข, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื, ืฐืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืืœืขื›ื”ืื ืื•ื•ืขืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื™ื ืึธื ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฒึทืข ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก. 

ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื ืขืก ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืก- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืจืึธื›ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื " 


1 


ื“ืขืจื•ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ืึธ. ืจืึธื›ืœ, 
ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื ืจื™ื ื’-ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึทืœืฐื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ 
ืจืึธื–ืข ืœื™ื•ืงืกืขืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื ื‘ืจืื ื“"ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ืื™ื– 
ืืฃ ื ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืื›ื˜ืŸ ืžืืจื˜, 
ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึทึผื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืจืขื“ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ืขืจืกืึทื ืขืจ ืฆืฐืื ืฆื™ืงื˜ื•ื–ื ื˜ืœืขืจ 
ื›ืืฆืงืœ ืจืื ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืฒึทื™ 
ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ืžื™ืจ, โ€ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ!..". ืจืึธื›ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืžืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ื ื™ 
ื“ืขื˜, ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืžื™ืจ, ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ!", 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืื– ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืฑื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื™ื–ืื™ 
ืฆื™ืข. 

ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, ืืคื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ ืฉืงืืจื‘ืขืจืก ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืžืึธื”ื™ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ- 
ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืฉืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื ื’ืœืขื•ืœ 
ื˜ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื™ื›ืœ, ืึธื ื”ื•ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึธื  
ืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืืœืขื›ืื™ื, 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคืขืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, 
ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืขื›ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืจืึธื›ืœ, ืฐื™ 
ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ. ืžืืœืข ืฐืึธืก -- 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ืืฆืงืœ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื–ืฒ 
ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึธื›ืžืข ืฉื˜ืจืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื 
ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ, ืื›ื•ืฅ ืื™ื, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืš ืื  
ื“ืขืจืข, ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฉืœืขืง... 

ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืžืึธื”ื™ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 
ืื™ื™ืฆืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืึธืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 
ืจืึธื›ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื‘ืขืจื™ืข ืืฃ ืฆื• ื ืฒืขืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื 
ื˜ืึธื’-ืœืฑืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื˜ (,ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ื’ืข 
ื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ -- ื’ืึธืœืข ืงืืฆืึธื•ื•ื™ื', -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืงืœื™ืขื ื˜ืงืขืก). 

ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืื™ืจ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ 
ืฆื™ื ืงืข ืงื™ื ื“ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐืฒ 
ืงื•ื™ืฉืœืขืš ื‘ืจื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ. ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฆืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ืืฃ 
ืกื•ื›ืืจืขืก. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 
ืืŸ ืžื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืก ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืึธื“ื ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ" 
ืžืึธื ื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, 
ืขืžืขืก, ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ืฐื•ื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš 
ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืก ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื ื‘ื•ืจื˜ืฉืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ- ,ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 
ื‘ืจืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜". 

ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืžืึธื”ื™ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืืœืก ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคืจ 
ื ืขื ื“ืึธืจืคืจืื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ. 


62 


ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื 
1ื˜ืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ 1933. ืžืืœืข ืฐืึธืก -- ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ื ืืžืึธืœ 
ืฆื•ื ื™ืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 

ืื“ืื ืง ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืžืึทื”ื™ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ,ืžืืœืข ืฐืึธืก" 
ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืคึนึผืึธ 
ืคึผื•ืœืขืจ. ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ื™ื’ืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ -- ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, -- ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– 
ืกื˜ืื ื ื˜ืขืจืขืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– -- ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•" 
ื’ื•ื™ืคืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ โ€ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืกื˜ืข 
ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืฆืงืœ ืจืื ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 
,ืžื™ืจ, ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ" (,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืคืืจื- 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื•, โ€ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข"), ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื™ืื ืงืœ ื‘ืขืจ" 
ื–ืฉื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ืึธื›ืžืขื˜: ,ื ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜ื ื™ืง ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืžืืœืขืš: ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื›ืื™ื•ื ืข ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–' (,ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื“ืœื˜ -- 
ื™ืขื–ืฉืึธืฐื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื‘ืขืจื™ืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืื ืงืœ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก. ื™ืึธ, ืึธืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืกืฒึทืฐื™... 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ-ืื•ืŸ-ืคืขืจืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ"). = 

ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืืจ ืื–ื ืื™ืœืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ ืฉืฐืขืจ, ืื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื’. ืฉืฐืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืฒึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš -- ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข" 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ืืš, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ืจืึธื›ืœ, ืฐืขืœ 
ื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ 
ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืจื•ื“ืœ. ,ืจืึธื›ืœืก ืฉื˜ืจื•ื“ืœ" 
ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ 
ืจื™ื˜ื•ืขืœืข ืื›ื™ืœืข, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืืžืฆื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืคืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ,ื’ืขืฉืžืืง" ืึธื“ืขืจ ,ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง", ,ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜" 
ืึธื“ืขืจ , ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜". 

ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืกืจืึธืฐ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ -- 
ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ -- 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ,, ืงื•ืœื™ื ืืจ-ื›ื•ืš", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื’ืก ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืฆื• ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืฒึท 
ื›ืึธืœื™ื, ืฐื™ ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืžืื™ืึธื ืขื–, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืื - 
ืงืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ืกืื" ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ืกื˜-ืขืžืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคื•ืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ 


ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืึธืจืขืฐื“ื™ืง. 


ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืขื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืฒื™ืœื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืืกืžืึทื“ืข. ืกืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ 
ืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜- 
ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’. ื˜ื›ื™ืœืขืก -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ 
ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ, ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข, ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก, ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืขืจ, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ืฒึทืข ืคืืจ 
ื–ื™ ืฉืคึทึผืจืืš. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืืงื•ืืฆื™ืข; 
ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ -- ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ 
ืื–ื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ึดืฉืขื•, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ืื ืฆื™ืง 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ืงื•ืฐืื“ืจืื˜- 
ืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื-ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื• ื›ืืคึผืŸ 
ื ื˜ืฉืขืจืขืคึผืื›ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืš ืขื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืคื•ื ืึธืงื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืœืืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืฆื• ืงืึธื›ืŸ ื ื–ื•ืคึผ, ืคืืจื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืืœืงืข ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•. ืคึทึผืื–ืฅ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืงืข ืื™ื–. ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื ืฐืขื’ ืงื™ืŸ ื˜ืืฉ 
ืงืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜. ื‘ืื ืฐืขื’, 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ืงืืจื˜ืึธ"ืงืืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืืœื•ื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–, 
ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืืกื˜ืžืืฉื™ืŸ. ื–ืฒ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืœืขืคึผื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืงืืฉืข, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืกื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ -- ืืคื™ืœืข ื˜ืฒ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ ืฆื•ืงืขืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ื“ืจืฒึทืื•ืŸ-ืคืขืจืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ. ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“. ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 
ืฆืฐื•ืฒื™ ื’ืืกืŸ: ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข -- ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืงืœื™ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืœ, -- ื“ืึธืก ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืกืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธืจืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื˜ ื ืฒึทืฅ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ -- ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื”ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืึทืจ 
ืœื™ืงืข ื ืึธืฐืึธืจืึธืกื™ืฉืข ืงืึทืœืึธื ื™ืขืก. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื˜ืขืจ, 
ื ื‘ืืœื›ืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ, ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืœื•ื’ืฉืืคื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ืคืœืขื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืœ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืขื ืข ื’ืขืกื˜. 

ื“ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืขืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ึนืœ ืคืืจ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื˜ืื“ื™ืึทืŸ ,ื ืึธืจ- 
ื ื™ืืง". 


-- ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื“ืึธืก 
ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก -- ืฉืคึผื™ืœืงืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ืกื˜ืฐืข ื‘ืจืขื–ื’ืขืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืจ ื’ื™ืŸ 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื“ืขืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ืจืึธื›ืœ, ืฉืื ืงืขื•ื•ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืง ืงืจื•ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืื–ืขืจ-ืฉืžืืœืฅ. ืืคื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืกื˜ -- ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื•ึนืœ. -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื™ื™ืฆืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ืื– ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข. -- ื“ืึธืจืข, 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืึธืจืก1, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืืฐื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื–ืคืจืื’ืŸ. -- ืื•ืŸ ืกืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœืึธื›ืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืกืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืึทืคึผืฉืืฆื•ื ื’, ืฆื™ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื– 
ืฉืขื ืงื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’ ื“ืึธืจืข. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ื“ืึธืง- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื™ืึธืจ. ืคืืจ 
ืื™ื ื’ื•ืคืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ืœืข ืงืึธื•ื•ืืœืขื ืงืึธ. ืงืœืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืขื“ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ืขืžืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึนืœืฅ 
ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜. ืื™ืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขื, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, 
ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
,ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑื™ืจื™ื-ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ". ื˜ื›ื™ืœืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจ" 
ื‘ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื ืงืืคึผืฑืจื’ืฒึทืกื˜, 
ืึทื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ" 
ืคื•ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื›ืฉืึธื“ื™ื. ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœ- 
ืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืฉืืจืคืŸ ืืฒึทื ืจืฒึทืก, 
ื ืึธืš ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืฒืงืขืฃ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื ื ื‘ืกื•ืจืข, ืื– ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงืืœืข. 

ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจืฐืฒื™ืœื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื“ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคึผืขื“ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ื ืคึผื•ื›ืงืข, ืœืขื‘ื ืกืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืข, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืืฉ-ื‘ืœืึทื ื“ืข ื”ืึธืจ. ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฃ ื 
ื“ื™ืจืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืงืื“ืจืึทื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืืคืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืŸ. 

-- ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืจื“ืข ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืขืจ 
ืจืึธื“ื ื™. ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง, ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืืฑืก" 
ื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืขืขืจ, 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืืจื˜ ืื–ื ืงืขื’ื " 


ืŸ ืึทื˜ื“ืขืœ ืจืื‘ืึธื˜ืฉืขืฐืึธ โ€ ืกื ืื‘ื–ืฉืขื ื™ื (ืจื•ืก.)-- 
ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ื•ื ื’-ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ึทืขืœืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


3 


ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืฆืขื ืกื™ื‘ืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข: ืื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, 
ืฐื™ ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืก 
ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ (ื“ื™ ืคืืœื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜). 
ื”ืืงื™ืฆืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื™ื– ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง- 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ืืœื‘ืขื“ืจื™ื˜: ื’ืจื™ืฉืข, ืื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ 
ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจื™ืฉืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ ืžืืจืงืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐื•ืขื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืึธืจื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ื™ 
ื ืขืงืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ. 

ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื ืื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื. ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ โ€ ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื ืึธืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ืืง 
ืฉืึธืจืขืจืฒึท; ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑืจื™ื 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืืฑืกืจืฒึทืกืขื ื™ืฉ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืฆืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ. ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข -- ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืžื•ืžืขืก, ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืขื›ื•ื˜ืขื ืขืกื˜ืขืก -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืขืก. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืืžืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฆื• 
ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆืขืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ (ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ) ืืฃ ื ื›ืืกืขื ืข, ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 


ืขืคึผืขืก ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื–ืฒ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืจืฒึทืข 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืจืึธืคึผืขืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื 
ืฉื™ืงืขืจืขืจ; ืขืจ -- ืื– ื‘ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคึผื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืคืจื•ื™, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืคึผืขืก ืฉื•ืœ-ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ (ืื“ืข 
ืคืœืขื’ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืขื˜). ื“ืขื ืฉืœืึธืคืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืงื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืื“ืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืœืข, ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ื™ 
ื•ื•ืืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืคึผืจืฒึทื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ 
ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื’ื™ 
ื’ืจืื“. 

-- ื“ื• ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืกื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ 
ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื•ื“ืข". 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐื™ืœืกื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืขืœื˜, ืคึผืจืึทื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ, ืฉืžืื˜ืขืก ืกื˜ืื ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจ ืžืฒ- 
ื ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ? ื‘ื ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ- 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ืืœืฅ ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ. 

-- ื‘ื ื–ื™, -- ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืจื™ืžืขืŸ 
ืื“ืข. -- ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. 


64 


ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืœืขืฐืฒึทืข. ืกืึธืคืงืึทืœืกืึธื” ืื™ ื“ื™ ืืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข, ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขื”ืขืคื˜ืข ื“ื•ืจืš, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ื•ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื‘ื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ื ื“ืคืขื“ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ืฆืขืคืืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ 
ืจืขืฉื˜ืœืขืš. ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืก ืจืขืฉื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืžืข ืจืึธื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ 
ืขื“ื™ืง. 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ึผื“ืขืจ -- ืืฃ ืคืขืจืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจ ืคืจ 
ื ืขื ื‘ื›ืึธืจ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืคืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื‘ื 
ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ 
ืืจืฑื™ืกืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ. ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื’ืข 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืึธืคืŸ, ืื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื–ื™ื ื™ืง ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืก ืขื’ืึทื™ึดืกื˜. ืื– ืžืข 
ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ื›ืึธืจืขื•ื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืงืืจื™ืขืจืข. ื’ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื–, ืื– ื“ื• ื’ื•ืคืข ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ื™ื’... ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ: ,,ืฉืคึผืฒึท ืึธืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืืจื™ืขืจืข, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืืœืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ". ,ื ื™ื™ืŸ, -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืจื™ืฉืข, -- 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืื™ืกื‘ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื, 
ื“ืขืžืงื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ". ื‘ืขืงื™ืฆืขืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš. ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื“ื™ืง ืืฒึทื ื’ืข" 
ืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืจืกื™ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืšืจ 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก ืืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. 


ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืึทืœืขื ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื“ 
ื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืืึธืจ, ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืกื˜. ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ 
ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื“ืข. ืกืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ื ืข 
ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืจืฐื•ื˜ ืืฒึทื - 
ืœืื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื ืฉืืจืคืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“: 

-- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื™ืงืึธืจื ื™ืงืขืก ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื• ื’ืฒืŸ 
ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืจืื–ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืขืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืก. 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื‘ืืง ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ. 

ืื™ื ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื- 
ื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื™ื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ,ื–ืฉื™ื’ื•ืœื™", ื”ืึธื˜ ืื“ืข 
ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืฉืข, ื˜ืืงืข ื 
ืฉื™ืงืขืจืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืจืื–ืฉ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข 
ื›ืึทืœืขืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึทื“ืคึผืึทืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง ืื‘ืจืืžืึธื•ื•, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžืืฉืงืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืœื™ืฉืงืขืก, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท: ,ื ืึธืš 


1 ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธ-ืื™ื ืกืคึผืขืงืฆื™ืข. 


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ื™ืฆ 


ื– 
ืืŸ 

ืื˜ื ื ื˜ื•ืื•ื• 
ื 


ืขื™ 


ืœืืฉื’ืื•ื• 


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54 == 


ืื™ ื™ื™ 


ื‘ื™ 
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= ื”ื• 28 


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ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข, ืคืืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข, ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ". 

ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธื“ืคึผืึธืœืงืึทืฐื ื™ืงืก ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืฑื™ืฐืขืจื‘ืึธื˜ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉืงืืคืงืฒึทื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ -- ืืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท 
ืกื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ 
ืกืฒึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืกืฒึท ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ 
ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืจืึธื“ื ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื‘ืจืืžืึธื•ื•ืก ืฐืฒึทื‘, ื 
ืคื™ื ืฃ-ืื•ืŸ-ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืงื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ืืงืึธืจืข, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“'ืจื™ื ื’ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก. 
ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ื“ื™ ื ืฒื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืžื’ืื ื’-ืคืจืื–ืขืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืœืขื’ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ื•ืจ- 
ืคึผืจื™ื–ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื‘ืจืืžืึธื•ื•ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืœื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ: 

-- ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ ืžืืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืจืื˜ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–! 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก... ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืึทื• .ื“ืจืฒื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ 
ืกืคึผืึธื“ืขืง"... 

ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืืœื˜ื™ืจืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืืจืื–ืฉ. 

-- ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ! ืขืคื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืจืื™ 


ืคึผืขืฐื˜ ืงืืจืคึทึผืขื ืงืึธ. 

ื‘ืื ื’ืืจืื–ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ,ื ืขืึธื˜ืœืึธื–ืฉ- 
ืงืข". 

-- ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


ืฉืœืขื›ื˜? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืงืืจืคึผืขื ืงืึธ. 
-- ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ? ืื™ืš 

ืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืง. -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ 

ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


- 


42 ,/ืจื™ื” 4 
1 ื 
; ื™ื™ ื = 
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( 


// 7 ื™ื™ 


7711177 111 114 )ืจืื˜ ื˜ืื’ 


ื˜/,: 


0 


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1 


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ื 


ื• || 


ืขื• 


ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืื‘ืœืขื˜ืงืข ื ืึธืฉืคึทึผ. 

-- ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– 
ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืจืื–ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืจืฅืื˜ืืงืข. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ,ืื˜ืืงืข" ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืœ.. 

ืขืจืขื•ื• ื ืฒึทื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื, 
ื•ื™ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื ืคืืจืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ืžืคึผืขื˜-ื”ื•ื™ื– 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื•ืœื˜, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจื ืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคื™ื ืคื™ืึธืจ. 

ืื“ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจื˜ืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื“ืจืฒื™ื˜ืข ืืฃ 
ืœืึทืงืŸื–ื•ื™ืงืœืขืจืก ื”ืึธืจ, ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืฉืงืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ื ื“ื™ืง, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืฒึทื–, ืจืึธื–ืฉื™ื - 
ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืึธื ืึธืฐื•ืงืข-ืขืคึผืœ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก, ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื›ืืœื™ืืกื˜ืจืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืื’ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–? -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš, ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืฐื™ 
ืขืก ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืจื•ืŸ. 

-- ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืื–ื ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื™ื•ืึธ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื™ืงื•ืจื™ื. ืืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื•, ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทื™ 
ื™ืึธืจ:ื ืื›ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืื ื˜ืึธื ื™ื ืขืŸ! 

ืื ื˜ืึธื ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืื˜ืจืึธื ืื–ืฉ-ืฉื•ื•ืขืก- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืงืœืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื›ืึธื›ืึธื˜ื•ืฉืงืข-ื’ืจื•ืฉืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื–ืฉื•ืจื ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืจืืคึผืขื–ื•ื˜ ืงืืจืคึผืขื ืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• 
ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืจืื–ืฉ. 

-- ื˜ืึทืžืขืจ ืฐื™ืœืกื˜ื•, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฐื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืึธื’ืŸ ืื–ื ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข, -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. 


65 


-- ื’ื™ืŸ, ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ. -- ืื“ืฅ * 


ืื™ื– ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทืคืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ, ื“ืึธืก 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื˜. -- ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, 
ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜. -- ื’ื™ื‘ ื ืงื•ืง 
ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ! ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ! ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึทืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื–ืงื™ื™ื ืข, ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™" 
ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื’ืจืึธื•, -- ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืœืึธืงืšืฐื™ืงืœืขืจืก. -- ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’ -- ืื•ื™ื  ื ื™ื˜ ืืŸื™ 
ื˜ืึธื ื™ื ืข, ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืžืืจืคืข ืฆื™ ื ืงืœื•ืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ื“ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื›ืืคึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ? 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึธื˜ ื ื ื“ื™ืจ! -- ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืœ ืคึผืฒึทื’ืŸ. -- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขืฆืขืคึผื˜ ืฐืฒืก ืื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜. ื“ื• 
ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื˜ื™ืคึผืขืฉ, ืื– ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืกื™ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืขืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ืื– ืืฃ ืฆื• ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ 
ืœืขื›ืึทืœื”ืืคึผืึทื›ืขืก ื“ืขื ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™/ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื™ 


ืฐื™ืก ืกื˜ืฒึทืขืŸ. -- ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš, 
ืฆื•ืงืœืืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. 


ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืœื•ืŸ" 
ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. 

-- ืžืืžืข! ืื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืก ืืฒึทืš ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื ืฒึทื™ืึธืจ! -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจ 
ืจื™ื“ืึธืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ -- 
ืกืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜, ืกืฒึท ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืขืœืขืฐื™ืึธืจ -- ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืœืข, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืกื˜ ืคืืจ" 
ืžืื›ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. 

-- ื ื“ืื ืง! ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš} -- 
ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜. ื–ื™ ืฐื™ื™ื ื˜ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืึธืŸ. 

-- ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื’ื•ื˜! -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืœึถืจ 
ืฆืขื ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื ืงื ืฒึทืœื›ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื– ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ื™ืš ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœ. ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื• ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื 
ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš: ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึทื“ืœื™ื ื™ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทื™ืึธืจ-ื‘ืื ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ืื ืกืืžื‘ืœ 


ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืคึผืืœืืฅ ื‘ืื ืžืึธืก- 
ืงื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืœืืžืคึผืŸื™ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ืื™ื– 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื ืกืืžื‘ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ,ื’ืขื–ืื ื’" ื‘ืื 
ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืœื•ื‘. 


60 


ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข-- ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืœืฒึทื˜: ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืงืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคื™ื“ื™ 
ืœืขืจืŸ ืกืึธืคื™ืข ืื™ื˜ืงื™ื ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืืจื™ 
ื ืขื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืคืฒึทื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืื ื™ืกื˜ ืืจืงืื“ื™ ืงืึธ- 
ืœื™ื•ืฆืงื™ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ืคืžื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืžื•- 
ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉ-ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข 
,ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธื•ื•ืืจ", ืฐื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืž. ื•ื•ืืจ- 


ืฉืื•ื•ืกืงื™, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืœื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื " 
ืกืืžื‘ืœ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืฆืขืฐ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื™ 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข 6ื˜ื™ื™ืคืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 


ื™ื•. ืžืึธืจื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื. ื’ื•ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. 

ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื ื™ 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืกืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’, 


ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ืจืื‘ื™ืŸ 


ืžืืžืข, ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ 


ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืจืก, ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืจืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืœื™ื‘. ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“" 
ืฐืฒึทื– ืึธื– ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ -- ืฆื™ืจืขืœืข. ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืจื™ืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ 
ื ื™ื, ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื -- ืคืืจ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืฆื™ืจืขืœืข 
ื˜ื•ื•ืขืจืกืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ื ืงืœื•ื’ืข, ื ื‘ืขืจื™ืข, ื ืงืขื ืขืจืงืข. ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืคืืจืฒื ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ -- ื˜ืืœืื ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืฆื™ืจืขืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืฆื™ืจืขืœืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ื" 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ; ื˜ืืœืื ื˜! ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืœื™ื‘ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ืฑืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืฑื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ืžืขืŸ. ื ื”ืฑื™ื›ื™ื ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจืฒืœืขืš ืคึผืข" 
ื ืขืžืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืกื™ืžืคึผืื˜ื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. 

ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื™ืจืขืœืข ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ. ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ืžืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืฉืฐืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืจืฑืกืฆื•ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืฆื• ืขืžืขืฆืŸ 
ืคื™ืœื‘ืืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืึธืจื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื’ืข" 
ื“ืื ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ืจืขืœืขืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 


2 


ืžืขืจ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื™ืจืขืœืข ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืกื˜ืข ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื™ืจืขืœืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื ืœืขืจืขืจืงืข. ,ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ', ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืžืขืจ -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืฒืกื˜, ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข, 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจืข, ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐื™ืก ืืฐืขืงื’ืฒื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ึทื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืฅ. 
ืฆื™ืจืขืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื ื˜ืืœืื ื˜, ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืคืืจ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜. ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ,ื’ืขื ื™" ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜, ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืงืื ื˜ืŸ.. 

ืฆื™ืจืขืœืข ื˜ื•ื•ืขืจืกืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ืคึผื ืื, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื–ืึธืจื’. ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื•ืœ, ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจืก ื˜ืืœืื ื˜? ืฆื™ืจืขืœืข ื–ื•ื›ื˜, ื–ื™ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜: ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข. 


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ืžืึธืœืขืจ, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืขืจ? ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ. ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก. 


2 


ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืก, ืืคืŸ ืฐื•ื ืง. ืืœืฅ 
ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืœืึธืจ. ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืืฑืกื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืจืฒื“ืŸ, ืื– ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜, ืื™ื– ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืกืข ืื™ื– 
ื’ื•ื˜, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ. ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื˜ืึธืขืก. ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื˜ ื“ืืคืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜. ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืก ืคืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื–ื™ ืฐื™ืœ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืก. ื–ื™ ืฐื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื™ืจืขืœืขืก ื ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ ืฐื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข, 
ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข ื˜ื•ื•ืขืจืกืงืขืจ. 

ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื•ื ื’. ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื–ื™ื ืงืข ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ื’ืขื ื’? 

-- ื–ืึธื’ ืžื™ืจ, ืงื™ื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ? 

-- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืžืืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืืœื˜ืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืœืฅ ืคืืจ ื ืงื™ื ื“. ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื• ืคืจืขื’ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื• ืฐื™ืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™, ืžืืžืข, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ืกื˜, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื“ื™ื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. 

-- ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืจืขื’ืข, ื•ื•ืืจื˜. ืžืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืืŸ ืืฐืœืข? ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข. ืื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืฃ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜, 

-- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜? ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš? 

-- ืงื™ื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืก, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืืžืึธืœ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื‘ื˜. ื ื•, ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื- 
ืจื™ืžืขืŸ? 

-- ืžืข ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื‘ืืจื™ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš? 

-- ืึธื˜ ื–ืข, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืขื ื˜ ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง. ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ? ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืื ืง ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื™ืœ, 
ืื– ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ. ืคืืจืฐืึธืก, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ, ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ, ื ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ. 

-- ื“ื• ืœืื›ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืžืืžืข, -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข 
ื”ืึธืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ื™ื˜ืœ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. -- ื“ื• ืฐืฒืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืื– ืคืืจ 
ื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืขืง ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืขืจื–ืข ืื™ืš ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืก, ืงื•ืง ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ื ืึธืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜. 

-- ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืฒื“ืŸ. 


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ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜. 

ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืฐื™ืœ ืฆื™ืจืขืœืข ื˜ืฐืขืจืกืงืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื– ืคืืจ ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืืฒึทืŸ, ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคืœืืฆืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก, ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืคืืœ ,ืฉืžืฒึทืกื˜' ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ, ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. ,, ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจืก ื“ืขืจื’ืจืฒื›ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’. ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื’, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืฐืขื’ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงืœื™ื’ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš... ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ืžืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื’ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืžืขืŸ... ื’ื•ื˜; 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื’, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ื”ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืฆื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜". 

ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฆื™ืจืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ,, ื›ืื˜ืึธืกื™", ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ 
ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืฅ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 


8 


ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ. ื–ืึธื’ืŸ! ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฐืึธืก, ื ืึธืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ. ืืคื™ืœืข ืืฑืกืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ: 

-- ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื“ืึธืš ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืก, ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ. ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜. ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜: ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืคืืจืฐืึธืก? 

-- ืžืืžืข, ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง. ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืš: ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื  ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก? ืฐื™ืœืกื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ืคืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื ืฉืฐืขืจืŸ ืคึผืขืœืฅ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืึธืก. 

-- ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ! 

-- ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฒืกืึธืจื™ื, ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก! ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจื™ื ื™ืข. 
ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืืžืขืŸ, ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ? ืื™ืš ืคืืจืžืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืš 
ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜... 

-- ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื• ืคืืจืžืึธื ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜? 

-- ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’. 

-- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืœ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ... ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฐื™ืœืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืžื•ื–ื™ืง -- ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืžืึธืœืขืจืฒึท -- ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืฐืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ? 

-- ื ืœืขืจืขืจืŸ. 

-- ืื•ื™, ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“! ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ. 

-- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก? 


5 


-- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก, ืคืจืขื’ืกื˜ื•? ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืŸ 

ืื•ื™ืกื ืื, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกืŸ. ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทืฅ: ืึธื˜ ื’ืฒื˜ ื–ื™, ืฆื™ืจืขืœืข. ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจืขื’ืŸ: ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™, ืฆื™ืจืขืœืข? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘, ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืœึดื™ื‘. 
ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื›ืื–ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผื•ืฉื‚ืงึดื™ื ืขืŸึฐ *. ืฆึทืงื•ืฅ ืกื— ื” 8608 ,61161. 
ืื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ -- ื˜ืฐืขืจืกืงืขืจ! ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•? ื ืœืขืจืขืจืงืข. ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืœืขืจืขืจืงืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื" 
ืจืืŸ? ืฐืขื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืข. ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจืœืื ื’ ืื™ืš. ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข, 
ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜! ืคื™ืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกื ืงืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ื“ื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืฃ, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื“ืื ืง ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ืฃ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืขื ืข ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื ืืคืŸ 
ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืืœืžืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืฒื™... -- ื›ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ. 

ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜! ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื‘ืขื˜, ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜... ืฆื™ ืงืึธืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื’ื™ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ? 

...ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืคึผืขื“ืื ืึธื’. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ืืฐืขืจื˜ืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ืืžืขื ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืึท 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืกื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืฒื™ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฑื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข, ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœืึทื ืขืก ืจื•ืคืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ืœื™ื‘ืข ืขืจื ืกื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ื ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ- 
ืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื ืฐืขืกื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืืื•ื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก, 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืฆื• ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืก, ื™ืขื“ 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ืก ืืœืก ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ. ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข. 


6 


ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข, ื–ื™ ื˜ืฒื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื’ืจืื‘ื ืขืจ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ, ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืกืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืึธืคึผ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื”ืึธืจ. ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข, ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 


69 


ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืจืื˜ื ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืœืฒื–ืฅ ื 
ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืŸ, ืืฒื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื ืื‘ืข. ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื’ืจืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืฆื™ืจืขืœืข ื–ืขื˜ ื–ืื›ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืงืจืขื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจ" 
ืคืืจ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก, ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืืœ 
ืžืขื ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืœื™ื‘ืข. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข... 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ืจืก. ื‘ื ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืฐืขืจ ืขืก 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœืŸ.. ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืื›ืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข ืคืืจืฉืืคื˜ ืื’ืžืขืกื ืขืคืขืฉ. ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืก ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง: ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
ื ื’ืึธืœื“ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“. ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืฐื™ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ, ืคืืจื“ืจืฒื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืืœื˜ 
ืืฒึทืŸ: ื–ืข ื ืึธืจ, ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืฅ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ?, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืŸ ืงืืฉืขืก ืืฃ ืžืืจ 
ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง? ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื•ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืขื˜ ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืขืจืœ ืจื™ื“ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืœืขืš, ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง. ืื•ื™, ืฆื™ืจืœ, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื ืืš, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื•ืฉืงืขื˜, ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืกืืš ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ืงืขืŸ. ื‘ืข- 
ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ื™ื ืข, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš? ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ 
ืืฃ ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“. 

-- ื–ืึธื’ ืžื™ืจ, ืงื™ื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืก, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง... ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง? ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ? ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืขึถืจ? 
ืฐืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ? 

-- ื ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืœืืก. 

-- ื ืฉื™ืœืขืจ, ืฐืฒืกื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง? 

-- ืขืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืžืืžืข, ืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ื‘ื ืื™ื. 

-- ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข. ื ื•, ืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•? 

-- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืงื•ื ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™, 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™? ืฆื• ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™? ืฐืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ? 
-- ืžืืžืข, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ. 
-- ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข, ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜... 
ืžืืžืข, ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืึธืกืŸ, 


ื 


ืžืืงืก ืจื™ืื ื˜ 


ื›ืฅืกื˜// ื–ื› 
0727 ืจ, 


: /ื™ืง ืกื™ืง 2 3), 
4 //3 ื™ืข 
'//4 31 5 


ืœืขื ื™ื ืก ื”ืขืžืฉืขืš 


ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื’ืœื™ืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืืคื™ืœืข, 
ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ. 


ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื’ืึธืœื“, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผื•ืฆืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืงืึธืœ -- 
ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืกืื™ื– ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืง. 


ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ืžืึธื’ื™ืœื ืขืจ 


ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื–, ืฐื™ ื ื ืขืก, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื”ืขืœืขืจ ืฉืคึผืœื™ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืึธืคืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืคืจืขืกื˜ -- 
ืก/ื’ืฒื™ื˜ ื ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ, 


ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืงืงืื ื’, 
ื“ื™ ืกื™ืžืึธื ื™ื ืžืข ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. 
ืื™ื ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ื“ืจืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ 
ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืœืขื ื™ืขืก ืงืœืึธืจืŸ ื”ืขืžืฉืขืš 


ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคืœืื 


ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒ, 


ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ 

ื‘ืื ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืš ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ืืจื’, 
ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืœืงืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ 
ืงืื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืฆืขืจืฒึทืกืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉ, 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืืจื’ื˜. 


ืคึผื™ื ื™ืข ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืงื™ืŸ 


ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืื ืฆืคืจื™ 

ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืงืื˜ืขืจืŸ 

ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืขื, ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคืœืื, 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ื™ืงืข 

ืคืืจื”ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, 

ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืœืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื™ืื. 


ืืฃ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ 


ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืฃ, 


ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ื–ืฒื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืึธืœืขื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. 
ื’ืืœืืงื˜ื™ืงืขืก ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ -- 
ืึธืคื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ. 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืก -- ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ. 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ -- ื ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ. 
ืขืก ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจืก. 


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ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื’ืจื•ึผืฐืžืืŸ 


ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ ื™ืืงืึธืฐื• ืคึผืืฐืœืึทืฐ 


ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขืžืœื˜: ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’, 

ื ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืคึผืœืขื ื•ื ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ื˜. 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื ืึธื’ืจืื“. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืจืข 

ืื•ืŸ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืš... ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื ื˜... 

ืึธ, ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื’ืจืื“! ื›'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ื’ืขืงืืจื’ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืืžื‘ืจืื–ื•ืจืข, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืœื’ืข-ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ. ื›'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืง... 

ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ... ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœื˜, 

ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืจืืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜! ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืžื•ื™ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก! 


ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข, 
ืื™ื -- ื™ืืงืึธื–ื• ืคึผืื•ื•ืœืึธืฐืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ , ืคึผืืฐืœืึธื•ื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ื–". 


ื™ืขื ืขื ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜... ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ื ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ.. 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืง ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–. ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžืขืœื“ืŸ, 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืจืฒึทื–ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ื•ืขื˜ืขืจืืŸ. 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืคืืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื ื”ื•ื™ื–... ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก -- ืืœื™ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืฆื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืคืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ืคืืจืืŸ... 

ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื’ืจืื“ ื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ื ืฒึทืข, 
ืื™ื– ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื˜ืืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึท ื"ื–, 


ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜... ืขืก ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื. 
ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ: ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืกืŸ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ืŸ! 


ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืขืžืœื™ืืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืขื˜, ื‘ืื–ื•ืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง... 
ื ืึธืจ ืกืฒึทืฐื™ืกืฒึท ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืฐืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ. ืงื•ื ืืคืŸ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ-ืคึผืœืืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื•ื•ื•ืกื˜... 
ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜.. ืฆื•ื ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืงืึธื•ื• ืคึผืืฐื•ืœืึธืฐื•ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจื™ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื“ื• ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืงืึธื•ื• ืคึผืืฐื•ืœืึธืฐืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ืก, 


ืคืขืœื™ืงืก ื›ืื™ึทืžืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


9 6 6 
ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขืœื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืขื’ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืืžื“ ื“ืึธืก ื ืืกืข, 
ืขืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฉื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ? ืขืก ืžื•ืจืžืœื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืœื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขื“ืขืจ. 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ืจืข ืืฒึทื ื’ื•ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ! ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ื ืคืขื“ืขืจ... 
ืฐื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ืง, ืžืืœื›ืขืกื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ื›ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืืŸ ื“ืขื 
(ื’ื• 
ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืœืฅ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข! 4 


ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืืฃ ืœืื ื’ ืคืืจืฉืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 
ืขืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื“ืœื™ื‘ืข 
ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื ืขืคึผืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืŸ. ื ืคืขื“ืขืจืœ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. 


72 


ืœื™ืคึผืข ื”ืขืœืขืจ 


ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื“ื•ืงืึธืจ ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 

ืฐื™ ื ืกื˜ืื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื’ืŸ, ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืœืขืš. 
ื›'ื–ืข ืกืฐื™ืกืœืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืžืคึผื™ืงืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื›'ืœื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ. 


ืฆื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ืืึธืจืŸ, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืงืึธืจ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ? 


ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ 

ื ืึธืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืื–ืฉืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ 

ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ื ืก, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ืขืŸ -- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฆื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ! 


ื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ? ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื 

ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ึทื ืขืŸ. 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข ืžืืœืงืข, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื ื™ืกืŸ -- ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ -- 
ื ืึธืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืจืืœื˜ืข ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข ืžืืœืงืข, 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื ื™ืกืŸ -- 
ื ืึธืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. 
ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืจืขืœืขืก 

ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ 


ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื ื˜ืก ื“ืขื ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜, 


ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ืœื“ืขื ืข ืจืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื“ื™ ืขื“ื“ ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื™ื˜. 


ืฉื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจ, ืึธืŸ ืžืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืœ, 
ืคืืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืกื ืข, ืคืืจ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 
ื‘ืืฆืึธืœื˜. 


ืคืืจ ื–ืืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ, 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืœืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื ื–ืืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ 
ื ืฉืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืจืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืกืฒึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ืกืฒึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข. 


ื ืึธืจ ืงืืจื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ืึธื“ืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืฉื™ืฉืงืขืก ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืจ. 


ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื˜ืœืขืจืึธื•ืฆืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื 


ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ ื’ืื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื“ืึธืก ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑื™ืจื™ื". ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืคื–ื ืืžื™ื* 
ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืืœืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ?ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืงืจืฒึทื–ื™ -- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืžืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืกืคึผืขืงื˜ 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื•ืž. 10 ืคืืจืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ืข ืงืจืืกื ืึธืคึผื™ืึธืจื™ 
ืงืึธ -ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ". ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜, ืึธืŸ ืกืึธืคืขืง, ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ื ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ,ืžืึธืก- 
ืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ึทืข ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื˜ื™" -- ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืื•ื™ื“ ื’ืื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืข- 


ืจืื˜ื•ืจื™ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื’ืึธืจ ืฐืฑื ืึธื’ืจืื“ืึธื•. 


ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ 


ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืžื•ืขืก. * 


ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ ื’ืื™: ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ, ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆืข, ืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืฐื- 
ืจืขืžืข ืžืืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืงืืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขืคื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื–ืืจ 
ื ืขืจ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 1941 ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ืื ื˜- 
ืœืึธืคืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ื" 
ื ื™ืฉืข ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“ืŸ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืŸ" 
ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทื˜ืจื™ืื“, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 106. ื“ืขืจ ืึทื˜ืจื™ืื“ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืืจื•ื 700 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื  
ื˜ื™ื™ืœื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืขืก ืืฃ ืฆื• ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ-ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ืึธืงืกืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ื™ 
ืฉืข ืงืขืžืคืขืจ, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื™ืึธืจ 
ื“ื™ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจืื ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ื’ืึทืจ ืฐื™ื ืึทื’ืจืื“ืึทื•: ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื ืกืง ืื™ื– ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืืกืšืกื™ืžืขืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจืึธื˜ ื˜ืฑื˜-ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืคืืจ 
ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื‘ืืจ 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึท ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ืขืจืข ืฐืฒึทืก- 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืงืืžืคืกื™ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, 

ื“.ื’: ืขืก ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ืขืœื™ 
ื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ. 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืกืšื”ืขืจืึทื™ึธื–ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ืžืืจื˜ื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. 

ืื™. ืฐ: ื”ืฒืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืจืึธืœ, ืืฃ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจืึธื•ืจ 
ื’ืขืก? 

ื“. ื’.; ืื•ืžื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ื ืืจ, 

ืื™. ืฐ: ื“ืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืงืœืขืจืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืขืงืœื”ืืคื˜ืขืจ 


24 


ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’, ืฐื™ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ืืžืคึผืœื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืง 
ืึธืจืขืžืข ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ื ืขืŸ (ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื™ืง ืคืึธืœืง), ื ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื– ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผื ืื ื‘ืื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืึทื˜ืืœื™ื˜ืืจืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜, ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื’ื™" 
ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคืืจ- 
ืงืจื™ืคืœื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’, 
ื“ืขืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ. ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื™ืขื’ ืืฃ ,ืคืจืขืžื“ืข", ื“ืึธืก ืฆืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืืœืฉืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืืฑืกื“ืขืจืฐืฒืœื˜ืงืฒึทื˜. 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจืก ืืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ื•ื ื’: ,ืื™ืš ื–ืข 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืœืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜". ืกืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื›" 
ื˜ื™ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ,ืืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜", ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืžืจื•, ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ืœื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืคืจื" 
ื–ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ืจืขื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข /,ืื•ืœื˜ืจืืจืคึผืื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜ืŸ". 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื›ืœืขืš. 

ื“ ื’: ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืกืื™ื– ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง 
ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืฆืขื ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืื“ 
ืœืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. 

ืื™. ืฐ: ืžืืกืงื™ื. ื ื ืืฆื™ืข ืืœืก ืืฒึทื ื”ืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืก, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
,ืืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜'. ื™ืขื“ืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ื˜ืืงืข ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืึธืคึผืฉืฒึท ืฆื• ืื " 
ื“ืขืจืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ. 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคึทึผืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื›ื˜ืข ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืข 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื–ื, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืจืืกืŸ-ื”ืืก. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื ืฆื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ /, ืืฒื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜"' ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื ืึธืฆื™ื“. 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื" 
ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื–ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื•ืขืŸ 
ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• 
ืกืคืขืงื•ืœื™ืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ. 


ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืื›ืึทืฐื™ืฆืงื™ 


ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื“ืืš 


ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืœืขืกืื˜ืข ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืก ืคืืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืืœืก ื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืขื•ื•, ืžืื›ืžืขืก ืื™ืš 
ืฐื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืฐืฒึทืก 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืฐืขืŸ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ 
ื‘ืขืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืจ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืืฃ ืงืึธืœืขืจืœืฒ ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ 
ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ื™ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืคืืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื™ืคืœื˜ืŸ 
ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื ืคึผืขืŸ- 
ืกื™ืึธื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ ืจื•ื™ึทืง ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœื™ 
ื ืขืกื˜ืข -- ืื•ื™ืš ื ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืึธื ืขืจืงืข -- ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืœืข. ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš, 
ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ืฉื™ 
ืคึผืึธื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืก. ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขื“ 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืกืฐืึธืจืข, ืื– ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ืฐืขืจืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื‘ืึธื‘ืข-ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข: ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, 
ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื•ื•ืขื’. ื˜ืึท ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืื–ืœื• 

ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืืœื‘ืขืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ ืจืฑึทืง, ื’ื“ 
ืœืืกืŸ, ืึธืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืก ืฆื• ืฐืขืžืขืšื“ืขืกืื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืฐืึธืก- 
ืขืก'ืื™ื–, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ --,ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฃ". 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข ื˜ืขื’ ื’ืฒ ืื™ืš ืืฐืขืง ื›ืืคืŸ 
ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ, ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืžืืš ื ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ืข ืฉืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืฆืฐืฒื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืึธื ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืœื•ืคื˜ื™ืง, ืฆื™ 
ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืฅ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื ื˜ืขืœืขืฐื™ื–ืึธืจ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื›ืืคึผ ื ื“ืจืขืžืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืฉื˜ืฒืขื ื“- 
ืงืขืจ ืกืึธืคืข. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฑื™ื“ืข: ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื™ืงื–ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื˜ื”ืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜-ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข. ืžืข 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก, 
ืคืืจื”ืืฐื•ืขื˜, ืคืืจื™ื™ืกืขืงื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒืขืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืึธื™ 


ื›ื™ื“ ืืจืฒึทื ืฉื™ืงืŸ -- ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ -- ื ื‘ืจื™ื–ื•ืขืœืข, ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื 
ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’: ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืืฒึทืš. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืžื™ืœ- 
ื›ืึธืžืข ื“ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ืคืจืื’ืข ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืฉืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ื- 
ืœื™ืึธื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฐืฒื ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง'ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื™ 
ื ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข. 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืื“ืึทืฉื™ื 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืฉื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืข 
ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ 
ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื›ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื™ืึธืจืŸ: ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื ืึธื“ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืงืขืžื˜ 
ืžื™ึทื ืข ืคืืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืขืก ื”ืึธืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืจ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืฆืขืจื•ื™ื’ืขื–ื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ืš 
ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ื–ื™ื ื“; ืึธื“ืขืจ, ื ืคืืจืžื- 
ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื˜ืฉื™ืึธืคึผืข ืื™ืš ืฆืจ 
ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืึธื›ื ืก ื–ื•ื ื“ืœ ืคืขื“ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืฐืขืก 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกื™ืงืข ื ืึธื›ืจืขื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืืœื™ื•ื–ืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืงืขื“ื•ื™ืžืข ืื–ืขืœื›ืก. ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ื›ืืคึผ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืจืฆืงืœืืคึผืขื ื™ืฉ, ื ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทืŸื™ 
ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืึธื™ืขื˜, ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื" 
ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืขืคืขืก. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ืืŸ ืึทื ืฉื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ 
ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ, 

ืื™ื– ืึธื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื 
ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก -- ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข -- ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืข- 
ื˜ืขืœืข ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’: ื‘ืœืึธื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืข ื’ืขืกืœืขืš, ื–ืฒืขืจืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืœืขืจ, 
ืึทื ืขื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ืžืฉื˜ืฅืš 
ื˜ืขืœืข, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ ืงื™ืฐืขืจ-ืึธืฐืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก- 
ืฐืึธืก, -- ื›ื–ื•ื™ื™ืก?.. 


75 


ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืงืึทืœืขื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ .ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ื™+ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง ื“ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื•ืขืจ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืื›ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฆืงื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 95-ืžืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืืจื™ื›ืืกื™ืึทืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืฉืขืคืข- 


ืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืŸ. 


ื‘ืขืฉืืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ" 
ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’, ืฐื•ึผ ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืœื“ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืจ ืืจื•ืก" 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜. 

-- ืืœื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื• ืืœื˜ืขืจ! -- ืฐืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื•ื™ื™ืš, ืึธืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก, -- ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืกื˜ื• 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ? ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ 
ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ! -- 
ืžื•ืจืžืœ ืื™ืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจื ืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืœืข ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึท ื–ื™ื’ืจืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืก: 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ? 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจื ืก ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ! 

-- ื›ื, -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืข, -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืืกื˜ืื ืœืื ื’ ืฆืขืคื™ืœื˜, 
ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืคื™ืœืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื™ื ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื’ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืงื“ื“ืื•ืšื ืืงืŸ. 
ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก-ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜,. ื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ืจ 
ืคึผืœืขืงื˜! 

-- ื ื•, -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื’ื–ืข, -- 
ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื™ืึธืจืฉื™ื! ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืฐืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก! ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ ืคึผืึธ 
ืฉืขื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘! 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฐืึทื™ืืงืข ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš 
ื“ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’! -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ 
ืื™ื–ื“ื™ืขืงืข. -- ื’ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื’ื™ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืกืื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง! 

ื”ืืงื™ืฆืขืจ, ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข 
ืื™ื– ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ืื–ื“ืข. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืืžืคึผืขืจื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืคืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜. ืื™ื– ืึธื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื–ื ื˜ืึธื’ 


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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืืฐืฐื•ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคืก ืืŸ 
ืื™ึทื–ื ื‘ืื–-ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืขืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข. 

ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืขื˜ืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ืคืขืกื˜ ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืืฑืก- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื”ืืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœ: 

-- ืฆื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ื•, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜, ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืš! 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜, ื’ืึทืจื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืจืื›ืžืึทื ืขืกื“ื™ืง 
ืฆืขืงืจื™ืžื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜. 

ืืš, ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฉืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ! ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื’, ื“ืึธืš ืคืืจืกืืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื• ื“ืขื 
ื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข. ืกืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืœืึธืกื ืข ืืคืŸ 
ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื  ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฐื™ ื›ืืจืึธื˜ืข ื’ืขืš 
ืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ืš, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฐื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง: 

-- ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืคืืจื’ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืฒึทื ืข 
ื”ืืจืฅืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกื˜ืคึผืจืึทืฉืงืขืก. 

ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืจ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืคึผืฉื˜ืื ื ืจื•ืก" 
ืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืฑืคึผื˜, ืฐืขืŸ 
ืกืข ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก, ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืขื’, ื ืžืืงืึธื ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื ื’ืœืฑื‘ื™ืงืข. ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœืขืžื˜. ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืœืข, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ 
ืคืึทื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื™ 
ื–ื•ื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜: ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ืš 
ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจื’ืขืฅื“ื—ื•ึผ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ ืืฒื ืขืงืข 


ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, 

ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฉื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ืงื•ื ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉืึธืœืขื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, 
ื’ืขื™ื™ืฆืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื–ื™ืš 


ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืืจื•ืžื’ืฅ- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืงื•ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืืจืขื, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ 
ืื™ืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื•ื™ึทืงืขืจ, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืจืขืคื•ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืื ื˜ืฉื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืขืง 
ืฆื•ื ื‘ืขืœืึธืจื•ืกืงื™ ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ, 

ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื’, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ื“ืืจืฃ 
ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขืกืœืขืก. ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ --- ืœื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืœืขืฃ, -- 
ืขืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืฃ. ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ืฆื•ื ืจื™ื˜ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืจื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ื•ืื’ืึทื“ืจืข- 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขืœืกืŸ -- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืœืคืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ืฉืœืึทืคืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืคืืจื›ืœื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืžืื›ืฉืึธืฐื•ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก -- ืื™ื™ื ืข 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข --ื ื”ื•ื™" 
ื›ืข, ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจืข ื™ึดื“ืขื ืข. ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข, ืคืืจื“ืฒึทื’ืขื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจื™ื™ืกืขืงื˜ืข. ืื™ืจืข ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืงืืจืข ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ืืžืขื“ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ ืฉืžืฒื›ืœ ืฆื• 
ืืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฒึทืขืš ืžื™ืš, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™, ืฐื™ ืžืข 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืงื•ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ -- ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ 
ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืกืฐืึธืก, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื ืืฉืขืจืฒึท, 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืก. ืื™ืš ื ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืึธื›ื™ื“. ื‘ื ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื™ืž- 
ืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื ื˜ืฑื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฐืฐื•ืขืง ืืฃ ื™ืขื’ืขืจื–ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข - ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฐื•ึผืงืก, ื ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืคึผืœืฒืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›" 
ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืคืืจืงืœืขืจื˜ืฅ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื ืฉืืžืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ื’ืื’ืึธื’ืข, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืงืŸ. ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ื ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืœืก 
ื ื›ืื–ืŸ ื‘ืื ืึธืžืขึนื“ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืื•ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืื›ืจื™ืก, 
ืžื™ื ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขื•ื•. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืื‘ืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืืœืœืงื•ื™ืจืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืžืข ื’ืขืฅ- 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืึทื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืš-ืกืขื“ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. 

ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืืจื ืึธืกืข ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืืœืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื›ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™- 
ืฆื™ืข-ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึทืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 
ืฆื• ื™ืึธืจ ืคืืจืงืœืขื ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข 
ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืฑื™ืฆืึธืข, ืจืืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืฉื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืจืขื˜ ื‘ื ืืจื•'" 
ืžื™ืงืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข, 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื ืฐืฒื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒื“ืขืฐื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ื™ 
ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื, ืกืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, 
ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ,ื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข. ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื›ืื˜ืึธื™ึดื ืึธื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื›ืื˜ืึธื™ึดื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’: ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื‘ืจืึธื›ืข, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื ืขืกืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืึธืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืึธื›ื ืก ื–ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 


ืคืขื“ื™ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื•ื ื’ืื˜ืฉ", ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ,ืžืืž- 
ื–ืขืจ", ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื 
ื›ืขื˜. ื ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆืขืคึผืงืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืก, ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืจืข ืคื™ืก, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜. 

ืžืืžื™ื ืงืข, ืžืืžืข! ืคื™ืœ, ืคื™ืœ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืข- 
ืจืื˜ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืืฑื™ืขืจืŸ! 
ืคื™ืœ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื“ื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜, ื’ืข" 
ื•ื™ืฉื˜, ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ื˜ืจืขืจ! ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, ื“ื• ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ื•, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ืฉื•ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ืคืœืขื’ืกื˜ื•, 
ืžืืžืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ืฆื•ื ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ? 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜, ืื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืœืฅ, ืคืืจื’ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, -- ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜! 

ืืš, ืžืืžืขื ื™ื•, ืฐื™ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ, ื’ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฅ- 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ืฐืขืœืขืš ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืข 
ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžื•ื™ืจืข 
ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ, ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜! 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืงื•ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืก ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืข, ืคืœืขื’ ื’ื™ืš ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, 
ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• 
ืžืึธืœ ืฆืขืŸ-ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื™ืฆืข! ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืžืืžืขื ื™ื•, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœ" 
ืกืึธืคืขืง, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืจืขื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื›ืฒึทืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ! ืฐืขืŸ ืกืฐืึธืœื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื 
ื™ืขื ืข-ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ื•, ืžืืžืขื ื™ื•, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื ื™ืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืกืงืฒึทื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ- 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข, ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื‘ื ืึธืŸ! 

ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ, ืžืืžืขื ื™ื•, ืฐื™ 
ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง! ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ืข ืžื™ืฆืื“ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ืฐืึธืœ- 
ืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ื ื“. ืืš, 
ืฐื™ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, ืžืืžืขื ื™ื•! 

ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืืฒึทื ืฉืœืึทืคืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’-ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฑื“ื™ืข ื’ืขืš- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฒึทื ืก ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืฆื• ืงืœืืคึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ืื’ืึธื–ื“ื˜ื™ืจ. 


77 


ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ื™ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš โ€ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜: ืึธื ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื•ื ืฉืฒึทืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ, 
ืื™ื–, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก... ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืข" 
ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืึธื’ื˜ 
ื ืœืืกื˜ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทื ื™ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ. 

ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื ืึธืœื™ืงืข ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืขืก, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืžืคึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื™ 
ืžืื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืขืจื“, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ. ื ื’ืงืื˜ืขืจ 
ืื˜ืคืืœื˜ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ โ€ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืงื™ืœืึทืžืขื˜ืขื“, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืŸ-ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข. 
| = ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืขื’ืจื•ื™" 
ืกืขืจ ื’ืืก", ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื’ ื’ืขืกืœ, ื—ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจื ืก ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื  ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื’ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืคืœ ื 
ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืขืจ, ื ืคืืจืฐื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคืœ, ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ! ื ืึธืจ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืจืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืึทืคึผืขืฐืข 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื ืคืืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœ- 
ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืžืึธืš ื“ืืš, 

ืึธ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืœื™" 
ืกืึธืคืขืง ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืฉืฐื•ื ื“ืขื ืขื 
ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ. 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืจืขื’ืขืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข" 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืฆืขื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื˜. 

ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืขืฐื™ึดืขืก ื’ืขื•ืึธื ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ 
ืื™ื– ืฆืขืคืืœืŸ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฅ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืคึผืขื˜ืฉืขืง, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ? ืฐื•ึผ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ? 

ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืกื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืคืŸ 
ื”ืืจืฆืŸ: ืกืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ ืงืืคึผื•ื™ืจ! ื”ืฒื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื– 
ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืจื›ืข, ืื– ืฆื• ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื›ืืœื•ื™ืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขืจ! ืฉื˜ื™ื™ 
ืื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจื•ืžืขืจื˜, ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื ื›ืืจืคึผืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ -- ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืขืก 
ื’ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ -- ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ! 

;ืื ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, -- ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ืš, -- ืืœืก ื ื–ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ" 

ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืง ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆืืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืขื ืื™ื 
ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฉ! 

ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืœืขืš ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ื“ืึธืก 


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ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฐื™ื ืงืœ, ืฐื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืื˜ืข-ืžืืžืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ืึท 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข! ืื”ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ืคืืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ: ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ื’-ื˜ืจืขืคึผื™ 
ืœืขืš ืฆื•ื ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ -- ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื 
ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ 
ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื, ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก" 
ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ืืคืŸ ื•ื“ืืš. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืืคืŸ ื“ืืš, ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืžืฉืึธืœืข! ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืŸ. ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื ืขื ืืจื•ื 
ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ! 

ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ืžืืจืฉื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐื™ื ืงืขืœืขืš. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืื ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขืŸ" 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจืื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืกื˜ืจืขื›ืข. ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข, ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืคึผืึธื–ืข, ืคืœืขื’ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜: 

-- ื–ื•ื ืขืœืข, ืงื™ื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืก! ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ 
ื“ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื  ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืจืื›ืžืึทื ืขืก, ื’ืฒ ืึทืคึผ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืจืื ื“. ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืจืึธืคึผืคืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืขื“ 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ! 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืคึผืึทื–ืข, ืคืœืขื’ ืžืืžืขืฉ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ 
ืœื™ื, ืคืึทื›ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ: 

-- ื’ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืื ื“, ื‘ืฒึทืกื˜ืจื•ืง, ืœืฒึทื“ืืง 
ื“ื•! ื’ืฒ ืึทืคึผ!ื• ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืžืขืกืŸ! 

ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื‘ืขื˜, 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืืฐืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืื ื“. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืืจื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ 
ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื•ื:ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืคึทึผืจื•ื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงื˜ 
ืžื™ืš, ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื”ืขืจ! ื›ื-ื›ื, ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื! 

ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื“ืขื 
ื—ืืš. ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืขืคึตึผืขืก, ื–ื•ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ: ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ืข ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ื“ืืš -- ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื’ื’ืขื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืฆื™ื’ืœื ืขื 
ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื ืคืœืขื’ ืฉืคึผืืจืŸ ืึทืคื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข. ืกืืจื ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืข ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืก 
ืคืœืขื’ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืฑืš: ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœื™ืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจืขื’ืœื˜ืข ืฆื™ื‘ืขืœืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืขื›ืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ โ€ ื 
ืžื•ื–, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื–ื•ืš ื“ืขื ื“ืืš, 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœืขืš ื‘ื™ื– 
ืฆื•ื ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืจื•ื, ื›ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ื”ืึธืจ-" 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ืŸ! ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืฐืขื“ืŸ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ื”ื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ (ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜) ืืคืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ืงืึธืœ: ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื–ื™ 
ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืขืฐื•ืจืข ื ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขื ื™ืฉ ื’ื–ื ื’ืขืจ' -- ืžื™ืฉืงืข 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 


5* 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืื– ื ืึทืจ ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ 

ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ืืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขื• ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืึธืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง: ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ืคืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ืืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืžืขื ื™ 
ืงืขืจืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืขื ืืฃ ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ -- ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืจื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ" 
ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื™ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืžืขื ืงืขืจืขืจ, ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืื–ืฉืข ืฐื™ ื ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ, ืคืœืขื’ ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ: 

-- ืคึผืจื—ื• ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืจืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขื–ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืจืข! 

ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜! ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก 
ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื›ืขืฐืจืข ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขื ื™ืฉ, ื ืžืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืฅ -- ,ืžื™ืฉืงืข ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื•ื™ืžืขื ืงืขืจืขืจ"! 

ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืืš, ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื’ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืขืžืขืฆื ืก ื˜ืจื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื 
ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืข: ืื™ื™ื ืข ื ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ. ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ืฉืื ื“ -- ื ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืกื˜ 
ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื ืงืœืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ื– 
ืฆืขืคืืœืฃ 

ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื˜ืฒื™ืงืขืฃ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื’ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, 
ืคืืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฐื™ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜: ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขื. 

ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขื’ืขืก, 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื™ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•" 
ืžืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื™ืš ืงื•ื ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ืฆื•-ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื. 

,ืžื™ื™ืœืข, -- ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท, -- ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ 
ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ื ื•, ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืืš! ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ืึธืš ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืกืœืขืš. ืฐืขืŸ ื›ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืฐื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืšืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ ืคืึธืจ 
ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืคึผืฐื•ืขืŸ" 

ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ 
ืจื™ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก. ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืœืึธื•ื˜ 
ื ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื‘ืืจ ืœืืฉื˜ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืœ, ืื™ืš ืงืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื“ืืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืฅ ื–ื™ืš, ืงืขื“ืฒึท ืขื˜ืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืื ื“. 

,ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืึธืจืŸ, -- ื”ืื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, -- ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ื•ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ 
ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“". 

ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืืš-ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืงืฒึทืœืขืš. ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืขืก ืืจื•ื " 
ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืื ื˜, ืฉืคึทึผืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™, ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ. 


ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก ื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ, ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื ืžืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฉืฑืŸ ื 
ื™ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 16--17 ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ืžืืžืขืฉ 
ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข, ืกืฒึท 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข. ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืึธืคื™ 
ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข ื’ืข 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื›ื ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจ" 
ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข. 

ืืคืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืืฃ ื ื™ืึธืจ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฐื™ 
ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ. ื›ืื ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, ,ื›ืื ืข 
ืœืข ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข". ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืจ 
ื ืขืžืขื ื™ืฉ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื›ืขืฐืจืขืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืงื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืคึผืืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ. 

ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ: ื ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืข, ืฉืœืื - 
ืงืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ, ื ืคืขื ืขืžืœ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื ืœื™ืืœืงืข, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื’ืจื™ืŸ-ื”ืขืœืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืจ" 
ืžืขืœืขืš-ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื ื™ืจืขืœืขืš ืฉื ื™ืฒืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฆื™ื™ื ื“ื™ 
ืœืขืš ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืึธืคืขื ืข ืฆื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืœื™ืคึผืขืœืขืš. ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืกืืžืขื˜ืคืืจื ืจื•ื™ื ื˜ืข 
ื‘ืืงืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืจื™ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ื›ื™ื™ืšื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืœืขืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœื™ 
ื›ืœืึธื ื“ืข ื”ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืขืคึผืœืขืš. ืื™ื– 
ื•ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืฒึทืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืคืืจ 
ืื–ื ืฉืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜?! 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืืœืข ื™ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื›ืขืฐื•ืจืฒึทืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืคืืจ- 
ืœื™ื‘ื˜, ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืื ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉืฒึทืขืš ืžื™ืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืคืืจืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ! 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ 
ืื–ื ืฆื•ืคืืœ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคืœ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ืฅ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ 
ื‘ืฒึทื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ื›ืื ืขืœืข. ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื™ 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจืื’ืข: ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืฒ 
ืื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืžื•ืจืžืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืจืฑื˜, ืฐื™ ื ื‘ื•ืจืขืง. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื 
ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื“ืืš-ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืงืŸ, ืฐื™ 
ืขืก ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ื›ื- 
ื ืขืœืข ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื™ 
ืฐืขืจ ืคืขื“ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื–, 
ืื– ื›ืื ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื 
ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข. 


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ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืื ืขืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืคืืจ" 
ื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขื–, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ื" 
ื–ื•ื›ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืœื•ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜: 
ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื›ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก -- 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื—ื™ื™ื. ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื›ืœ -- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. 

ื›ืื ืขืœืข, ื›ืื ืขืœืข, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง! 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜... 

ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•: ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ืึธื ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืืžืคึทึผืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืš 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก -- ืืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืืจ" 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ... ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืขืคึผืขืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ? ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก -- ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข! ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข? ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื™ื˜ื ืก -- 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื›ืขืฐืจืฒึทืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ. 

ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ื‘ื" 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื‘ื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืคึผืึธืจืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš 
ืงืœืึธืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืื ืขืœืขืŸ -- ืฆื™ 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคืืจืŸ ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื›ืื ืขืœืขืŸ: 
ืฉืึธืขื ืฐืฒึทื– ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืืฃ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก, ื•ื•ืข-ื ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื–ื™ ืึธื " 
ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ืฉื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืึธื ืฐืขื–ื ื”ืฒึทื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืืžืข ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืืจืฑื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ื›ืื ืขืœืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ืžื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืก ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’, 

-- ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืœื™ื‘? ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฆืงืœืืคึผืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™" 
ื–ืขืจื™ืง ืงืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื•ื™ื˜ืœื˜, ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทื›" 
ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืคึผื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ื’, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ: 

=" ืฆื™ ื™ืึธื• ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš ืœึดื™ื‘, ืžื™ืฉืข, ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืึธืจื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ! 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืึธื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืงืฒึทื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืืžื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืคืืจืงื™ืฉืขืคื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ื˜ื™ื›ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืœืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฐื™ ื ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ื•ื ื’-ื’ืจื•ืก ืื™ืŸ ื›ื- 
ื ืขืœืขืก ื”ืื ื˜. 


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ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื ืกืืš ื™ื•ื ื’ืข, 
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืื–ื ืœื™ื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: 


ื ืฆืืคึผืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฒึทื ืก ื˜ื™ืฃ-- 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืœืฑื’ืŸ! 

ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืฆื•ืคึผ ืฆื•ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืขืก ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื’ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜, 
ื ืึธืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืขืจ 

ื ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืก ืืฃ ืฉืœืื ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืžืขืจ. 

ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื‘ืื ื’ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ 
ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืคึผืฒึทื ืœืขืš ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืŸ... 

ืืš, ื˜ืขื’, ื•ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 

ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ?.. 


ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืื ืขืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜... 

ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึทื™ 
ืกื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขืš, 
ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ: ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื ืขืจ ืืฃ 
ืืŸ ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ -- ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ 
ืืคื™ืœืข, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืœืก ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ื- 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’. 

ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื›ืื“ืึธ- 
ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื›ืื ืขืœืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืกืงืฐืข? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืจื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ! ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืื ืขืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืคื™ืœ ืฉืคึทึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ื‘ื 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื–, ืฐื™ ืกืข ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื•ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ, ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ -- ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื ื™ื˜-ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคื™ืจื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื– ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข. 

ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืคืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืืึธืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ื–ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜, ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืข 
ื ืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืฉืœืึธืฃ. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– 
ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืืžื•ื–ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ -- 
ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืืจืžืขืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 

,ืข, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื›ื! 
ื ื“ืืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธ 


5--15 


ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื ื“ืจืขืžืœ', -- ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ-ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืืœืืžื‘ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฆื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืืคืŸ ื“ืืš, ื ืขื ืืจื•ื ื“ืึธืก ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. 

ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืฐื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืื–, ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขืš, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืœื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ? -- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื’ื–ืข. -- ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืขื’. ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธ? 

-- ื›'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ืš 
ื“ืึธ? -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืฐืขื˜ืฉ ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,ืื™ืจ". -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื”ื™ื’ืŸ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜. 

ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื™ 
ืžืื›ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆืขืžื™ืฉื˜, ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืืš, ื ืึธืจ ื’ื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•' 
ื–ื™ืš, 

-- ืขื”ืข, -- ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ืื™ืš ืึธื ืคืืœืŸ, -- ืื“ืขืจืื‘ืข, 
ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. 
ื˜ืึธ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืœืขื ืึธืก. ืื™ื– 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืœืขืคึทึผืŸ? 

ืœืื›ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืžืฒึทืกืข, ื ืคืฒึทื ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืื™ืจ, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก-ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜! ื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืœ ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืกืื™ื– 
ื“ืึท ื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจ" 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ, ื”ืขืคืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื" 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื“ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื›ืจืฒึทืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื, 
ื’ืฒื˜ ืขืก ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืฉื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™" 
ืฆืขืจ ืคืืจืŸ ืืงืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืœืืกืŸ 
ืงืึธืœ; 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืข 
ื›ื•ืจื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืงืข. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื•ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ. ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก, ืžื™ืฉืข, ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื‘ื" 
ื“ืืจืคื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ: ืคื•ื’ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ 
ืฐืฒืกื˜ ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืš? ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืข 
ืกืขืจ ืฆื• ืฆื• ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื›'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ -- ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข 
ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื– -- ืฐื™ ื ืœืึธืคึผืขื˜ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื”ืขืจื‘ืœ... ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื -- ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขืŸ! 

-- ืื•ื™, -- ืฉืจืฒึท ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ื›ืœื™ืคึผ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืืคืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื–, -- ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, ืคืขื“ื™ืข, 
ื“ื• ืœืขื‘ืกื˜, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื“ื• ืœืขื‘ืกื˜! 

ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืœืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืข. 


-- ืฉ, ื’ื•, ื‘ืืจื•ื™ึธืง ื–ื™ืš, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืขื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทื ืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ. -- ืฉื•ื•ืืš ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืžื™ืฉืข, ืืฃ ื ื˜ืจืขืจ! ื ืึธืจ ืขืžืขืก, ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜ ืื“ืื ืง 
ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ: ืก'ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ ื ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขืกืœ ื‘ืœืึธื ืงืขื˜ ืืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืจื•ื 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืžืขืจื˜. ืึธื˜ ืื“ืื ืง ื“ืขื 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื ืฉืœืึธืคึผื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, 

ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื“ืขื•ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืื™ืš ื–ืข ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืžืึทื™ 
ื“ืื ื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืื”ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื˜ืึธ 
ื ืขื ื“ืขื ื˜ืฉืขืžืึทื“ืื ื˜ืฉื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. ื‘ื 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืจ, 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืืฃ ืืœื˜ืข ื“ืืš-ืฉืคึผืขื ื“ืœืขืš. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืื ื˜ืฉื™ืง, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš, ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื ืงืขื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื 
ืคื•ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ; 

-- ืงื•ื ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื”ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืžืืฉื™ืŸ. 

ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื”ืขืœืขืจื™ื ืข ,ื–ืฉื™ื’ื•ืœื™", ืืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืกืข ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืื”ืขืจ. ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžืืฉื™ืš-ื˜ื™ืจืœ, ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื˜ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ โ€ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืื ื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื•ื•ืœ. 

-- ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืคืืจื’ืึธืกืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ? ื“ื™ืจ 
ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืกื™ืง ืคืืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืข- 
ื–ืขื ืขื ื’ื•ื˜ืก? -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžืฒื›ืœ, 
ืคืืจื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืœ. -- ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘? 

-- ืึธ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ, -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ื, -- ืžืฒึทืŸ 
,ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ื’ื•ื˜ืก" ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฃ ืฆืขืŸ ืงืืคึผืึธืจืขืก. 
ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื•ื•ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจื ืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ. 

-- ืกืข ืื™ื– ืงืขื“ืฒึท ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, -- ืคืจืขื’ 
ืื™ืš, -- ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืืš? 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืขืจ, - ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™? ื ื›ื•ืจื•ื•ืข, ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืฐื•ื™ื ืขื–. ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึธืก-ืกืึธืฐืขื˜, ืฆื•" 
ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื ื™ืฆืŸ ืขืก ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ, ื’ืขื“ืขื ืกืงื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข -- ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื’ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืกื™ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื - 


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ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ. ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทืš ืคืืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขืจ ื“ืืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. 
ื ืจืขื’ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ: 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืŸ 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืึธืฐืขืก, ืื™ื– 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืฐื• ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืื ืื ื“ืขื“ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ืืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ืžืขื›ืื ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืœ, ืืฃ ืืฒื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง. ืึทื ื”ื™ื™ื ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฃื‘ 
ื›ืึธืžืขืฒืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืคืืจืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ 
ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืžืขื›ื- 
ื ื™ืงืขืจ. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ, ืื– 
ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื“ ื›ืืกืขื ืข 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืืจื•ื 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืืœืก ื ืงืืคื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืžืขืจ 1944, ื ืึธืš ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ื ื“ื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ืคื•ืก, ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 


ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืŸ, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืžึทึผื™ 
ืงืœืื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื 
ืื™ื ื ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขื–, 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื ื’ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคื™ืœ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ืคื•ื’ืขื 
ืจื•ืœ ื”ืื ื˜: 

-- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืจ 
ื˜ืขื–, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืคืขื™ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจื˜ืฒื‘ื™ืจืึธ. ืžื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืืœืก ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืฉืŸ ืคึผืึธืก- 
ืกืึธืฐืขื˜. ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื’ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืงืœืขืงื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืžืขื’ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฐื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืข. 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 
ืฆื• ื™ืึธืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ: .ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืึธืจ, ื ื•, ื“ืึธืก 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข...* 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืฉืข ื’ืขืก- 
ืœืขืš, ื‘ื™ื– ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืฒึทื ืขื, ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื–. 

-- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจ, -- ืงื•ื ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื•ื™ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืฅืš 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ื ,ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืืกื˜". 

ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ื™ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ืฐื•ืงืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ,ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืœื™, ืฐืฒื›ืข, ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจืคึธืจ 


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ืฐืข ื”ืืจ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืขืคื ื™ 
ื˜ืข ื˜ื•ื ืงืœื’ืจื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

-- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืึธืจ- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคึผื™ืึธื“ืขืจ, -- ื‘ืืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜. ืื ืข, -- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื”ืขื›ืขืจ, -- ื ืขื ืื•ืฃ ืืŸ ืื™ืกืขืจื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื’ืืกื˜. ืกืฉืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ืฉืข, ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ 
ื“ืขื ืฉืืžืขืกืขืก ื–ื•ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ืฐื™ ืขืก 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืœ -- ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื " 
ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื ืฉืคึทึผืจืึธืฅ ื ืคืจื™ื™ื“, 
ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกืข ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืคืืœื˜ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™, ื”ืืงื“ื–ื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฉื˜. 

-- ืžื™ืฉืข, ืžื™ืฉืขื ืงืข! -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื›ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ. -- ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, ืžื™ืฉืขื ืงืข, ื“ื• ืœืขื‘ืกื˜! 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืจืขื’ืขืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฆืข" 
ื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืงื•ืง ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ืžืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืขืŸ... ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื ืึธืœื™ืงืข ืœื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืื ืข, ื›ืื ืขืœืข ื“ื™ ืฉืฒื ืข! 

ืžื™ืจ ืฉืžืคึผืืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืืœื—ื•, ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐืึธืจืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืึธืคึผ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื™ 
ื“ืขื ืง ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืข 
ืžืื›ื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืš ืืฃ 
ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ืืฒึทืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื›ืืคึผ 
ื›ืื ืขืœืขืก ืงืึธืคึผ, ืงื•ืง ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื, ื’ืœืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฉ. 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทืขืจ-ื”ื™ื™ืก, ืฐื™ ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆืขืจื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืฑืœ 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืฉืŸ: ,ื›ืื ืขืœืข, ื›ืื ืขืœืข!" 

ื›ืฅื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ืคืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืกืฆืขื ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆืจื–ื™ืš, ืฐืขืŸ ืกืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจืก ืงืึธืœ: 

-- ื ื•, ื’ืขื ื•ื’, ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจื™ื ืงืข, ื‘ืืจื•ื™ึทืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, ืื ืขืœืข, ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืข. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขืก ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืฉืขืŸ - ืขืจ ื›ืืœืขืฉื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ืฉืœืึธืคึผื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, -- ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืข 
ืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื›ืื ืขืœืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจ ื ืคึผืึธื–ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. 

ื”ืืงื™ืฆืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืืœื‘ืขื“ืจื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื  
ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืื’ืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืฃ ืกืฒึท ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืืฒื ืฆืœื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืข- 
ื ืข ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื˜ื•ืึทืคืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื›ืื ืข ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. 
ืคืขื“ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื“ืื‘ืจืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืŸ ืกืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• 
ืœืื›ืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ืœืื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืขืงืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื›ืื ืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขืกืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ื›ืื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจืฒื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœืข- 
ื’ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ 


ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื˜ื›ื" 
ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ืขืก. ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื›ืขืฐืจืฒึทืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจืœื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกืขืจ 
ืžื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืคืข" 
ื“ื™ืข. ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื›ืื ืขืœืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืฒื™ื’ื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื›ืื ืขืœืข ืื™ื– ืคืจืฒึท 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ืžื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื 
ืžืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืœืื ื ื–ืื ืืจื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืื›ื˜ื•ืขื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ -- ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆืขืจื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืกืื›ืืงืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืžื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ืคืืจื–- 
ื›ืขืจื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ 
ืืฃ ืคืขื“ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืข. 

ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ 
ืขื•ื•ื–ืืงื•ื™ืจืŸ ื›ืื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื. 

ืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ื˜ืขื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ: 

-- ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื•, ืื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืฆื• ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขื•ื•ืืงื•ื™ืจืŸ. ื“ื• 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื› ื“ื™ืจ. ืึธ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืขืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜. ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืึทึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืื›ื˜ืขื˜, ืžืืžืขืฉ ืœื™ื‘ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜? ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืฐื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ ืฆื•ื 
ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ 
ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 
ืงืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืžืขื›ืื ืขื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืืฃ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข, ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื˜ื™ื›ืœ ืคืืจืืื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืข, ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึทึผืขืก ื 
ื ืืฉืขืจืฒึท? ืึธ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ! 

-- ื ืึธืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ 
ื›ืื ืข, -- ื™ืคืœ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืฉ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ,ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืœ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื‘ ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ", -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜, ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง, 
ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื™ืก" 
ืจืึธืขืœ (ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคืจืื–ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืื ืข ืžื™ืจ 


ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ). -- ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืข" 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื ืึทืจ ื’ืขืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ, ืื– 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื’ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ืจืฒื“ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ื›ืื ืข, -- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข. 
ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืง ืืฑืก' 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ: ,ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ืกื˜ื•! ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื›ืึทืกืขืจื“ืฒืข -- 
ืื™ื ื"ื– ืื–ื•ื™, ืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืื’ืข!" 

ื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉืืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื”ื•ื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ: ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื˜ืืงืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก, ืงืขื“ืฒ 
ืฉื•ื–ืืงื•ื™ึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™? 

ืขืžืขืก, ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ, ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ื ื“ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜, ืื– ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ืคืึธื“ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“! ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืš ืึทืงื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืื™ื– ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจื™ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืก ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืคึผื˜ืึธืŸ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขืš ื’ืขื™ 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืžืฒึทื’ืก: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจืฐื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ืข ืื•ืคื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืืจืžื™ื™-ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืคื•ืก ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื ืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืฆื•ื’ืึธื› ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทื™ืึธืจื™ืง 
ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืฆืœื˜ ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจ, ืืจื•ืžื™ 
ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื›ืื ืขืŸ. 

-- ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, -- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, -- ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, 
ืึธื– ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึทื“ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืืจื›ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืจืžื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ืกืึธืฃ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืžืืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ืžืืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ื ืคื•ืก. 

-- ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขื•, ืึธืŸ ื ืคื•ืก, ื ืึธืจ ืฉืฑืŸ 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ, 
ืคืืจ ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ, -- ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื›ืื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก / ื“ืจืฒึทื™ืึธืจื™ืงืก' ืื™ื– ืฉืฑืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืืœื˜ ืงืึธืจืขืฐื• ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜, ืžื™ืฉืข, ื–ื™ 
ืžืึธื“ื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ -- ื ืœืขืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื›ืื ืข 
ื’ื™ื˜ ืฆื•: 

-- ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืืงืขื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœื™ 
ืฉื•ืœ. 

ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื™ 
ืคื™ืึทื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื- 
ืฉื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ-ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ืขืœื™ืกืง 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ. 


3 


ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง, ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื™ื’ืขืกืœืขืš, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทืฉืขื•ื• ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ -- ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจืก, ืื•ืค- 
ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืืึธืจืŸ. ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื™ ืžืฒึทืกืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ืืฃ 
ืืฑื™ืกืฐืฒื ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืฅ 
ื“ืขืจืึธื‘ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฐืฒึท 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืฑื™ื–, 
ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืฐื•ื™ื ื“ ืื•ื•ืขืง- 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืึธืก-ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’. 

ื›ืื ืข, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ-ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืจื’ืขืฐื“ื™ืง ืžื™ืจ 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ื’ืฅ- 
ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืœืขื–ืœ ื˜ืฒ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง 
ื’ืขื‘ืขืงืก, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืืฃ ืฉืึธืขืŸ, ืืœืฅ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืื“ 
ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืงืืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจืžืึทึธื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ื–ื™ 
ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืื™ืจ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ" 
ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื• 
ื“ืฒึทื ืขื, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜. -- ื ืžืืš ื˜ื•ืขื’- 
ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆืฑ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: -- ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืื›ืŸ... 

ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉ ืขืก ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืœืขืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื‘- 
ืœื•ื˜ืฉืงืขืก. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืื“ื™ืขื ืงืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื›ืื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืื ื˜ื“ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื ืื“ื™ืขื ืงืข. ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ื ืข, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื ื“ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ, ืืจื•ืž- 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืงื•ืฉื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืฑื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืŸ ื›ืื ืขืœืขืŸ, ื›ืื ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ -- 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืขื ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ! ืืคื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื›ื™ื™ืšื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืœืขืš 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืŸ! 

ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ. 

ืื•ื™ืกื ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื ืื“ื™ืขื ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื›ืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ: 

-- ืฐื™ ืขื ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื–ื™, ื›ืื ืข, ืืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜! ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ื“ืึธืš ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืขื ืขืจื• 


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ื›ืื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื“ืจื™ืง 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 

-- ื ื•, ื ื•, ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ ืงืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸื• 

ื ืื“ื™ืขื ืงืข ืื™ื– ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ื:- 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืคึผื™ืœื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก: 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš? ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืจืขื“ื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข, 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืึท ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืื“ื™ืขื ื™ 
ืงืขืก ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ -- ื›ืื ืขืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ -- ืกืึธื ื™ืข. 

-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื‘ืืงืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืกื™ืกืึธืฐืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ. 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื™ื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืงืึธืจืขื•ื• ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ. ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึธื ืขื 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืŸืขืจื™ื‘ืขืœืขืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืฃ 
ื›ืื ืขืŸ, ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืขื ืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ืื“ื™ืขื ืงืข. 

ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืืœื‘ืขืคืขืจื˜, -- ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข. ืžื™ืœื“ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ื“ืจืฒึท ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก, -- ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืœืขืš 
ืคืืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜. 

ื ืื“ื™ืขื ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืขื™ 
ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, 

ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืฆื•ื ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ ื“ืขื, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืจืขื›ืœื™ืขืก, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืกืคืืœื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง ืืœืฅ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ" 
ืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš: ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืžื‘, 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื 
ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืฐืึธื ืงืข, ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืคืขืœื“... 

ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ 
ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืืจืขืžื˜ ืฐื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื. ื‘ื ื‘ืฒื“ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœ: ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืึธืจืŸ-ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื›ืœื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืขืœื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืฆืฐื™ื˜, ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœ-ื’ืขืœื‘ืœืขื›ืข ืงื ืึธืกืคึผืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื–ื•ืคึผ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืข, ื“ื•ืคื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืœื•ืคื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขืš ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื ื‘ืขื ืงื™ 
ืฉืืคื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืืคืŸ ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธื•ืืจ! 

ืืฃ ื”ืืœื‘ ืฐืขื’ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ืงืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื 
ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืœืข. 

-- ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื”ืขืจ, ื›ืื ืข, -- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, -- 
ืคืœืขื’ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืกื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจืŸ. 

-- ืึธ, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ืคืขืจื˜ ื›ืื ืข, -- 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืขื“ื™ืข ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ. 

-- ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžื™ืฉืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ื™ืœ 


ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ื™ืคืฅ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, -- ืกืืจื ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื”ืื˜! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜. ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืŸืฆื™ื˜ื–ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืจ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ืฆื™ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜, 
ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜, ื’ืขืฐื•ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืœื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก: ,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜ 
ืืœืฅ, ืื– ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื ื•ืจ. ื ืึธืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜, ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ื˜ืึธ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืื–ืœ", 

ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜: ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ 
ืืœื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจื™ืฉ/ื’ืขืคืืจื ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืืจืงืŸ. 
ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืœื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ืงืื ื™ืงื•ืœืฆืฒึทื˜. 

-- ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ื’ื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืืฑื™ืก?! - ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจื™ื‘ืœ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืกืึธื ื™ืขืŸ. 

-- ืึท, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜, -- ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืฐื™ื ืงืœ ื ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข? ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืฉื•ืœืงื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืกืจืึธื™ื• ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืขื ืื”ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, 

ื“ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฐื•ืขืง. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื ืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข. 

ืฐืฒื ื™ืงื–ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืฐืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืœื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก 
ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ ืืžืึธืœ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ืืจื•ืžื’ืš 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื’ืœืขื˜. ื ืึธืจ 
ืฐืขืŸ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’-ื˜ื™ืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ืืŸ 
ืืœื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜, 
ื”ื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื ืขืŸ, 

-- ืึธื˜, ื–ืข, ืื ืข, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืจ-ืงืขืกื˜ืœ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขื ืข ืื™ื’ืขื 
ื”ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืกื™ืขืก: ื›ืื™ื ืข-ืœืข. -- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืข" 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜. -- ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื 
ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ. 


ืื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขื“ 
ื’ืขืก -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื’ืจื•ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื " 
ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื•ื™ื˜ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ืž" 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื ืงื•ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœ; 

-- ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ, ืžื™ืฉืขื ืงืข, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ 
ื“ื™ืš -- ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’. 

ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืฐื™ื ื“ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ึดืง: 

-- ืžื™ืฉืข, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, 
ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ"- 
ืงืขืจ ื•ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืฃ. 

ืืฃ ื”ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคืจื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš 
ืคืึธืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืึธืคึผ. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืฒ ื ืึธืš ืืฃ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ 
ืžืฒึทื ืก. 

-- ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื“ืึธ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื›ื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜, -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืจื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืง. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, 
ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืฉ'ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื•ืขื’, ืื•ืŸ ืื ืข ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš, ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ: 

-- ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืขืคึทึผืขืกืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขืกืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ืขื’. 

ืืคึผืึธื ืขื ืืœืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื˜: 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื’ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืจืืŸ, ืื™ืŸ-- ืžืืœืข ืฐืึธืก 
ืก'ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ,ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš". 

ืืคืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืŸ-ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจ, 
ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฆื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื›" 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืกืœ, ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืฑืฃ. 
ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขื›ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ; 

-- ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืืš, ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทืจืข. 

-- ืึทื• -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื- 
ื“ื•ื™ืขืจ, -- ื ืึธืš ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืขื›ืœ.. 


ืกืงืก 


ื™ืื ืงืขืฐื• ืžื™ืœืฉื˜ืฒื• 


ืืœื˜ืจืึธืจืคื™ืฉืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ืŸ 


ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืขืคืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 
ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืคึผืจืึธื–ืื™ืงืขืจ, ืขืกืขื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš, ืื– ื ื‘ืื™ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืื ืฅ ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืืœ, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืขืจ: ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื›ืื•ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืœืข- 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜, ืืจืฒึทื - 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืคึผื™ 
ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก... ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื™ืื ืงืขืฐื• 
ืžื™ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ;: .ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
1 ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื ืขืžื™ืจืึธื•ื•, ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ื™ื‘ื - 
ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืœ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืœืืกืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ-- ื“ืขื 
ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก 


ืœืขืงื˜ืึธืจื™ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืœื˜ืฉื™ื ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ". 


ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื - 
ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜, 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ืึธื›ืŸ 
ืงืจื™ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืื˜ืกืงืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทื™ื‘ื•ื’ืขืจ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืงืึธ- 
ืœืฒึทืขืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขืจืŸืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคื™ืจ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ื‘ืืžื™ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืŸ ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ". 

ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื ืงืขื•ื• ืžื™ืœ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ืฉืืคื•ื ื’. 


ืก'ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื ืžืึธืงืขื 
ื–ืืžืงืึธืฐืขืฅ -- 
ื‘ืื ื‘ื•ื’ ื ื›ื•ืจื•ื•ืข, 


ืœืขื ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืฒึทืœืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืฆืขื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ืœืข-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. 

ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ืจืข! 

ื’ืึธื˜ืขื ื™ื• ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜. 


86 


ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 


ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืืฉืขืงืขืก, 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืžืข-ืœืึธืฉืŸ. 
ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, ื“ืืฉืขื•ื•? 
ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืฐืฒื™ื ื˜. 

ื“ืึธ -- ื“ืฐืึธืกื™ืข, 

ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ืงืืจืงืข, 
ืฐื•ื™ื’ื˜. 

ื ืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 

ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืจื™ื 
ื’ืจืึธืฉื ืก. 


ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึท ืคึผืึธืจืคืึธืœืง 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื˜, 
ืฐื™ ืกื›ืื ืคืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื ืฉื‚ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ 


ื‘ื™ื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงืืœืžืขื–, ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืื ืจืขื‘ืŸ: 

-- ืก'ืจื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื ืื“ืŸ, ื˜ืึท ืฐื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ? 

-- ื”ืึธืฃ ืืฃ ื ื ืขืก, 

ืก'ืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืกื˜ื• 


ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœืคืŸ -- ื‘ืืฆืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืึธื›ืŸ, 
ื™ืึธ, ืืœืคึผื™ ื ืขืก -- ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ. 


ืกื™ื™ืื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข ืื ื•ืžืœื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืกืขืคึผ: 
-- ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืคืืจืฐื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจื™ืึธืกืขืžื˜? 


-- ืขืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืฃ ื›ืื™ื•ื ืข ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืฅ: 
ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•, ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
(ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืกื™ืžืขืœืข ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ึดืขืšืคึผืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ). 
ื›'ืฐื•ืขืœ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื’ ื ื”ืขืจื˜ืœ ื’ืขื ื“ื–, 


ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื’ ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜. 

ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืคืœืขื’ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื“ืข 

ื‘ืื–ืขืฆืŸ ืืฃ ืงื ื™ ืื™ื 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืื•ื•ืŸ ืงืึธื–ืืง: 

-- ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื–ืืงื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื™ืขื -- 

ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื ื‘ืจืึธืง, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื ื”ืืง. 

ื”ืึธืจื›ื˜ ืกื˜ืขืคึผืื ืงืึธ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืœื™ืฆืืจืขืก-ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืœืขืจ, 


ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœื•ื•ืืจืง-ืžืืฉื™ื ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ-ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื: 


,ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืืจื’ืข, 
ื’ืื–ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜, 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ื ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข. 


ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืœืขืฆืขืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ -- 

ื ืงืฐืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธืจื™ืœืงืข 

ื‘ืขื˜. 


ืกื™ื™ืื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื›ืขื˜ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ื, 
ืก'ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ืœื™ื ื -- ื ืึธืš ืื™ื. 


ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ืœืขืกืื˜ืข 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ื›ืื˜ืข. 


ื”ืึธืจืขืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื™ื™ืก ืžืข ื•ื™ืฉื˜. 
ืฉืจืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื–ื™ืงืขืก-ืžื™ืกื˜ -- 
ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžื™ืฉื˜. 


ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคืœ ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื”ื™ื ืขืจ. 
-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฐื•ืข! -- ืงืจืขื›ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธืกื™ื“, 
ืœืขื›ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืŸ ืขืจ. 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืขื˜ืžืื ืขืก, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื˜ืฉ, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจื“ ื‘ืจืึธืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืื›ื˜ืข. 
ื”ื™ืœื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ,ืกืœืื•ื•ืื•" -- ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืื›ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืœื•ื™ืžืขืก ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืžื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก 

ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื˜ ื ื›ื™ืขืก-ืฉื™ื’ืึธืขืŸ, 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ึดืขืก ื ื˜ืจืขืจืขืœืข ื‘ืจื™ื˜: 

ืขืก ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื ืงืึธื ื–ืืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืืžืงืึธืขืŸ -- 

ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜. 


ืก'ื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืก'ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืงืืจืžืขืœื™ื•ืง ืื•ืกื˜ื™ื. 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืื ื“ื•ืจืข ื“ื•ื ืขืจื˜, ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื: 


,ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื–ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืึธืœื™ืข, 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืฒื™ื ืขืฃ. 


ื“ืึธื™ื“ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธื ืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืข- 
ืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืžืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืŸ ื“ืขื 13 
ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1948 ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืืก- 
ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืึธื ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง. ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึทืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ , ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืก'. ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, 
ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืขื˜ื™ื•ื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืขืกื™ื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผืœืฒื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืฆื™ืคืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ". ื™ืึธ, ื™ืึธ, ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ืคืงืœืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ืกืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ -- ืื– ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืงืœืฑื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื 
ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜. ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฆืืจ ืžื™ื˜- 
ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืื ื“:ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืืœ. ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืคืขืคืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉึนืึธ ืคืืจ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžืงื•ื, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืื“ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืคื“ืขืจ- 
ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง. ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง. ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื™ืคืœืขืŸ? 
ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืžืข ืฉืืฆื˜ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืœืขืฐืฒึทืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, 

ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืจื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืืฉืžืึทืฉืขืก, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืื ื’. ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœ- 
ืกืึธื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ื™ืื ืงืœ ืœืฐืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ืืŸ 
ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธื–ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืจืขืจ, 
ื–ืขื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. ืื™ื– ืœืฐืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜. ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ... 

ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืฐืึธืฐืกืงื™ืŸ ื’ืืกื˜ื™ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืจื•ื™ืฉืขื 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื’ืึธืกืขื˜", ื•ื  
ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืคึผืขื˜ื™ืฆื™ืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธื ืก ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ,ืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ ืจืขื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™". 

ืกื™ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื™ืื ืงืœืก ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขื 


88 


ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธืŸ. ื“ื•ื•ื™ื ืกืง. 1926 


ืึธืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ. ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืž" 
ืคึผืœื™ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืคืกื ืฒึท, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ื ืงืข. ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื ืื›ื˜. 


ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœ 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืจ-ืื•"ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ'ื˜ืึทื’ ืคื•ื ืขื‘ 
9 ื™ืืึธืจ. ืฆื™ืคึผืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืฒืŸ 
ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ 
ืคืึธื“ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึทื ืขืŸ ื'ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ื›ื™ื“ืข? 


ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืงืกื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืจืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ื–ืขืงืก ืœืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžืื ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขื›ืขื˜ืขื ืข ื’ืขืกื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข, 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืฐื™ 
ื’ื•ื˜, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ืœืื“ื•ื ื’. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœ- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜. 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜. 
ื“ื™ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื“ 
ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื–ืึธืจื’ื–ืื, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื›ืฑืœืข, ืืฑืกื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืขืจืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜, ื–ื•ื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ. 
ืืœืข ื–ืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื‘ื" 
ืงื•ืงื˜, ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืฉ, ื“ื™ ืžืืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื™ 
ืคืขืก. ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืื ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืืฉื™ื ืงืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืืจืฒึทื - 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื‘ืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ื“ื–ืขืง, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. ืืจื•ื ื–ืขืงืก ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื ื™ืžืขืกื“ื™ืง ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™. 

ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื’" 
ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืฐืฒึทื‘, ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ื•ืจ, 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืืŸ 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ืกืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื™ืฉ. ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืž- 
ืงืขืจืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืืกืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ื•ืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ืคึผืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื‘ื- 
ืจื•ื™ึดืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืืœื“ื– 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื’ืŸ ื ืงืจืืžืฃ, ื ืฉื˜ื•ืžืขืจ ืคึผืื›ืขื“ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงื•ื™ืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผืงืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืื–, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ... 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ืง. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ 
ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื• ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ื ืžื™ืกืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐื™ืฅ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ื ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืก ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืกื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืžื™ืจื™ืื–ืขืฐืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื ืคื™ืœื ,ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื˜ื™ืง" 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื›ืฉืื“, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆืฒึทื’ื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜. 


ืคืื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜: 


-- ื“ืึธืจื˜... ืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจื“ื™ืง ืคึผืืกืงืขื ืขืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืœืฒื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืž" 
ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ. 


ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธื ืก ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข, 
ื•ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืืฃ ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื–ืื›ืกื˜ืืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืœืึธื–. ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืื™ 
ืœื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืขืžื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื ื“ื™ืกืขืจื˜ืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืึธื™ 
ืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืืœืก ื ื”ืฒืฆืขืจ (ืืขื•ื—ืกื–ืกื) . ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ ืืฃ ื 
ืงืืจื’ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ืก ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ. ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ึดืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉ- 
ืคึผืึธื›ืข ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึทืŸ, ื ืคืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืืกืงื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืก ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ื- 
ื–ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ึทืึธื ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืขื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืึทืฉืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜-ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืฒืŸ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. 

ืื•ืžื‘ืื”ืึทืœืคึผื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธื ืก ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื™ื˜ืึทื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ืึธื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ืฆื™ืคึผืข, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืืงื˜ืŸ, ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ื - 
ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืจืึธืžืขื˜ื™ืจืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜. ื–ืขืงืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ืืึธืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜. ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 1954 ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืจืงื™ืฉืŸ, 
ืงืฐื™ื˜ืงืึธืŸ, ื–ื•ืกืงื™ื ืขืŸ, ืคืขืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื“ืขืจ" 
ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจ ืจืขื- 
ื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจ 
ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ, ืœืื•ืจืขืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข 
ืคืืจืŸ 1943 ื™ืึธืจ ืœื™ื ืข ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึทื ืึธื•ื•ื ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื“ืขืจื™ 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื™ 
ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืึธืœื™ืืฆื™ืข. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื–, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืคืขืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืจืขื›ื ืก, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ. ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื 
ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื•ืกืงื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืึธืงืŸ ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืœืกืึธื ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 27 ื ืึธื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1955 ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืคึผืข ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืขื ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืขืคืœืขืš 
ื ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืขื™ 
ื ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืฆื™ืคึผืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜, 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืžืืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ืึธืกื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธืจ 
ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืึธืกืŸ ื“ืขื 22 ืืฐื’ื•ืกื˜ 1952. 


89 


ืฆื™ืคึผืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื›ืืœืึธืฉืขืก. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผื ืข- 
ืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ื”ืึธื˜, ืžื™ื˜ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืจ 
ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผืคื™ืจืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืืฃ ืืŸ 
ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆืฒึทื’ืขืฐื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜-" 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืฆื™ืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœืก ื˜ื•ื™ืฐืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจ. ืกืื™ื– ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขื“- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึทื ืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื“ 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 24 ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1949. ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ืื ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 


ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ / ืฉื•ืฐืืจืฆืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืึธืŸ', ืื•ืŸ 
ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ืก ืึธืคึผืจื™ื˜ืฉื ื™ืงืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธื ืก ืœืื - 
ื’ืข ื’ืกื™ืกืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ 1285 ืžืขืกืœืขืก. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืšืื•ืคื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื 12 ืืฐื’ื•ืกื˜ 1952 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืกื™ืกืข ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. 

ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜? ืฆื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒื™ื‘ืŸ? ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐื™ืกืŸ. 


ืขืœื™ืข ื‘ืฒื“ืขืจ 


ื›ืข 


4 


ื‘ืจืื ื™ 


ื’ืง 


ืขืก ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžืืจื™ื ืข ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื 


ืžืืจื™ื ืข ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืขืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 


ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื•ื™ 


ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
,ืจืขืงื•ื™ึดืขื" (;ื‘ืื‘ื™ ื™ืืจ') ืคื•ืŸ 


ืึธืคึผืจื•ืฃ 


ืฐืึธืงืืœืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืžืึธืกืงืฐื•ืข, ื‘ืฒึทื‘ืืœื˜ื™ืง, 
ื‘ืฒึทืฐืึธืœื’ืข, ืงืจื™ื, ืื•ืจืืœ, ืฆืึธืคืŸ- 
ืงืื•ื•ืงืื–. ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคืึธืœื’ืจืฒึทืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ื™ื–ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ืคึผื˜ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ืกืึธ- 
ืคึผืจืื ืึธื™ืจืขืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืข- 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจื™ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืข 
ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืืจื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืงื•ื ืกื˜. 

ืื™ืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืจืขื“ืึธ ืคืึธืจื™ 
ืžื•ืœื™ืจื˜ ืžืืจื™ื ืข ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื ืื–ื™; 
,ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 


0 


ื”ืขืจืขืจ". ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืืฒึทืŸ 

ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ื™ื–ืืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื -ืึธืœื™ืžืคึผื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ" ื‘ื" 
ืงืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื ืฒึทืข ืฐืขืจืง ืืฃ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืžื- 
ื˜ื™ืง. 

,ืฉืึธืœืขื ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืฐืขืœื˜!"-- 
ืื–ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืฒื˜ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื• 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“"ืคืืจื™ 
ื ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 


ืจ. ื‘ืึธื™ืืจืกืงืื™ื,. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื. ืคืจืขื ืงืขืœ, ื™ืข. ื–ืฉืืจืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, 
ื–. ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ืฒืขืฅ. ื™ืื•ื•ืข-ืžืืจื™ื" 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืš--ื’ื•ื ืึธ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœ- 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš. 

ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜- 
ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืืจื‘ืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืœืขื ืฆื - 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผื™ึทืื ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืžืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื–ืื˜ืึธืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจ ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ ืืฉืงืข- 
ื ืื–ื™. ื ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื– 
ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื•. 


ื’. ื’ืึธื’ืึธื‘ืขืจื™ื“ื–ืข 


ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ืคืึทืœืฐืืจืึทื˜ืฉื ื™ 


1 


ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื ืงืฒึทื˜ 


ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ืฉื ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื“ืขื ื ื™ืฐืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื˜ืฉื›ืฒื ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขืžื˜ืฒื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึทืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ื˜ืื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจืืžืึทื˜ื ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื‘ 


ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœ? 


ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ืคืืจืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืคืึทืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืื. 
ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ:ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ 
,ื ื‘ืื ื“ืขืจืึธืฐืขืฅ!" ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืœืขืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ- 
ื ืึธืš, ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืจืขืื’ื™ืจื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฐืœืืกืึธืฐืขืฅ? 

-- ื ื•, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืืš, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืฒึทื–ืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจ. 
ื“ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืข. ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ืจ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ืกื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜ 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืื ื˜, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืจืขื•ื“ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœ- 
ื˜ื•ืจ. 

ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืืคื™- 
ืœืข ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืึธ, ื™ื•ืจื™ ืคืขื“ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ืึธืœื’ืข ืงืึธื‘ื™ืœื™ืื ืกืงื, ืกืึธืœืึธืžืฒ ืงืจื•ืฉืขืœื ื™ืฆืงื™... ื˜ื™ 
ืงืขืฃ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ: ื’ืจืึธื“ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืฒึทืกื™ 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืืจื˜ืฑื‘ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ:ืืžืขืจืืฆื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ 


ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ืคืึธืœื•ื•ืืจืึธื˜ืฉื ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™- 
ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื•ืจื’, ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื™ื›- 
ืกื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืง: .ืืœื™ืืจื", .ืขืก ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ", 
.ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ", .ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืœื™ื•ื ื’" ืื. 


ืคืืจืžืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ื‘ืืœืึธื ื™ื ืืฃ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื™ืืจ- 
ืœื™ืงืŸ. 

ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืคืืœ. ื ืฉืฐืืจืฆื”ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™- 
ืฆื™ืขื“ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืฉืึธืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจ-ืื•ื•ื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื›ืŸ 
ื ื˜ืืœืึธืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืคืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืึทืคึผื ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืืคึผืขืœื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ: 

-- ื“ืขื ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ืืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜? 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื˜ืึธื˜ืขืจ? -- ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื‘ืืื•ื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืฉืึธืคืขืจ. 

-- ืื™ืจ ืฐืฒื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึทืฐื™ืฆืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ื–ืื›ืœืขืš 
ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ืื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ? 

ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ื“ืขื ืฉืึธืคืขืจ, ืฆื™ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ืื ืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒืกื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืš 
ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืขืžื™ื ืขืกืงื•, ื‘ืึธื’ื“ืืŸ ื›ืื–ืฉื“ืขื•, ื’ืขืึทืจื’ื™ึทืข 
ืืกืืงื™ -- ืึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืคืงืœืขืจืขืจ, 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืื ื˜? ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืขืค- 
ืฉืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ื ื, ืื“ืจืขืกื™ืจืš 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืข. 

ื ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื–ื ืคืืœ, 
ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืื˜ืงืขื™ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืจื™. ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืืฆืขื•ื• ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืฅ- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ืึธืคึผื ืขืฐืฑื’ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฐื™ื™ืš ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื 
ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืฒ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ืกืืšืจ 


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ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜. 
ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืฆืขื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: ,ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืืฒึทืŸ!" 

ื•ื™ ืึธืคื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื-ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืืœืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืข" 
ืžืื›ื˜ ืืฒึทืœื™ืงืข ืคืืจืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืึธืœืง, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ืื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืื“ื™ืึธ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื˜ืฉื•ืงื˜ืฉืขืก, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ืื ืขืจ! ื•ื™ึธืื–ืฑ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืฐืึธืก ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™? ืฐืขืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก? ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜- 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ, ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉืืคื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš ืกืึทืคืขืง 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื. ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืฆื•ื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืขื. 

ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื- 
ื’ืขื ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืžืขื ืขืจ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜- 
ืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืจืื˜ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื ืึทืฆื™ื“. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื–ืฉืขื ืฆืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืข 
ืกืขื ืข ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜. ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื›ื•ืื™ื”ืืžื•ื™ืฉืขื•ื• 
ืคืืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืจืขื’ื™ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขืกืืจืื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื ืข. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธืฐื™ืฅ ื ืึธืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ ื’ืืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืืžืึธืœ ื‘ืืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื‘ืื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื " 
ื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“-ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึธืจ 
ื ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ. 

ืึธืคื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื˜ื•ื™" 
ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข ื’ืขืกื˜ 
ื‘ืื ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ-ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืคึทึผืจืืฐืึธืกืœืืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™" 
ื‘ืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื– ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืจืฑื˜ืขื’ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœืขืŸ -- ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆืขืจืงื•ื•ืข, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ืึธืœ, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื ืืŸ 
ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืก ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืข ืžืฒึทื›ืึธืœื™ื. ืื•ื‘ ืขืžืข- 
ืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืšื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ื™ืึธ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ 
ื˜ืขื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐื™ืจื“ืข. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข 
ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ื™ื™ืขืจื ืก, ื‘ื•ืœื’ืืจื™ืฉืข 
ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขื ืฆื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก, 
ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจืก, ืงืึธื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ืกืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉืืคื˜ ืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•. 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืข, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืจืคืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ืคืึธืœืง. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืขื˜ืขืจ, ืžืขืฉืึธืจืกื™ื ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืคืืจ 
ืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™' 
ื’ืขื ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข -- ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื”ืืจื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื 
ืฉืึธื›ืŸ, ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืข- 


ื™ื˜ 


ื ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื›ืื˜ืงืขืก 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, 
ื–ื™ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืฆื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™" 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื™ืฉื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื“ 
ื ืืœืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืžื™ืจ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืžื™ืกืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ? 

ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึทึผืœึฐืขื™ 
ื ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืจืื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืœืขื’ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืื’ืึธืจื ื™ ืงืืจืื‘ืืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืกืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื“ื–ืฉืืŸ, 
ืกืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืžืขื ื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ืืฐืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืจืฒึทื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ- 
ื”ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข" -- ื ื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื ื™ืฐืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึท- 
ื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’-ืงืขืคึผืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ืืคืŸ ื ื™ื•ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืฒึท 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืข, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทื˜. 

ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืื’ืึธืจื ื™ ืงืืจืื‘ืืš ืคืืจ" 
ืฉืืคืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืื–ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจืžืขื ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ , ื‘ืœื•ื˜-ืฆื™ืจืงื•ืœื™ื- 
ืฆื™ืข" ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ. 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงืื™ื ืจื•ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื ื’ืืœื™ืฆ- 
ืงืึทืจืฐืึทืœื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ื ื˜ื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื 
3ื˜ืŸ ืืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื™ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืคืืจ'- 
ืฉืงืœืืคืขืจ -- ืื ื’ืืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืจืึธื ืขืŸ, ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืœื™ืื›ื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืข ื™ืื ื•ื˜ืฉืืจืŸ. ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื ื ื“ื™ืง 
ืคื•ื ืขื 1774, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ืฆืื“ 
ืขืกื˜ืจืฒึทืš, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 150 ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื”ืื ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืึธืš. 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ืงืึทืฐื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง. ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืœ 
ื˜ื•ืจ-ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœ 
ืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– -- ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืกืข- 
ืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืคืึธืœื’ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง 
ื‘ืฒึทืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืึธืคึทึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ- 
ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก, ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืืš? ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฉืืคื " 
ื’ืขืŸ -- ืจื™ื˜ื•ืขืœืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืข- 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืคึผื•ืฆื˜ืข ืฐืฒึทื ืื›ื˜ื™ืึธืž" 
ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืืงืœืขืŸ ืœื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื™ ืคืขื“ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื“ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืจืึธื‘ืงืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 

ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœืขืจืขื•ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื™ืจ? ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื•ืจื’ ื™ื•ืจื™ ืคืขื“ืงืึธื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื™ืื›ื˜ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืฑืœื™ืฉ, ืืŸ ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืกื˜ืจืฒึทื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ 
ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืืจื™ืขืจืข. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื›ืขืจ ืึธืคึฟื™ 


ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืœื•ื˜ -- ื ืคึนึผืึธื™ 
ืฉืขื˜ืข ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืจืืžืึธื˜ื ืข ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™, ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœืš ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื–ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืขืš, ื’ืขืฉืืคืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื "ื™ 
ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืืจื™ืขืจืข, ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื ื“ื™ืจ, ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื ื”ื•ืฆื•ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืกืืจื“ืืง. 

ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื’ืข 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข ื–ืขืžืœื™ืืงืขืก: ืจืขืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ, ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, 
ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื. ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื ื’ืŸ ืคืขื“ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข" 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืขืกื˜ืจืฒึทื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ื ืฒึทื‘ืื•ืขืจ. 
ืคืขื“ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืื™ื“ื™ื™ึทืฉ-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืขื˜" 
ืฉืข ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื•ื˜ืฉืขื ืงืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืžืืจืงืึธ ืฐืึธืฐื˜ืฉืึธืง, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืœืืกื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืข ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื . ื˜ืฉืขืจ- 
ื ื™ืฉืขื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ,ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ื˜ืืงื˜ืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒึทื˜". 

ื‘ืืœืขืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื‘ื•ืงืึธืฐื™ื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง ืืฃ ืคื™ืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ: ืื•ืงืจืื™ึทื ื™ืฉ, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืžืึธืœื“ืืฐื™ืฉ, ื™ึธึดื“ื™ืฉ. 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืœื™ ื“ืขืžื˜ืฉืขื ืงืึธ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืฃ ืจื“ 
ืกื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ, ื˜ืืžืืจืข ืกืขื•ื•ืขืจื ื™ื•ืง, ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ื–ืื›ืœืขืš ืืฃ ืื•ืงืจืื™ึทื ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ื‘ืื ื“ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืง" 
ืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื›ืฒึทืœืึธ ืื™ื•ื•ืืกื™ื•ืง ื›ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข, ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉืข, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ, 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ 
ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืฆืงื™ ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืฉืคึทึผืจืืš ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื•ืจื™ ืคืขื“ืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืœืขืกื™ื ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืงื, ืึธืœื’ืข ืงืึธื‘ื™ 
ืœื™ืื ืกืงื. ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจืขืฉื™ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ" 
ื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืื ืžืึธืœื“ืืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจื˜ืฉื™ ืœื™ืŸ" 
ื˜ืขืง. ื“ืขืจ ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืจืขื“ืงืึทืœืขื’ื™ืข-ืžื™ื˜" 
ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“', ื›ืื™ึดื ืžืขืœืืžื•ื“ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ, 
ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ื‘ื•ืจื’ -- ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. 

ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื‘ืืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืขื›ืขืจืขืฅ 
ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืึธื›ืŸ, ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืคึทึผ ืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข, 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš, --ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜" 
ืฉืืคื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ืง ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืืฃ ื ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ -- ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืฑื‘ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ. ื ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ -- ืœืึธืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจืก, ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืก-ืื ืกืืžื‘- 
ืœืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื•ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืœ" 
ื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืึธื’ื“ืืŸ ื›ืื–ืฉื“ืขื•, 
ื’ืขืึธืจื’ื™ึดืข ืืกืืงื™, ืžื™ื›ืื™ึตืœ ืขืžื™ื ืขืกืงื•, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืฉืึธืœื™ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืขืœื™ึดืขื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’, 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืืœื˜ืžืืŸ, ืกื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืืœ, 
ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืœืึธืฉื˜ืฒืŸ. ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฆืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ- 
ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™" 


ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึทืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฐื˜ืฉืขื ืงืึธ, ืงืึธื‘ื™ืœื™ืื ืกืงื, ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’. 
ืก'ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ื“ื™ ,ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ- 
ื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ', ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ื‘ื•ืจื’, ื”ืขืจืฉืœ 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ืื ืงืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ, ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื. ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฉ. 

ืื™ืš, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืืœืก ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืึทืฐื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ืื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ! ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื”ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืืจืฉื•ืข- 
ื›ื•ื ื’ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื–ื ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ืฆื•ื™- 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืฐืึธืจืฆืœืขืŸ. 

ืขืก ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื‘- 
ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ-ืงืึทื ืคืขืจืขื ืฆืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ , ื“ืจื•ื–ืฉื›ื ื ืืจืึธื“ืึธื•", ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืง- 
ืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืข ,ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉื™ื–ื ื" ืื•ืŸ ,ื“ื ื™ืคึผืจืึธ', ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ื“ืขื ืžืึธืœื“ืืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
,ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื•". ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืฅ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืงืึธื ืฆืขื ื˜- 
ืจื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ืืฃ ืฆื• ืคืขืก- 
ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืืคื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธ 
ื›ืข -- ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœืข 
ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืื–ื ืื™ื– ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง, ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข, ื ืคื™ืœื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ืœืฃ. 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ- 
ืกืคึผืจืืฐืึธื˜ืฉื ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื 1935 ื™ืึธืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึทื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. 
ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืกืฆืขื ืขืก 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™- 
ืฉืข ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืง- 
ืจืื™ื ืข ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ -- ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื•ืจื’ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ. ืคืืจืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธ- 
ื ืืœืข ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจืก: ื ืœืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ, ื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ, ื ืฆื™ื’ืฒึทื ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ... ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœืข 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื’ืฒึทื ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ,ืจืึท- 
ืžืขืŸ". ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืจืžืืœ? 

ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืึธื ื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ. 
ืขืžืขืกืข ื˜ืขืื˜ืจืืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืขืคึผืขื˜ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจืขืก. ืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึท- 
ืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ืจืงื•ืœื™ืืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ื ืึธื™ื•ื ื™ืงืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 


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ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืฅ ื ื˜ืขื " 
ื“ืขื ืฅ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™- 
ื ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจืก ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื˜ ื ื‘ืืคืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ื ืึทืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉื’ืข- 
ื‘ืืงืขื ืข ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก-ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ. 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึทืจ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืคืืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืฃ ืฆื• ืคืืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉื ื ืืฆื™ืึธืจ 
ื’ืืœืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ืื•ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืคืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ื“ืืจืคืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉืืคืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›- 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ -- ื ืืฆื™ึทืึธื ืืœืข ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ึทื ืข -- 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฅ -- ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืึธื ื™ืจืŸ ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจืŸ- 
ืคึผืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื–ืฉื’ืึธืจืึธื“ -- ื ื˜ืฉืขื›ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื™ 
ื’ืืจื™ืฉืข, ืื™ืŸ ืœืฐืึธื•ื• -- ื ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ืงืจืขื˜ืข ื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ --. ื‘ืจื•ื˜ 


ื ืžืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“ 


ืขืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื ื ืคืจืื ืง 


ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื”ืึธืœืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ 1940, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื ื ืคืจืื ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื™ 
ื˜ืขืจ ืžืืจื’ืึธ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ -- ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืื ื™ื˜ื 
ื•ื•ืื’ื ืขืจ -- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื™ืึธื•ื•ื, ืคืฉื. ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื•ื•ืื’ื ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš: 
,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ- 
ืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืื“ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืื, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื ืขืก ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข. ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜... ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืœืขืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 8ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืœืืŸ, ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื™ืœื™ื ืึทื™ืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 28 ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื’ืขื“ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจ- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ", 


ืื™ืŸ ืืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืื ืื™ื– ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืืœืขืจ ืคื™ืœื .ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื 
ืคืจืื ืง" ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืžืึธื ืกื˜ืจื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคึผืืกื˜ ืฆื•ื ,ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื•ื ื’" 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ื™ืึธืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืื ื“. 

ื•ื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืจืื ืงื™ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืฑื– ืื™ืŸ ืืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืื, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜ืืคึผืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืึธืงืขืกื™ืžื™ืงืœืขื˜. ืื ืขืก ืคืึทื˜ืขืจ 
ืึธื˜ืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืืœืข 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืื’ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื ืงื™ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึทื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืžื•ื–ื™ื™. 


ืื” 


ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื›ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 


ืขื“ื•ืืจื“ ืจืึทื–ืขื ื˜ืืœ 


ื“ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ 


ืขื“ื•ืืจื“ ืจืึทื–ืขื ื˜ืืœ: ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืขืจ -- ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื’ืข, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆืฑื’ืŸ 
ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ? ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’, ืœืขืžืึทืฉืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœืึธื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ,ื“ืขืจื™ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื’ืŸ" ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืœื•ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ, ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืžื™ืœืš ืืื•ื•. ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ื™ืฉ-ื–ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืขืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื ืกืืš ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืจ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ื•ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื. ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืคืขืœืขืจื”ืืคื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขื ืฐื•ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื›ืจืฑื›ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื™ื“ืขืืœืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื™ืขืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก. 

ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’-ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืจื ืกื˜. ืืจื•ื ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™ืขืก. ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืฒ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจื˜ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜". ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืจืŸืคึผืจืึทืฆืขืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืก ื ืคึผืืกื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื™ื“ืขืืœืข ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืืœื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืืœืก ืื•ืžื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืขืจ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. ืื’ืขืฐ, ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ึดืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก-ืฐืึธืก ืึธื˜ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื’ืจืึธื“ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ (ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ,ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจืขื˜ืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืื ื“) ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒืคืึธืจ 
ืจื™ึดืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš-ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก, ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืึธื“ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื‘ืจืขื ื ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืœื•ืคื˜. 

ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ืจื™ื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจื˜ืฒื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื–ื ืœืขืจืšืกื™ืก" 
ื˜ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ื™ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคึผื ืฒื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ ื ืึธืจืžืข. ืื–ื ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื˜ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜, ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื“- 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ื™ืขืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทื ืคืึธืจืžื™ืกื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš-ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืข ืจืข 
ืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื˜ืŸ, ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ืฐ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืืžืขืŸ, ืฆื• ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง. 

ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืฆื™ึทืขืŸ, ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ืงืืœืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ,ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ' ืœืขื˜ื•ื™ืฐื•ืขืก ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜ืืœืข ืคืืจื›ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
,ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืก ื ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ". ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืœ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจืึธื‘ืขืจืŸ 
ืืฐื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื‘ืืคืขืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจืฒ. ื‘ืœื™ื– ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืคึผืขืกื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื–ื, 
ื˜ื™ืคืข ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ ืฆื•ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš -- ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืืŸ 
ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก. ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ื– ืฐื™ืกืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ืขืจ. 


ืก ืึธืฃ. ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ืข ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื ื•ืž. 10, 1988, ื ื•ืž. 1, 1989. 


9 


ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜: ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื˜ืขื ืข ืœืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืืงืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืกื™ืฐืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ. 

ืข ืจ: ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืœืขื. ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืื™ื–, ืื’ืขื”, 
ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆื“ืึธื“ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื: ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ึดืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื’- 
ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจืฑื™ืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื•. ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ 
ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกื˜ื™ื–ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื ื™ืฐืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’. ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžื•ืœ ,ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ -- ืงืœืขื ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜" 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืืš. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืจืขื•-ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื˜ืื˜ื•ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื ื’ืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืœืขื -- ืฐื™ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืฉื•ืœ: ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ , ืžืขื–ื•ืžืขืš-ื’ืขืœื˜" ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืจื™ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœืข ืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ. 

ืฐื™ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ื ืคืึธืœื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ืขืจ- 
ืคืขื ื™ืฉ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ื’ื•ืคืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื™ืœื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐื™ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืื–ื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืึธืš 
ืคืึธืจ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ. ืื•ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขืจืฑืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืกืืš 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. 

ืงืึทืจ: ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ... 

ืข. ืจ: ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืกืืš. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขื ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื™ 
ืฐืขืจื•ื ื’-ืคึผืขืจื™ึทืึทื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืฉืขื ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื™ืจืžืข ,ืคืืงืขืœ" ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืึธืฐืึธืกืฒ 
ื‘ื™ืจืกืงืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขื-ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืœืก ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ืกืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืงื•ื•ืืœื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื ื™ืฐืึธ ื’ืขืœืฒื–ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘- 
ืœืขืžืขืŸ, ื’ืขื›ืึทืฐืขื˜ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข ืืŸ ืึธื ื–ืขืขืฐื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืจืขื•ื•ืขืš. ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜, ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžืข ,ืคืืงืขืœ" ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ืืึธืจ, 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืื ื“ ืืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืฑืฆืึธืขืก ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืฉื•ืœ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ืึธืจ! ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜, 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ืข ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทืข ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืืฃ 
ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ืขืก ืคืืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืกืคึผืึทืจื˜-ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜. ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืข ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึทืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ืื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœืข ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื ,ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืืกื˜ืฆื™ืžืขืจ".. ื ืึธืจ, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ,, ืคืืงืขืœ" ื’ืขื™ืืฐื•ืขื˜ ,ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜'. ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื“ืขืžืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื›ืื ื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ ื ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ, ืืŸ ืื•ืžืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ- 
ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื’ืื ื ืจืฒ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึทืงืจืื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืึธืกื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜, ืึธื ืจื•ืคื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ,ืขืงืึธื ืึธื ื™ืฉืข ื›ื•ืœื™ื’ืื ืขืจืฒึท". 

ืงืึทืจ.: ืึทื ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืšื™ื˜ืขื›ื ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืกื˜ืข ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืข ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืืจื‘ืข- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืข ืจ: ืืึธ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืคืืจืขืœื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืฉืืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ืงืึธืœื™ื–ื™ืขืก. 

ืงืึธืจ.: ืœืขืžืึทืฉืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐื•ื™ืšืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืกืŸ. 

ืข. ืจ: ืื™ืš ื™ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื• 
ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 70-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืŸ- 
ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงืืœื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜-ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื“ 
ื ืขืœืงืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืึธื ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคืขื™ึทืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืื ื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืฒึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข, ืคืืจ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš. 

ืงืึทืจ.: ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข ืึธื ืฉืฑื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืข ืจ: ืืึธ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืžื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืืงื˜ื•ืขืœืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื: ืื•ื™ื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืงืœืขืืจืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืžืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœึดืฆึธื™ 
ื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื–. 

ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืึทืคึผื˜ืžืึทืœ ืžืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืืฒื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ ืฆึดื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืงืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ึทื ื’-ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืœืขื. ืงืœืึธืจ, ืื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืšืกื™ืกื˜ืขื. 
ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข 


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ื ืึธืจืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข. ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ื ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ืึธืจ- 
ืžืขืŸ. ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง 
ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื ืขืœืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืงืึธืจ.: ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ? 

ืข ืจ: ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื–ื ืคืจืื’ืข ืื™ื– ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ. ืืœื ืคืืœืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึธื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคึผืืกืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“ื™ืงืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืงืึทืจ.: ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. 

ืข ืจ: ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข. ืื™ื– ืœืึธืžึดื™ืจ ื ืงืœืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืฉ- 
ื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜: ื“ื™ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืคึผืึธื“ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ื–ืขืฆืœืขื›ืข ืขืงืึธื ืึธึทืžื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœืข ืงืึทื ืฆืขืคึผืฆื™ืขืก. ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืืกืŸ-ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ ื˜ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฆืฐืฒื“ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜: ื“ืขื ืื ื˜ืื’ืึธื ื™ื–ื ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืกื™ืก- 
ื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืึธื“ืขืจ -- ืึธื“ืขืจ. ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™: ืฐืขืจ ืกืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืฆืฑื˜ืึธื’ ื˜ื•ื’ ืื–ื ืœืึธื’ื™ืง ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืœืึธื‘ืืœืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึทื“ืขืจื˜ ื ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ืืœืขืงื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’. ืžื™ืจ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืกืึทืฆื™ึทืืœ-ืขืงืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื - 
ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืขื›ื•ึผื™ืขื•ื• ื–ื™ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืื, ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืืกืŸืฆื•ื’ืื ื’, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ื˜ื•ื’ ื“ืึท ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืื–ื ืืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ืจืึธื“ 
ื“ืขื ืขื›ื˜ ืžืืจืงืกื™ื›ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืœืืกืขื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’. 

ืงืึทืจ.: ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื ,ืืคึผื™ืงืึธืจืกืขืก" ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ืขื˜. 

ืข ืจ: ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ืก ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข: ,ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜, ืืŸ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ืกื˜, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื– ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื’ืขื ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ". ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืข 
ื“ืื ืง ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืคื•ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืฉืืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืŸ, ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ, ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ-ืœื•ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืจื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ื ืฉืคึผืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ืžืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ-ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœืึธืงืŸ. ืืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืขื˜ืืคึผ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืงืขื’ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืกืึธืฆื™ึธืืœืขืงืึธื ืืจ 
ืžื™ืฉืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืฐื™ืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข. 

ืงืึทืจ.: ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจืข ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืžื™ื ืืจืŸ 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜. 

ืข ืจ: ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืก ื“ืขืจื’ืฒื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื‘ื™ื– ืงื•ืจืึธื–ืŸ. ืื™ื ื™ืงืข ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืœืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒืกืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. ,,ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ื“ืข", -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืึธืคื™ืœ- 
ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืคืกืกืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืืœืก ื ืœืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจืฑืจื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ื‘ืขืจืŸ. 

ืงืึทืจ.: ืฆื™ ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜, ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจื™ึทืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข? 

ืข. ืจ: ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื•ื’ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืžื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื“ื™ืงืข 
ืึธืคึผืื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ ืงืึธื ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืŸ ืืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ื›ืขื ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืจ. 

ืงืึธืจ.: ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืจื•ืคืŸ ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. 

ืข. ืจ: ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืืงืข. ื ืขืžื˜, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืžืข ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผืฉื™ืกืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืืขืจืึธืคึผืœืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืคืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ,ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ" ื“ืึธืกืจืึธืฐื• ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ ืกื•ื™ื ืข, ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ. ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื“ืึธ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืžื’ืœืฒึทื›ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ. 

ืงืึทืจ.: ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš. 

ืข. ืจ: ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืœืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข, ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, 
ืื– ื™ืึธ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš. ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข, ืื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฉืึทืœืขื-ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข ืงืึธื– ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื’ืื˜ื™ื•ื• 
ืึธืคึผืจื•ืคืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜, ืžืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืฒื›ืœืฒึทื‘ื™ืงืข ืคึผืืฆื™ืคื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฉืืฆืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึธื•ื ื’ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืจืขื•-ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืคืจืื’ืข: ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข, 
ื–ืึธืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ, ืึธืคึผืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืœืขื 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขืคึผืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ,ืกื•ื™ื ืข", ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทื™ 
ืจืขื•ื•-ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ? 

ืงืึทืจ.: ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื? 


97 


ืข. ืจ: ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžืขืก ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข, ื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืœืฒึทื˜, ื ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืฆื™ื•ื™ืœืข, ื ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ืš, ื ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืืื•ื•. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ 
ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคืขืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืจ" 
ื’ืขืจืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืคึผืื˜ืจื™ึทืึธื˜ื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืข, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืึธื“ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืจืขืžื‘ืึธ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืงื™. ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจื™ืึธ 
ืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืืกื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ, ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืืจืฒึทื›ืขืจื˜. ื’ืขืžืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžืืกืงื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืกื›ืขืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ืื ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื›ืฒึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืขืจืฆื™ืข 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ึดืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืขืจืฆื™ืขืŸ. 

ืงืึทืจ.: ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ึดืขืจ ืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’. 

ืข. ืจ: ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธืคึผืกืขืก. ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’ื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธื–ืฉืืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 20'ืขืจ--30ื™ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ,ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืืกืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืจืึธืœ. ืฉืืจืคืข ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื™ื•" 
ื’ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื•ื™ืจืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœืข ืืคึผืื˜ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืงืึธืจ.: ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ,ื ื™ื˜ืคืึธืจืžืขืœืข" ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขืš ืฐื™ ืฉืฐืึธืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืจืขื’ืŸ? ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ? 

ืข. ืจ: ืื™ืš ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ืฉืืฅ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ ืืœืก ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฑื˜ืฐืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืคืฆื•ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืกืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืกืึธืฆื™ึทืืœื™ื–ื, ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜-ืคืึธืจืžืขืœืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืง ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ื™ืฐืก, ืื™ ื ืขื’ืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืก, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ ื 
ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืข. 

ืงืึทืจ.: ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผื™ื˜ืขื˜ ,ื ื™ื˜ืคืึธืจืžืขืœ" ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื ื ื™ื˜ืืฒื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืขื, ืืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ. 

ืข ืจ: ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ืฆื™ึทืึธื ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ื‘ืืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืข, ืคืึธืจืžืืœื™ื–ื, 
ื“ืึธื’ืžืื˜ื™ื–ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืฆืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ืคืึธืจืžืขืœืขืจ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ืคืึธืœื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืคึผื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™, 
ืืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜. 

ืงืึทืจ.: ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืื ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืื’ืึธื’ืŸ, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™" 
ืงื•ื ื’ , ืคึผืืžื™ืื˜". 

ืข. ืจ: ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืฅ. ืื– ืžืข 
ืงืึธื›ื˜ ื ื–ื•ืคึผ, ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื. ื‘ื ื“ืขื ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธืžืคึผืจืึธืžืข- 
ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœืืœ. 

ื“ื™ ืœืึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึธื‘ืืœืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ืคึผื ืึธื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืฉืึธื“ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื”ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื ื™ื˜-ืคืึธืจืžืขืœืข ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ, 
ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื ืึทื - 
ืกืขื ืก, ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื˜-ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืฅ- 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืคืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง, ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืกืืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืขื ืืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื ืื ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜-ืคืึธืจืžืขืœืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ืืฃ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ึธืืœื™ื–ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืขืจืข ืฆื™ืœืŸ ืคืืœืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜ืš 
ืคืึทืจืžืขืœืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืงื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ึดืขืœืข ืžืื›ื˜ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ, ืคืืจ- 
ืงืขืจื˜, ืจื•ืงืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืฒืก ื ืคืืœ, ืฐืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืข ื ื ื™ื˜-ืคืึธืจืžืขืœืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืกื˜ืื˜ื•ื˜ ื 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ,ืื•ืคืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜!" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ,ืคืึธืจืžืขืœ" ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ,ื ื™ื˜-ืคืึธืจืžืขืœ". 

ืงืึทืจ.: ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’. 

ืข ืจ: ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื’ื™- 


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ืฉืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฐืึธืœื’ืึธื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื•ืœ ื . ื’ืจื™ื ืงืึธื•ื•ื. ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ,ื™ื•ื ื’ืงืฒึทื˜', ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ื‘ื•ื›ื”ืืœื˜ืขืจ, ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืกื˜, ื“ื™ ืฆืขืš-ืฉืขืคืŸ, 
ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืœ-ื‘ื•ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜. ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื ืฉื•ืœืœืงืืคืข, ื ืงื™ื ืึธืจื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ. ื“ื™ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืคื˜ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืœืขืจืฑืคึผืจืึทืฆืขืก. ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ื 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ,ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข", ืฐื•ึผ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ,ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื - 
ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜" ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื ื•ืฆืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ 
ืฆื•ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ืืš ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ,ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข" ืฉื™ืœืขืจ. ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ึดืขืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜. ืคืืจื”ืึธืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ื–ืืฅ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืงืืœื™ืข ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. 

ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืฉืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืข. 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ืขืจืขืึธื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก'ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื’ืขื›ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธืงืจืื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคืืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– 16 ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฐื•ืขืจื˜... ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืจืŸืคึผืจืึทืฆืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืึธื ืขืœืขืจ ืึทืจื™ึดืขื ื˜ืืฆื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืจืื’ืŸ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข ื–ื™ืš ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื•, ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืžืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืงืึทืจ: ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืจืึธืœ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข ืคึผืึธื“ืจื™ืื“, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœ 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืข. 

ืข. ืจ: ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ. ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜? ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื ืืืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืฐืขืฉืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืขืœืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ืก-ื”ืขื ื˜. ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’-ืงื™ึดืึธืกืงืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ืงืึธืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ืจื™ืื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืงืœื™ื™ื˜, ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืš, ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜. ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืฐืฒืก, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ,ืคืืจ" ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜. 
ืกื™ื ืงืœืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜? ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืฐื•ื™ืจื“ืข 
ืžืื›ืžืขืก ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื•! 

ืงืึทืจ.: ืฐื™ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ ืกืื, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขื•? 

ืข ืจ: ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ืกืืš ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ. ืฐื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ 
ืกืื, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ? ื ื•, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืกืื. ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืฉืึธื“ืŸืšืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ืึธื“ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฐื™ื“ืขืึธืงืืกืขื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื–ืืฅื“ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจ ืฐื™ื“ืขืึทืงืืกืขื˜ืŸื™ื˜ืงื•ืคืข ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืคืœืื ืฆืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ื”ืืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜? ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืŸ 
ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™, ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ืžื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื–ืฒืขืจ ืขืžืขืกื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืจืœ ืžืืจืงืกืŸ: ,ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ืขืฐื™ื›ื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™". ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืคื•ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืจืฒึทืคืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ื ื’ ื‘ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืคื™ืœ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™. ืžื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืžื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื ืฐืขืจืงืฉื˜ืขืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื‘ืฒึทืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื–ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื”ืขืคื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง. ื“ื•ืจืš ืื–ื ืžื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืกืฒึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืคึผืขื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื ืืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืกืฒึท ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืืจืฒึทื›ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื–ื, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืื™ื–, 

ืงืึทืจ.: ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืก. 

ืข ืจ: ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ื“ื™ 
ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ 
ืœืื ื“. ืื•ืŸ ืงืฑื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก, ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืžืึธืก. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืืœ, ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืฒื ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื–ืืžืœื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืขืจื™ึธืึธื“, ื“ืขื ืื™ื“ืขืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขื›ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. 


ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ื’ืจืึธืกืžืืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื•ื 


ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึทืœื™ืงืข ืึธืคึผืจื•ืคืŸ ืืฃ ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ื’ืจืึทืกืžืื ืก ืจืึทืžืืŸ ,ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืฑืจืœ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ" ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืฑื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืงืึธืจืขืฆืงื™: 

,ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืฐ. ื’ืจืึธืกืžืื ืก ืจืึธืžืืŸ , ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ื• 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ". ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฒืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืงืืคื™ื˜ืขืœืข. ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื - 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืฑื™ืจืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืกืื•ื™ืื“ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื“ืขืžืืกืงื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื•ื ื’ืก-ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื•ื- 
ืจื™ืื ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืคื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืฉื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ื“ืขื ืคืืจืื ืขื ืขื ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ 
ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืคึผืฐืขื–ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืืคื™ื˜ืขืœืข. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืงืึธืจืขืฆืงื™". 


ื‘ื ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ื’ืจืึทืกืžืื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื 31'ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 10:32 
ืงืืคื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืก ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ืฒื˜ ื ืจืฒื“ ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื™ 
ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขืก ืคืืฉื™ื–ื-- ื“ืขื ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืข- 
ืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื. ืื™ื™ื›ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืก ื‘ืืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ื’ืื–ื™ืงืืžืขืจืŸ; ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืฉืขื’ื•ื‘ืงืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ, ืœื˜ ืœื™ืก' ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, , ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง 
ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืคืืจ ืฆื•ืื ืฆื™ืง 
ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ...- 


ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ื’ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฐื™ืกืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืืจื˜ื™ืง -- ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืคึทื™ 
ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืขืงืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืžืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฑืกืจืึธื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึทื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ. 

ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืงืจืขื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื -- ืืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืื™ื ืขืจ- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืคืืจื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ, ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ืคื™ื–ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ; ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืืจื˜ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข -- ืืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืขืœืข, ื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข, ื ืžืขืœื•ื‘ื™ืฉืข. 

ื“ืขื ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจืง, ืกืฒึท ืืฃ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ื™ึดื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื–ืึธืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขื’ืœ-ืฉื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜- 
ืฉืคึผื™ื ืจืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืืงื˜ื™ื•ืข ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืื˜ืึธื-ืจืขืืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืšืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืžื™ื˜ืœ, ื ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื– ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ื ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคืขืœืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ. ื–ืึธื’ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง. 

ื“ื™ ืกื™ื ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘-ืืฒื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜, ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืคืืจ ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืœื™ืกืขืœื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜, ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืฑืขืจ ืึทืœืฒื ื™ื˜ืฉื•ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืืœืก ืกื™ื ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœื™ืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื“ืขืก. ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืืœืขืจ ื“ืึธืกื˜ืึธื™ืขืฐืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉื™ื“-ืฐืึทื›ืขืจื ื™ืง ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืขืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ืจื™ืื“ื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืœืฒึทื‘-ืืฒื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ื˜ืฉื™ืง. 

ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ืื™ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืืกื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืึธืกืžืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“, 


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ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ึทื“ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ื• ืื™ืŸ 
ืืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื" 
ืœืื ื˜ืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ื ืก" 
ืงืื ืฃ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืฃ ื’ืœืฒึทืš -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜, ืื™ื ืขื 
ื”ืื ื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ืฐืขืจืงืขืจืฒึท, ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœืขืจืฒึท. ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™" 
ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜- 
ืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืก ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจืข 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืขืœื˜ื™ื™ึทื“ื ื˜ื•ื. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืŸ ืืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืž" 
ื˜ื™ื–ื. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ 
ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ื–ื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืกืžืืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขื™ึดืง ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืขืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืขืก ืคื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™- ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ื’ืจืึธืกืžืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืกืšืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ื ืกื›ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืึทืจื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืฉืื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื. 

ืขืงืœ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืึธืฉืŸ, ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื– ืื™ื–, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืžืขืกืข 
ืกื™ื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื–ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื. ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืงืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืš 
ืจืื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฉืขืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืœื™ืืฆื™ืข, ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืจืื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ืœื™ืึธ, ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืจื’ืœื“-" 
ืงืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืขืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืœื™ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืžืขื ืขืจ, ืงื•ืงื˜ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขืš ืืฃ ื ื‘ืœืจืœื™ืคึผืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ืขื’ืขืจ. 

ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืฒ ืคืืจืคืึธืœื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื‘ืื’ืฒื™ื˜ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ึทืึธื ืืœืข ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืง, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ. 

ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื’ื˜ื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ึดืขื–ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืจ 
ืœืขืจ ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜. ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืกื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคืืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืืœื‘ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืคื‘ืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืื ื“ืœืกื™ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธื›ืขืจื ื™ืงืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืคื‘ืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข. ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืึธื-ืคื™ื–ื™ืง. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืกืืš ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืžืขืจืงืฐื™ืจื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื™ืคืขืจื™ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœืึทื’ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจ-ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜. 

ื ื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆืขื’ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงื™ืฉืขืจ, ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื’ื˜ื•ื ื”ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืึธืก 
ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœืืœ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื ื˜ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื’ืื ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื ื˜ื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืื ื˜ืฐืขืจืงืขืจืฒ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™, ืžืื›ืŸ ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคืืจ ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ืึธื-ืจืขืืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืืงืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืง. 


11 


ื“ื™ ืืฑื‘ื ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืฐืฒึทื– ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืœืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ื 
ืœืขืจ ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืฒื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ื“ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ, ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ, ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื– ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืงืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื ื˜ื™ื˜ืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื. ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืฒึทื˜ืขืจืก ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ื’ืจืฑื™ืœื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืื ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื ืขื. ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ื, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฒึทื˜ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงืฐื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒื–, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžืงื•ื. 

ืื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฆื•ื ืื•ืžืงื•ื ืืœื˜ืข ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืข ืคืึธืจ- 
ืžืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฒึทื˜ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืฉืฐืขื - 
ื˜ืฉื™ื, ื“ื™ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื‘ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ืงืจืขืžืื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืœืื ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ 
ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื•ืžืฃ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืœืื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืืฉื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜. ืฆื•ื ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืคืืจ- 
ืžืฒึทื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ, ืกืฒึท ืืœืฐืขืœื˜ืœืขืš-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืขืคึผืึทื›ืขืก, ืกืฒึท ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืข ืฉึตืืœึดื™ 
ืžืื–ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืก, ืกืฒึท ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืฆื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืฐื™ ื ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืœืึธื–ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื. ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ื“ืคืืจื’ื™ื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื ืืจืึธื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืึธืœื™ื. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื; ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืจ 
ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจืขืคึผืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืข ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืึธื™ืงืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ. 
| = ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื˜ืืœื™ื˜ืืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืกืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ. 

ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข ืžืื›ื˜ ื ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ื–ื™ืจ ืึธื ืฉืคึผืืจืŸ 
ืืฃ ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉื™ื, ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ, ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืึธืœื™ื, ืืฃ. ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฑื‘ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒื–ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืข. ืื–ื ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืืฆื™ืข -- 
ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข ื‘ืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฑื ืึธืจื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื‘ืข 
ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืืื•ื•. | | 

ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ. | 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผืึทื›ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ 
ืงืืžืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ื ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข, ื ืคึผืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื™ื™ึทืฉืข ืื™ื“ื™ื™; ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืฉื™ื–ื. 


ื™ืืงืึทืฐ ื˜ื™ืคืœื™ื ืกืงื™ 


ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ -ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง 1 


1 ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข 
ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 


ืื•ืคืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง 


ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืคึผืจืขืกื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข 
ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ืขืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืฉืžืึธืœ ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืฅืš 
ืœืข, ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืจื™ื™ื ืก; ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืคื™ 
ื’ืื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. 

ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืฒืกืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ 
ื’ืขืœืฒื–ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜:ืฆืฑื˜ืึธื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ืื•ืคืฉื•ื•ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึทืฐืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ 
ืจืึธืžืื ืขืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธื“ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืก, ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืฑื™- 
ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ื™ึทืฉ-ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืื“ืจื™ื™ื’ืข. ื ืฒึทืข ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉ-ืขืคึผื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืž. ืงืึทื˜ืฉืื ืึธืฐ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืจืึธืฐื ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื ืึธื˜ืข ืœื•ืจื™ืขืก ,ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ". ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื˜ื™ืžื•ืจืึธื•ื•ืฆืขืก, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืงืจืื ืงืšื‘ืขื˜. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื•ื 
ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" (ื ื•ืž. 5, 1986). 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ,,ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื 
ืฆื•ื’ืึทื‘ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขืคื•ืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜, ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข, ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜". 

ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 


ืžืึธืก ืฆื• ืคืืจื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“", ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืœืฒื™ืขื ืขืจ- 
ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืึธืจื’ ืคืืจืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืกื•ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“" ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, ืื– ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืฆืึธืœ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ืœืฒื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืงืึทืœืขื’ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืข 
ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ, ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื™ 
ื ื™ืงืข ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืื•ื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืึธื“. 
ืก'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื 
ืคืึธืจืฐื•ืจืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ, ืื– 
ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ,ืึธืŸ ืคืขืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื–ืืœืฅ' (,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ื ื•ืž. 3 ืคืืจืŸ 1986, ื–. 153). ื‘ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™" 
ืกืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ 
ื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก:ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ืฉ. 

ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืืง" 
ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืฉืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, /, ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ื‘ื 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’-ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื ืขืฉืึธืžืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื" 
ืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืฒึทืคืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืงืœื•ื’" 
ืฉืืคื˜". ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 


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ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื–ืฒ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื " 
ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืฒ 
ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืื˜ืŸ. 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืฆื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืŸ. 

ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ืฐืฒ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืš 
ื”ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ื ื™ื˜ 
ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืขื ืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืžืืจื’ืึทืœื™ืŸ. ื ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืึทืกืงืฐืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™" 
ื˜ื™ืง, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ,ื ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ ืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ" (,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ื ื•ืž. 8 ืคืืจืŸ 
6, ื–. 156). ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืฒื˜ื™ืง ื“ืึธ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคืืจืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืจ 
ืœืขื›ืŸ: ืื–ื ืœืื’ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ 
ืื™ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึทืœื™ืงืข ืึธืคึผื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืง 


ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืข ื ืฒึทืข ืฐืขืจืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ / 


ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ื“ืขืจืขื›ืขืจืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืคึผืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื“ 
ืฆื™ืขืก: ,ืืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ- 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง", , ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง", 
,ื—ื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง?", ,ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง', , ืงืจื™" 
ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ', โ€ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ึธืืœืึธื’ืŸ, 
,ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™ืขืก, ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืข- 
ืžืขืŸ", ,ืจืื™ื•ื™ื ืขืก, ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ", , ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคึผืึทืœืขืžื™ืง". 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข: ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ 
ืงืึธื ืงืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืื ืืœื™ื– ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 


ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื˜ื™ื—ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, 
ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืื ื˜- 
ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืงืจืขื˜ืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืขืจืง, ื“ื™ ื›ืขืกืจื•ื™ื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืœืขืก 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืขืจืง. ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฆืขื - 
ื–ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื’ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืืจื˜ื™ืง- 
ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก ืคึผืจืึธื–ืื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืขื“ืงืึธืœืขื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื’ื™ืกื˜ ื ืขื’ืœื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืฆืึธืœ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืืฑื™ืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ื ืฐื™ืงื•ืขืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ. 

ืื–ื ืœืื’ืข, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืึธื ืขืœืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขื“ืงืึทืœืขื’ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืฉืฐืื›ืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉ 
ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืื–ื ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืืึธืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืคื™ืœื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 
ืืคืŸ 11ื•ื˜ ืืœืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื™ 
ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืืจืฃ ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘- 
ืœืขื. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ืฐืงืฒึทื˜, 
ืขืจืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ึดืขืœืงืฒึทื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื  
ืจื™ืจืŸ, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืขื“ ื™ื“ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืื™ 
ืจื™ืจืŸ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜, 
ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ. ืœืึธืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ, ื˜ืึธืŸ ืขืก ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, 
ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืืงื˜, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื ื•ืฆืŸ. 


ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื ื‘ืŸ ื›ืื™ึดื ืกืœืึธืฐืขืก 


ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 83 ื™ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื™ 


ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ,ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืจืข- 


ืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜? ืื•ืŸ ,ื ืฉืœื™ื›ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 


ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืื™ 
ืžืื˜ื•ืจื’ ื›ืื™ื ืกืœืึธื•ื•ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ- ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืขืจ. ื‘ื™ื™ืก 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ ืืœืก 


104 


ืกืข". 

ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื›. ืกืœืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขืกืขืก ืคึผื™ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจืฒึทืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดืฉื•ึผื•ื™ื. 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึธืคึผื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ;ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื", ,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืข- 


ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™- 
ื˜ืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื–ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“'ืจ ื›ืื™ื ืกืœืึธ- 
ืฐืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ืคืืจืœื•ืกื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. 

ืขืจืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืงื• 


ืืฐืจืึธื ื‘ื™ืง 
(ืคืฉื) 


0 ืึทืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ, 1988. ื“ืขื˜ืจืึทื™ื˜ 
ื›ืึทืฉืขื•ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜! 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžื™ 
ืจืึธื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืขืœืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึทื›ื ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ,ืžืึทืจื’ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜ื™, ืขืก ื’ืฑืกืขืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืคืึธืจ- 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก". ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืขืกื™ื™, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ , ืคืึทืœืง ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ- ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึทืœืื™ึดื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ... ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื˜ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืกื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“"? 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึท ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืจืขืžื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื›'ืฐืข? ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึทื ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื. ืื™ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ืื‘ืึธื ื™ืจืŸ 
ืืฃ .ืกืึทื•ื•ืขืžื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“* (ืื™ืš ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืžืข ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื‘ืึธื ื™ืจื™ 


ืคึผืจืฒึทื–)? 


ืื™ืฆื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืœืึทื–ืฅ ื ืฒึทืข ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืกืฒ 


ืฆืฒึทืžื™ืง. 


ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข 


ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึทื›ืขืก 
ืืฒึทืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืืžืึธืœ, ืืฐื•ืจืึธื ื‘ื™ืง. 


ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข ืคื•ื ืขื. ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ืื–ืฑ ื–ื™ืš ืื‘ืึธื ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“ ืืฃ -ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ืึธื›ืคืจืื’ืŸ 

ืฐื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ, ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžืข ,ืžืขื–ืฉื“ื•ื ืืจืึธื“ื ืื™ื ืงื ื™ื’ื* ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜. 


ื“ื™ ืื“ืจืขืกืŸ 
,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". 


ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ื–ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 167 ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ึดื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืขืฑืข 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 
ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ืจืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธื™ 
ืœื™ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ 1919 ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืฉื•ืจืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื™ืฉื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืึธืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืงืจื™ื’ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉื™ื ืข- 
ืฐืฒึทืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืž" 
ืœืื ื“: ,ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ!". ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจืข ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ื“ืคื•ืจืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื ืื›ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื. ;ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืจืŸ" 
(,ื“ื™ ืกืึธื ื™ื ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ!'). ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื™ื˜ืœื‘ืืจืข ืขืžืึธืจ 
ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืื ืก ืœึดืฒึทื“ึฐื ึท 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืจื•ืฃ, ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ื ื–ืืžืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืคืขืจ-ืฉืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื’ื ืืœ-ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื 
ืžื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืืคืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึทึผืึธืฅื“ 


ื–ื™ืข, ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื‘ืืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืืจืŸ ืฐืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืœื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืกื˜ืข ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›" 
ื˜ืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื ื•ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึธืจ 
ืกืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืืŸ ืฐื™ ื‘ืืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜, ืื– ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉ 
ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ืœืขืš ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืกื“ื™ืง-ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืึธืจื˜-ืงืฒืœื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื‘ื•ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ ืื– ,ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื•ื•ืืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜" (ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื”ืืœืงื™ืŸ. 

ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื‘ืืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืื›ื™- 
ืฉืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื–ื™ืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐื™ืจื˜ื•ืึธื–ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข , ื‘ื•ื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ืข ืืคืŸ ืฉืœื™ืืš" ืœื™ื™ืข- 
ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ: 


ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื™ืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ื”ืขืจ ืฆื•, ื“ื• ื ืืจ, ื”ืขืจ ืฆื•, 
ื“ืขื ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ-- 


105 


ืก'ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืจืื ื ืœืขืžืคึผืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืงื™ื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉืื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืกืขืจืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•-ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืขืžืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืื ืืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื–ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื›ืืฉื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืืฆืงื™ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 1922. ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึทืœื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœึดื™ืš 
,ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจ ื”ืืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ', ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื–ื•ื™: 


ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืœื˜ ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื™ืขืจื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืขื ื˜.. 


ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืฉื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืืฆืงื™ืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ,ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื™ืืก', /, ืฉื™ืžืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืœื™ืœืข", ื’ื™ื•ื™ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืกื™ืกืจืข" ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ื ื˜ืื ืื›ื™ืฉืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืคืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ืข ื‘ื- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื™ 
ื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. 
ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืกืึทืฆื™ืืฆื™ืขืก: 


ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทืœืŸ ืฉืฒึทืŸ 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืก ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’: ืืœื™ื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ!" 
ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœื™ืฉืคึผืืœื˜ืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ ,ืจืขื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื ืื›ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึธืกืขืง ,ืืช ืงืฉืชื™ ื‘ื " 
(,ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื ืขืŸ') ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœ- 
ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื˜ืžื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก: 


ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ื ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 

ืืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืงืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ. 


ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืงืฐื•ื™ื˜ืงืึท, ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืืฉืืคืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ,ืคืืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก', ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืœืืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ืื™ืžืื–ืฉืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ึทื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ: 


ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืื™ื– ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธื›ืœ ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ! 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธื›ืœ ื˜ืื ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 


ืืจืŸ ืงื•ืฉื ื™ืจืึทื•ื•ืก ืคึผืึทืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืฉ-ืื™ืžืื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื– ื‘ื- 
ื”ืขืคื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื–ืขืขืฐื•ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืืžืึทืฉืขืกื“ื™ 
ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืืคืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืžืึธืฉืœื“ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข" 
ื“ืื ืง ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืื˜ืึธืก. ืคืืจืืŸ ื‘ื ื. ืงื•ืฉื ื™ื™ 
ืจืึธื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื˜ืžืขืŸ ืคืจ 
ื ืขื ื˜ืื ืืš; 


ื ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื•, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ 


ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืจื™ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ,ืฉื•ืžืจ 
ืžื” ืžืœื™ืœ" (ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜), 
ืคืืจืืคืจืื–ื™ืจื˜: ,ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืื•ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืื›ื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืึธืคืŸ". 


16 


ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืก ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜, 
ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ืื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืคืืจืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉืืจืคืกื˜ืข ืึธืคึผืœืฒื™ืงืขื ื•ื ื’, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื’ืขืคืจืขืžื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืฅ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ-ืœื™ืจื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ,ืงืึทื ื˜ืืงื˜" -- ืฐื™ ืขืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืœื™ื“ืขืจ -- ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืื ืืš-ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
,ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืืงืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืจืขื ื˜" (ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ,ืฐื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜') ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ 
ืœื™ื“ ,ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœืึธื– ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง', ื‘ื™ื– ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืขืฆ- 
ื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ , ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ 
,ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฆืขืจ", ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ. ื”ืืœืงื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ 
ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืกื˜ืข ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืื›ื™ืฉ. ืื–ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ื•ืš ,ื“ืขื“ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ", ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืคื™ืœ 
ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื: ,,ื ื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืข 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”: ื—ื‘ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจื’ืข ืขื“ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืขื'; 
ืึธื“ืขืจ: ,ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ืงืข ื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืฐื•ึผืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข 
ื’ื ืึธื“'; ,ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก: ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขื 
ืึธืจื˜, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืึธื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฆื•ื 
ื‘ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืื ื˜". 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜-ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื–ืจืึท ืคื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืจ- 
ืงืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื ื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฆื™ืงืœ ืืฃ ื˜ืื ืื›ื™ืฉืข 
ื˜ืขืžืขืก -- ,ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืŸ ื ื•ืš" ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืึธื˜ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขืจืžื™ึดื™ืึธื”ื• ,ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืื”" -- ,ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ื›ืื™ืœ ืื™ืจืก ืคืืจื˜ื™ืœื™ืงื˜!". ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ื’ื“ 
ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืฐื™ื–ื™ึทืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจืžื™ื™ืึธื”ื• 


- ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื•ื•ืœืก ื›ื•ืจื‘ืŸ: 


ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืขืก ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึธืฐืœ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืœืงืขืจ-- 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืง ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 

ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืงืŸ 


ืคื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืคืึธืœืึทื’ื™ืฉืข ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืืœื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืึธืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜. ืขืจ ืคืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ:ื”ืืฉื™ืจื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืขืœืขื’ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื›ืึธ, ืคืจืจ 
ืœื™ื ื’-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœืึธื’-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืืœืขืจ ืคึผืื˜ืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ 
ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึผื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจืขืฅ ืžืืจืงื™ืฉืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืงืจื™ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืืžื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืจืขืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืง ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืจื˜. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืขืงืกื™ืง: 
ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืžืืžืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข 
ืฆื• ืื™ืจืข ื–ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืืจืžื™ื™ื™ึทืฉืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืœืฒึทื˜ ืื–ืจื™ืขืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืขื“ื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืข- 


ื ืขืจ ื˜ื›ื™ื ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ื›ืจ 


ืžืขืฉ; 


ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึฟืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืขื›ืึธืœืขืžื˜, 

ืื– ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืื˜ืข, 
ืื– ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืืจืข ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืก ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืขื˜ืข. 


ืึธื“ืขืจ: 


ื“ืขืจ ืฉืื‘ืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืœืขื›ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคืึธื›ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืึธืขืŸ. 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ืก'ืคืืจื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 

ื”ืขืžื“, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืฆื•ืงื˜ ื ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ื›ืฒึทืขื™ืจืึธืข. 


ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืจืขืžื™ื ื™ืกืฆืขื ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึทืขืžืข , ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืŸื™ 
ืงืจืขื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืืจืžืฒื™ึทืฉืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ 
ืงืจื™ื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขื“ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ึทืึธื ืื–ืฉ". 
ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึทึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืžืืจืงื™ืฉืขืก ื‘ืืœืื“ืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคึผื•ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืจืึธื•, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืื˜ืฉื™ื™ืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑื™ืœื™ืฉืข 
ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืจืืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ืจื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ,ืจืื ื™ืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืกื™ื’ื ืืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ,ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืŸ". 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืื ื- 
ื›ื™ืฉืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืฐ ืฆื• 700-ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืคึผื™ืฉื“ืœื™ืจื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข , ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข', ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืจืึธื™ึดืฉืŸ ืงืจื™ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ื•ืจื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืจืงื™ืฉ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืึทื™ืฉืข 
ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืื ืื›ื™ืฉืข ืืกืึธืฆื™ึธืืฆื™ืขืก, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐื™ 
,ื™ืขื›ืขื–ืงืœืก ื˜ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ", ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš .ืฉืžื•ืขืœ", 
ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ: ,ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ืขื ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื ื ื™ื™ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืืืจื™ื™ ืื“ื•ื™ื ื•ื™". ืึธื“ืขืจ: ,ื“ืขื ื”ืืœื“ื– ืคืืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืœ ื˜ืขืืœ ืฐืขืืœ 
ืžื™ื™ื˜ืืจ". ืึธื“ืขืจ: ,ืืŸ ืืจื™ื™ ืžื™ืงืœืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื', ืืื•ืŸ. / 

ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืคืขืคืขืจืก ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ืฉ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ-ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืฒึทืกืขื“ื™ 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืคืขืคืขืจืก ืœื™ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืืกืึทืฆื™ืืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื , ื ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ". ,ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉื ื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืึธ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜!" ืื™ื–ืŸ ืืกืึธ 
ืฆื™ึดืื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืึธืฐื™ 
ื™ืขืจืžื™ื™ืึธื”ื•: ,ืฉื™ืง ืžื™ืš, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜!". ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ื›ืึธื›ืžืข ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืข 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ,ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืœืึธืœืข": 


ืคืืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ, 
ืคืืจื“ืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืจืŸ; 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ืžืขืจื“ืขืจืฉืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืจ; 
ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืขื˜ืขืš ื‘ืืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืืงืขื˜ืข ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืึธืœืง ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื˜ืžื™ืฉืŸ ื ื™ื’ืŸ: 


ืฐื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื”ืืฉื™ืจื™ืžื“ื™ืง, ื•ื™ ืจื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ื•ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืขืฐื™ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ ,ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทื“ื•" 
ืื™ื–: ,ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืืจืขืก ืฉืœืขืง, ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก, ื”ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืฆืขื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜... ืขืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜". 

ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ืš , ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื‘ืŸ' ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ื™ืง ืคืœืื˜ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ืืกืึธ- 
ืฆื™ืืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ ,ืจื•ื˜". ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืื“ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืขืจ ื ื™ืื ื™ืข, ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึท- 
ืกืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ืืึธืžื™ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜. ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืืกืึธืฆื™ืืฆื™ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ื•ืžืขืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ 
ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ื›ืืœื•ืคึผืข, ืฐืึธืก , ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ืขืŸ": ,ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื ื•ื™ืขืš, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒื•ื•ืข, ื“ืขื 
ืคืขืจืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืขืฃ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข , ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ" 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื›ืึธื›ืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื™ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืœืขืš, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืžืขืœืึทื›ืข ืื™ื– ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข", ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜, ืื– ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื•ื›ืขืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืจืฒึทื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
,ืกื™ื’ื ื•ื™ื•ื•", ืึธืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืœื•ื™"... ืž. ื˜ื™ื™ืฃ ืคืืจืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื ืึธืฐื™ ื™ืขืฉืฒึทืข, ืื– ,ื•ื’ึตืจ ื–ืื‘ ืขื ื›ื‘ืฉ' - ,ื 
ืฐืึทืงืฃ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืฃ" -- , ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื’ืฒื˜ ื 
ืฐืึธืงืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืขืคึผืก ืื•ืŸ.ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜" 

ืืจืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืกืขืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืึธื“ 
ื ืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ, ื•ื  
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจืข 
ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื ื’ืขื ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™: 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ -- ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜, 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜-- ืฆื™ื ื“ ืึธืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืœืกื˜ื• ื”ืฒื™ืžืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื™ื– ื‘ื•ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื! 


ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง, 
ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืกืึธืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืื ืื›ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ .ื’ืขื ืึธื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ืืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ". ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื›ืขืก, 
ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืš 
,ืฉืžืึธื˜", ,ื’ืจืึธื‘ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื" ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืึดื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื™ื™ึทืฆื›ืึธืง ื’ืจืึธื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื-ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืžืขืจ. 
ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฆื™ืงืœ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื˜ืื ืื›ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืžืืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืขืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื‘ื•ืš-ืคืึธืจื. 


ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจ:ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข 


(ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืœื™ืฉืข ืคืืจืœืื’ืŸ) 


ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื’ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ -- ื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธืฆื™ึทืืœึฐืŸ ืคึผืฒ- 
ื–ืื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื˜ืฉ ืคึผืึธืกืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื, -- ื–ืฒึท 
ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืงืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืž" 
ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืขืงื–ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืขื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงื•ืœื™ 
ื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜, ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื”ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ. ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข-ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ื˜ืืจื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึทืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ื˜ืจืื’ืขื“ื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืืš. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกื˜ืืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืฑืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง. 

ื“ื™ ืืงื˜ื™ืฐืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื ื˜- 
ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืŸ, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืก, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืฉืืคืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ 
1 ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืขืกืืœืžืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขื ืงืžืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคืขื“ืจืข ืคืืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ ื‘ืื ื™ืื’ืขืœืึธื ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื - 
ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื™ 
ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคืืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ืืจืฉืขื™ 
ืฐื•ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ืฐืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ (ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืงืืคืขื“ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ). ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืืงื˜ื™ืฐืงืฒึทื˜ ืื ื˜- 
ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฐื•ื™ื“ื•ืขืœืข ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. 
ืืœืก ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืฅ- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืืฉ ื˜ืึธืžืืฉืขืฐื•ืกืงื™ืก ืื•ื ื™ืงืืœืข ืคืึธื˜ืึธื™ 
ื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ -- ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื™ 
ื˜ืข". ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคืืจืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื“ืืœืขื“ืืžืขืก. ืืœืก ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™ืขืก 
ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืœืขืžืึทืฉืœ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื™ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืข" 
ื˜ืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืื ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™" 
ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜-ืืงื- 
ื“ืขืžื™ืข. 

ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ 


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ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืœื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื”ืืฐื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ืฒึทื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืข" 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื“ 
ื ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ืกื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืคืืจืœืื’ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืข ื™ึธื“ืŸ 
ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ- 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื" 
ื˜ื•ืจ -- ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืืคืขื ืข ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ, 
ืกืฒึท ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ืข ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื ืคืขืกื˜ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืฒ ืคึผืึทืคึผื•ืœืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง. ืขืก 
ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ 
ืฉืข ืžืขื›ืื‘ืจื™ื, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึธืœืงืก ืคึผืึทืขื–ื™ืข, ืฉืคึผืจื™ื›- 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฐืขืจื˜ืœืขืš, ืืคืึธืจื™ื–ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ืขืง- 
ื“ืึธื˜ืŸ. ืืœืก ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึทึผื™ืœ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฉื™" 
ื’ืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ 1960 ื‘ื•ืš ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื›ืึธื›ืžืขืก', ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ืึธืจ 
ืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ ,ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืฉืื‘ืขืกื“ื™ืงืข 
ืœื™ื›ื˜" (1963), ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืœืงืกืคึทึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข 
(1964) ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื–ืฉื™ ืคื™ืฆืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 80-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธ 
ืœื™ืืงืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืข 
ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ื ืขื ืžืขืœืจ 
ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืจืœืขื’ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ 
,ืื ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึทืขื–ื™ืข" -- ื ื–ืืžืœื ื•ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ 103 ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 59 ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืง ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืืจื•ื ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ื 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ -- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื™ื”. 
ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ื’ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืคื•ืœืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒ 
ื ืึทืขื ื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ,,ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืคึผื•ื™ืง", ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืข- 
ื“ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืจืื“ื–ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง ื‘ื" 
ืฉืขื•ื•ื™ืก-ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืœืื•ืจืขืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื‘ืขืœ 
ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข. ื“ืจืฒึท ืจืึธืžืื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข (,ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืฆื ืžืื›ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ", ,ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ', ื™ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข'), ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืœ ืื•ื™ืกืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ืฐื™ โ€ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
,ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฉืขืคื“ืงืข ืงืจืืคื˜" (ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ื˜ืฉื™ื˜ืื˜ืขืœ", 
6.3 


ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข"ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“. 
ืฆื•ื 40-ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข- 
ืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื’ , ื˜ืฉื™ื˜ืื˜ืขืœ" ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื™. ืงืืฆืขื ืขืœืกืึธื ืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธืจื“ืขื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง" ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื–ืฉื™ ืคื™ืฆืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืคึผืึทืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ, ,ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก, ื ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื™ 
ืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ืคืืจืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜", -- 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื™ืข. ืคื™ืฆืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืขื“ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืื™" 
ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืื– /,ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืกืึธื•ื•ื™ื" 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืœืขืฉืขืจ, ืคืืจื’ืจืึธื‘ืขื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืฉืฐืขื ื˜ืฉื™ื... 
ื ืคึผืจืึธื–ืื™ื™ืฉืข ืคืืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฐืึทื›ื ืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืž. ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ,ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขืฐื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึทื™ (ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ื˜ืฉื™ื˜ืื˜ืขืœ", 
3) ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ืจื™ืง ืžืืงืึธื•ื•ืขืจืก , ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธึทื™ (,ืึธืกืึธืœื™ื ืขื•ื", 1987). ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฐื™ื ื™ืงืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืึธืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข- 
ื’ืขื ืขื. ื ืงืึทืœืึธืกืืœืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“, ืฐืขืžืขื ืก 
ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ, ืื“ืื ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืืงืึธื•ื•, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืขื–ืขืก 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื•ื“ื ืจืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ืฐื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืืจื™ 
ื ืึธื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืจืœืขื’ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 41 ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜- 
ืžืึธืจื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ. 

ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืขืžืื ื•ืขืœ ืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื‘ืœื™ื•ื. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ" ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืึทืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ (,ื˜ืฉื™ื˜ืื˜ืขืœ", 1983). 
ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื–ืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืคืึทื˜ืึทื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืื˜ืข- 
ืจื™ืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื ืงืึทืœืึธืกืืœืข 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืžืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’, ืกื˜ืืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฉื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ. ืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื›ืœื™ื•ืžืก ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืึทื ืขืœืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืงืกื™ืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืืกืŸ- 
ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืฑื™ืจืึธืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืข- 
ืจืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื•" 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื‘ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืคึผืขืจื™ึธืึธื“ื™ืง, ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื“ืึทืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉึนืคึทึผืฅ 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืึธื ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืจืื˜ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ (ื“ื™ 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืจืึธื‘ืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“), ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืืจื›ืขื˜ ืจื•ื˜ืข ืกืืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงืื™ื 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1980 ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื•ืš (,ืจื™ื ื’ืขืœ 
ื‘ืœื™ื•ืžืก ืืจื›ื™ื•ื•. ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. ื™ื•ืœ 1942 -- 
ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1943'). 

ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืคึผืขื“ 


ืจื™ึธืึธื“, ืฆื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืขืจืขืกืข ืคึผืจืข- 
ืงืขืจืก ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ,ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืฑืœืŸ. 1942--1945" (ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจืœืขื’ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, 1982). ื“ื™ 
ืคื™ืœื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ืžื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื 
ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜ -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืžืึธื ืึธื’ืจื- 
ืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ืจื˜, -- ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท 
ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก, ืœืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืคืœืื ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ืžืขืจ ืึธื  
ื“ืขื ืงื™ื‘ืืจื’. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื 
ืคึผืขืจื™ึธืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข, ื”ืื’ืื 
ื“ืึธืกืจืึธืฐ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืืจื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ 
ืคืึธืจื ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืžืข. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคืืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ 
ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืืžืขืŸ. ื ืฐืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ 
ืงื•ื•ืืœ ืคืืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืงืึธืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ 
ื˜ื™ืœืึธืš. ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ืžื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘- 
ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐื™ืกืŸ- 
ืฉืืคื˜-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข (,ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจ ืงืึธืึธืคึผืขืจื- 
ืฆื™ืข" ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’, ,ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข. 1923--1939" ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืจื™ืืŸ ืคื•ืงืก ืื., 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉืจื–ืฉื•ืจ- 
ื ืืœ , ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจื ื ื ืกื•ื•ื™ืขื˜ื™ืข" ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคืืจืŸ 1987 ื™ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืฃ ,ื™ื•ื“ืื™ื–ื", ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื ืข. 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ -- ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืจืืงืึธื•ื•ืขืจ ,ื–ื ืืง" (ื ื•ืž. 2 ืื•ืŸ 3 ืคืืจืŸ 1983) 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืืŸ ืืœื’ืข- 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืคึผืœ ,ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. ืงื- 
ื˜ืึทืœื™ืฆื™ื–ื -- ื™ื•ื“ืื™ื–ื". 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง ,ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœืŸ" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“- 
ืžืขื˜ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ืืœื‘ืึธื-ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก: ,ืงืจืืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืงืื–ื™" 
ืžืขื–ืฉ" ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืŸ ื•ืœืื“ื™ืกืœืื•ื• ืจืึธื ื˜ืฉืงื (,ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจื ืึธื™ืข ืื™ื–ื“ืื˜ืขืœืกื˜ื•ืึธ", 1982) ืื•ืŸ ,ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื ื™ืงื ืงืจืื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงื (,ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจืขืก", 
2. ื“ืขื ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืึทืงืข -- ืงืื–ื™ืžืขื–ืฉ, ื•ื• 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›- 
ืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืขื”ื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑืง, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืืึธืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ,ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜', ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืคืึธืœื’ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึท ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ. ,ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑื™ืœืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ", -- ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ืขืจ-ื™ 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืึธื ื™ ืกืœืึธื ื™ืžืกืงื™ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืขื“ืข ืฆื•ื ืืœื‘ืึธื (ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืœืื’ โ€ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจืขืก'), ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืืžืคื•ืœืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜. ืืฃ ืžืึธื ื™ืงื 
ืงืจืื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงืืก ืคืึทื˜ืึธื“ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืจืข ืคื™ืœื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ืจืฒึทื–ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขื ืงืžืขืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 


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ืคืืจืคื™ืงืกื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืกื™ื ืื’ืึทื’ืขืก, ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืข 
ื‘ืขืกืืœืžืขื ืก, ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ืžืืฆื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืก... 

ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžืขืจืงืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืคืจืขื’ ืืฃ ื ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืข- 
ื›ืขืจ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืืจื‘ืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผื•ืœื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ,ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจ 
ื˜ื•ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืฑืœืŸ" (1925), ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืœืื‘ืืŸ (,ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ืฐื•ืึธ ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื˜ืฉื ืข ืื™ ืคื™ืœ 
ืžืึทืฐืข', 1983) -- ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืœืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข 
ื–ืขืœื˜ื ื”ืฒึทื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ืคึผืขืจื™ึธืึทื“ ืื™ื– ื‘ื- 
ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ,ืจืขื˜ืฉ ืคึผืึธืกืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื–ืฉื™ ื˜ืึธืžืืฉืขืฐื•ืกืงื™ (ืคืืจืœืื’ , ื˜ืฉื™" 
ื˜ืื˜ืขืœ", 1985). 

ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืืœ 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืขื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื˜ืฉืขืจืงืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืฒื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1918.--1949" ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืขืฃ ืึธืจืœื™ืฆืงื™ (,ืงืจืื™ืึธื•ื•ื 
ืื’ืขื ืฆื™ื ื•ื™ื“ืื•ื•ื ื™ื˜ืฉื", 1983). ื ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื”ืื’ืื ื ืงื™ืจืฆืขืจืข, ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ื ืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ 1982 ืื™ื ืขื ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจืขืก" 
ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืฐืขืจืง , ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืืจื™ืืŸ ืคื•ืงืก, 
ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื˜ ื”ืึทืคืžืืŸ, ืžืื•ืจื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื–ืฉื™ ื˜ืึธืžืืจ 


ืฉืขื•ื•ืกืงื™, ืื™ื ืขื ืืœื‘ืึธื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ (ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉ), ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื ื™ื”. (ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, 
ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื ื™ื, ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข, ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ื˜ืขืื™ 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ื ืืฆื™ึทืึทื ืืœืข ืžืืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื). 

ืฆื•ื 45'ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ,ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจืขืก" ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืŸ ืืœื‘ืึธื ,ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. 1943--1988. 
ืฆื•ื 45-ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“". ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืขื ื™ 
ื˜ืืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืื ืฅ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ืžืืจืขืง ืขื“ืขืœืžืืŸ, ืžืืจื™ื ืงืืŸ, ื™ืืŸ ืงืืจืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืจื•ื˜ื ืกืื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงืื™ื. ืื™ื ืขื ืืœื ืึธื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“- 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™ ืงืจืื™ืึธื•ื•ื. 208 ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš 
ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึทื˜ืึธื“ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืคืืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ 
ืฉืข ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ื ืก ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ, ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธ 
ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื - 
ื˜ืืœืข ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ, 


ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜-ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ 
,ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคืจืขืก"-ืื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ (ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข). 


ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฒึทืก 


ื ื ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจ 


ืืฃ ืืŸ ืึธืจื“ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ;ืฉืื‘ืขืก" 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืคืืขืจ ืงืœื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘" 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ 
.ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ" ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ื- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืจืกืคืกืจ, ืœืื•ืจืขืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•- 
ื›ืขื™ืคืจืขืžื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ื™ื. ื. 
ืคืจืขื ืงืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืืกื˜ืจืึธ- 
ืœื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื- 
ืฉืงื™ืจื™ืข. 

ื“ื™ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจ 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืง" 
ืœืืžืข, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื‘ื 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื™ 
ืœืื ื“. 

ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ (ื™ื. ื. ืคืจืขื ืงืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 


10 


ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึธืฐื - 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ืŸ), ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื•ื‘- 
ืงืืคืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืœื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜. ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืืœืข 
ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืž- 
ืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจืก ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜- 
ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื•ื™- 
ืงืืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืฆื• ืื™ืจืข ืคึผืขืจ- 
ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื™ืืŸ ืื‘ืจืืžืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ืคืจืื’ืขืก, 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืืกื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื’ืขื™ 
ื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ื‘ืื ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ -ืฉืึธ- 
ืœืขื". 

ืจืขื“ื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืข- 


ื‘ื•ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ื- 
ืœืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื. ื. ืคืจืขื - 
ืงืขืœ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื– 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื. ื™ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก.-- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื™ืืŸ ืคืจืขื ืงืขืœ,-- 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ื" 
ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืจืื’ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ืึธืš 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืข ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข". 


ืื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ืกื ื™ืื ืกืงื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืœื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื 


7* 


ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืงืจื•ื˜ื™ืงืึทืฐ 


ืฉื‚ืจื“ื“ื•ื• ืจืขืจ ืจืขืจื˜ ื“ืข ื•ื•ื• 
ืงืŸ ืจืฆืข ืจืขืฆืขื˜ื™ืขืืŸ 
ื“ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืจ ืจ :ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืจ ืจืจืจืจืจ ื•ื• 


ื“ื™ ืฆื˜ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืจ 


,ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขืกื˜ืืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜" 
(,ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ื–ื“ืื˜, 101987 ืื™ื– ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ืงืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืคืžืืŸ, 
ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึธืืœื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš, ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืข 
ืฐืขืจืง ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืงืขืคึผืœ: ,ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขืกื˜ืืžืขื ื˜ ืืœืก ื“ืขื ืง- 
ืžืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจ-ืื–ื™ืข". 
ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ืก'ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื ืืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื- 
ื ืืš. ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืื ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืงื“ืึธืžืข ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืื ืืš ืืœืก ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืง- 
ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ 
ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืงื•ืคืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื‘ืืœืš 
ืื–ื•ื™, ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืคึผ ื“ืึธืก ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืจืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš -- ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ืขืฅ, ืฉื•ืžืขืจ, ืืงืื“, 
ืื•ื’ืืจื™ื˜. ืืคืŸ ื™ืขืกืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืžื™ื ื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืกืฒึท ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข, ืกืฒึท ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜- 
ืœืขืš-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข, ืกืฒึท ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื. 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื•ื•ืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืืฉืคึผืึธืฅ. ื’ืœืฒึทื‘- 


0 } 3280 ื”ืขืื–ืกื 111 11 6ื’ื•ืฉืขื–ื•ืŸ 1 
-1/16. ืืขืžื–ื”ืื’ืช 228 3280 488ืื–ืกื) :ืงื—ื 
41 ืืชืกืชืืช 0601607801840/2 ื +ื’ืงืขืฅื–ื’ืง 
---1987 ,11074143287 , .21 -- . (ืขืข23 146/6ืกืงืกืช 
9 


ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ืืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจืืœ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื 
ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืื™. ืฉื™ืคืžืืŸ, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืื•ืค- 
ืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืขืก ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืื™. ืฉื™ืคืžืืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธื“ื ืข, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•" 
ื’ืขืŸ: ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™" 
ืฉืข ืขืžื•ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืคื™ืœ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืคืืจื ืขื, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื, ืื™ื™" 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ึทืึธืŸ (ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื 


11 


ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจืขื˜ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื˜ืื ืืš), ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ,ืคึผืจืข- 
ื–ื•ืžืคึผืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืงืฒึทื˜'. ืืคืŸ ื™ืขืกืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•" 
ื ืขื ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืืจื›ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืืฑืกื’ืจืึธื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืจืื’- 
ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืจืžื•ืœื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืืฉืึธืจืขืก, ืื– ื˜ืืงืข ื–ืฒ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื™ืฉื™ืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื - 
ืฆืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ืงืืœืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ", ื 
ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ. ืžืข ื ืขืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜, ืื– ื’ืจืึธื“ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืืš ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ืžืฒึทืœืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’- 
ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ -- ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืงืฒึทื˜. 

ื‘ืื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ ืคึทึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงืฑื“ืขืž- 
ืงืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื™ 
ื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธืคื˜ ืืคืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื˜ืึธืš. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื (44:24);: ืขื•ืจื” ืœืžื” 
ืชื™ืฉืŸ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฆื” ืืœ ืชื–ื ื— ืœื ืฆื— (ื•ื•ืืš ืื•ืฃ, ืคืืจ" 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœืึธืคืกื˜ื•, ืื“ื•ื™ื ื•ื™, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืฃ, ื•ื•ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืึดืคึผ 
ืืฃ ืื™ื‘ื™ืง), -- ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™. ืฉื™ืคืžืืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืืจื - 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ (ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื• 
ืืกื™ืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฆืจืื™ึดื ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืžื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš). ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืœื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ืข ื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ ืึธืคื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืคื™ืœืข ืืคืŸ 
ื ื™ื•ื•ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืืš-ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ืคืืจืืŸ, ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื–ืฒ 
ื’ืึธืจ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืฆืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜. 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ืคืœื•ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜- 
ืœืฒึทื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืกืืš ื’ืขืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืื ืืš ื’ื•ืคืข: ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฐื™ึธื™ึดื ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืขืžื•ื ืขืก, ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืงืขื›ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœืึธื›ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืื•ื•. ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืืฒึทื ืคืœื•ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืืŸ 
ืื•ื ื™ืงืืœืข ืืฒื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืจืข ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื–ืืฆืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– -- ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืขื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ืคืœื•ืกืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™. ืฉื™ืคืžืื ืก ื‘ื•ืš ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก. ืฆื•ื ื‘ื•ืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื- 
ืฆื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืขืกืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื-ืขืฐื•ืจืึธืคึผืึธืก, ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื™ 
ืกืึธืคึผืึทื˜ืืžื™ืข (111 ื™ื”.), ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ 
ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืื ืืš. ื“ื™ ืคืจืขืกืงืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืขื ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžืื ื™ืจ. ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืฒึทื™ 
ื›ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก, ืื™ื– ืื–ื: ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ (ื–. 5 ืื•ืŸ 
8 ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงืืคึผืฑืจ (ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืืฃ ืœื™ื ืงืก, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื•ืจืขืก). 

ืœื•ื˜ ืื™. ืฉื™ืคืžืื ืก ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืจื•ื ื™ 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืื ืืš ืื ื˜ืœื™ึทืขืŸ ื‘ื 


112 


ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš; ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจืึทืœื™ืข ื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืก ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื’ืืจื™ื˜. 
ื“ื™ ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืื ืืš ื ืขื’ืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ 
ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜. ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืื ืืš ืืœืก ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืขืงื•ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ 
ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืš ืฆืฑื™ 
ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืคืืจืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข, -- ืคื•ื’ืขื 
ืงืœื™ื™ื™ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ืœืขืš. ืื•ืคื–ื•ื›ื ื“ื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืื ืืœื™ื–ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™- 
ื“ืขื ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืื– 
ื“ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื•ืš, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™. ืฉื™ืคืžืืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ, ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ. ืื–ื•ื™, 
ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ื ื“, ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ื ื“, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื ืžื™ื™ืœืขืš ืคืœืขื’ ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื™ืœืขื›ืก ืžืื›ื˜. 

ืขืก ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™. ืฉื™ืคืžืื ืก ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจื•ืง- 
ืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื˜ืขืžืข ืคืืจ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึทืขืœืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’, ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืคึผืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 
| = ืงืฑื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขื–ื™ืก: ,ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฐื™ึทื™ึดื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื ื˜- 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ืฐืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื ืขืจ- 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืกืœืึธื–ืขืจ ืืžืข- 
ืจืืฆืขืก, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื™ 
ืฆื™ืืœ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืจ 
ื ืขื ืกืึธืฃ ืื ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜". 

ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืงื˜ ืื™. ืฉื™ืคืžืืŸ ืื•ืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
,ืคึผืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข" ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฐืฒึทื: ,...ื“ื™ 
ืืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข 
ื’ืื ืฆืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืืœืข ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืื’ื™ืฉืข (ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืข) ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ- 
ื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืขื’ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง; ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื 
ืกืฒึทื˜, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืืœืฐืขืœื˜ื˜.." 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœืฐืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•. ืื™. ืฐืขืจื ืื“ืกืงื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜. 

ืื™. ืฉื™ืคืžืืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฐื™ึทื™ึดื: ,ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ 


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ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, ืื™ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ืž- 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื“ืขืจ ื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืึธื ืึธื˜ืึทื ื™ืฉ, 
ื“ื™ ืืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ืžื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืœืขืš. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืึธืš ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื - 
ื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืื–ื, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทืžื™ื“'. ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืืคืงืข ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฐืฒื™ึดื 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืœืขืš ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืข- 
ื›ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืงืืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืข. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืจืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื–ืฒื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง, 
ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื”ืืกืจืึทืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืจ 
ืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืื•ื™ื™ืจืขืก. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ื™ 
ืคืืจืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื™ืขืฉืฒึทืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืื–ื•ื™: ,ื ืฐืึธืœืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉืขืคืขืœืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืืฉืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื 
ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืึทืงืก, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืกืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™..." ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืืœืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื“ื™ ืขืฆืขื ืฆื™ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ื- 
ื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืข- 
ื ืข ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒึทื– ืึธืคึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื - 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ืื ืึธื›ืขืก. ืื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืคื™ืœ 
ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืข- 
ืฐืฒึทื ืฆื•ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™. ืฉื™ืคืžืืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื ื˜, ืื– ,ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึธืฉืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฐืฒึทื ืื– ื“ื™ 
ืื•ืคื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืกื™- 
ื“ืขืจ". ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ: ,ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืงื•ืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึธื•ื•ืœืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืฉืืคื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฐื™ื™ึดื ืฆื• 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™" 
ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ ื™ื”. ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืจืข, ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื ื˜- 
ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜". 

ื‘ืื ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฐื™ึธื™ึทื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึท 
ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฆ ื™ื”, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื•ื- 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืืœืก ,ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืกืœืึธื–ืขืจ ืืžืขืจืืฆืขืก", ืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ืจืึธื“ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื™ื”. ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื”ืืจื‘ืงืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืฆืขื ืžืฒึทืœืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœ 
ื›ืข ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืžืึธืก ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉืึธื ืงืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ื ืขืฐื™ึทื™ึดื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ 


ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ืจืึธืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ- 
ืจืขื“ืขืก: ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืœื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืก, 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืึธื–. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืื˜ 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืึธืฐืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืงืœืืกืŸ-ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜. 
ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฐื™ื™ึดื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืืœืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜: 
ื ืฐืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืึธืœืขื; ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ ื™ืขืฉืฒึทืขืก ื ืข- 
ืฐื™ึทืขืก ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืขืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืงื•ืคืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืžื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจื“ืŸ ืืฃ ืืงืขืจืก. 

ืคื™ืœ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ืฐื•ืขืจ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ ืืœืก ืื•ื ื™ืงืืœืข ื’ืื ืฆืงืฒึทื˜ -- ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืฉื˜ืื ื“- 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ: ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืŸ, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ, ืžืึธืจืืœื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ- 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืกืื ื˜, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืึทื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข, , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืฆืฒึทื™ 
ื˜ื™ืงืข" ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึทื - 
ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื ืขืžื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจืขื˜ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ืงื•ืคืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืจืขืœื™ 
ื’ื™ึดืขื–ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ. 

ืืœืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื  
ืจื•ืคืŸ ืก. ืื•ื•ืขืจื™ื ืฆืขื•ื•ืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ , ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœ- 
ื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื‘ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
,ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœืฐืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ' 
(ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 1983, ื‘ืื ื“ 1) ืื•ืŸ ืื™. ืฐื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ ,ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš" (ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 1986). ืขืก ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืค'ืœืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœืขื™ืกื˜ื™ืง -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš. 


ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 


ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœื ,ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ 
ื™ืขืกืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ื’ืจืึธืกืžืื ืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•", ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ: ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืคื™ืœื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธื ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื•ื‘-ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืขืก, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท -- ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืฒึทืข- 
ืจืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“. ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ. ืฉื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืึธืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฉื™ืžืข ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืข- 
ื ืข ืงื™ื ืึธื™ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœืŸ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื ืืคืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืงืจืืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉืฑื™ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืกืงืึธืœื“ืึธืฐ-ื™ 
ื’ืจืึธืกืžืื ืก ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืกื™ืจืขืกื ืขืคึผืขืฉื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื– 
ืืŸ ืื™ื“ืฒื™ึทืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฑื– ื 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื”ืืจื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืคึผืึธ- 
ืฉืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฐืจื™ึดืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœ -- ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜. 

...ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืื˜ืืœื™ืึธืŸ, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืžืืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขืจ" ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ื•ื•ืืฐื•ื™ืœืึธื•ื•ื 
ืฐืขื˜ ,ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื? ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืืžืข ื‘ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ. ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ืฉื•ืงื™ 
ืฉื™ื ืก ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ื™ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื - 
ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ ื˜ืฉืืคึผืื™ืขื•ื•ืก ื ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•- 
ื“ืขืจ (ืืคื™ืœืข ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ื‘ืื‘ืึธื˜ืฉืงื™ื ืก ืงื™ื ืึธื™ื”ืขืœื“). ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึธืŸ- 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ: ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืคืขืœืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ 
ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืืกืฑื™ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื 
ืื™ื– ,ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ืจื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืจืขื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื ืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง", -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื. ืืกืงืึธืœื“ืึธื•ื• ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฐื•ืขืจืง (,ืžืึธืกืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ื™ืข ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื˜ื™"). ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืืงืข 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื - 
ื“ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข -- ื ืคืจื•ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืืœื˜ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ื™ื’ืงื™ื ื“. 

ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืจืขื 
ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคื™ืœืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึทื›ืขื™ 


14 


ืงื™ื ืฆื•-/ื’:ืงืจืื™ืŸ 


ืงื™ื ืึธืคื™ืœื , ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืืจ" 


6ืกื•ื—ื– 12900 ื–4ืกื•ืช 1006 6 ืขื’ื–ืืฃ* | 
7 ืŸ 
ืกื–ื’ื•ื•ื˜ื•,ืกืฆื’ื–? ื’..-ืึทืชื•ึนืชืฐืฉ96" - | 
4 ื™ื™ 26 
4 ืืœืก1 ืืชื ื–ื’ื•6ืกืกืก ืฉืฆื’ื-- 
12 4 5 4 1 6 
ืžืืกื ื•ืืก ืื•ืกื“ ืื•ืคื ,ื’ื•ืก ืžื)-- 
ื“ 


0 56060,, ืœื™ืœ !ื ื ืžืืžื•ืืก 
ืขื“ 561 1194 ืืœ ืืื– 
ื™ืœืื™ืฉืคื•ื” ื“ืื–ื•ื–ืืื–ื!ื—ื” ื–ื•ืืกื•ื– ืื™ืกืกื“ื 

4 2 16 :ื™ืข ื™ื˜ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืกื ื’ืื ืชื 6, 


1 ื’ื–ื’ื•? ื—ืก 116 


1 :6446 ."ื™} +2066:4 = +ื’+6ื•4 
502 4 1:.423+ 18 16:1108 166 / 
- - 135.6866 344 150 .13 ! ื”ืค 


ื“ื™ ืจืขืงืœืืžืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืคื™ืœื ,ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ" ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ืจืฒื™ืึธืจืง 


ืงืื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคื™ืœื 
.ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ" 


ื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื™ืขืคื™ื ืžืื’ืื–ืื ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืฉืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืฑื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ 
ืจืึธืœืืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืึธื•ื•. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ืขืคื™ื ืื™ื– ื‘ืื›ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื " 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืคืืกื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ื™ืžืข- 
ื”ื•ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืืœืฅ 
ืืจื•ืžื›ืืคึผื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ื–ื. 


ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธื ื ืžืึธืจื“ื™ื•ืงืึธืฐืขืก ืงืœืื•ื•ื“ื™ืข 
ื•ื•ืืฐื™ืœืึธื•ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธืœืืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืึธื•ื•ืก ื™ืขืคื™ื ืžืื’ืื–ืื ื™ืง -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืฆื• ืงืขื’ื -ื™ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ื™ืฉ. ื•ื•ืืฐื™ืœืึธื•ื•ื ืื™ื–, ื ืื˜ื™ืจ- 
ืœืขืš, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ืงืข ื ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืคื™ืžืก ื ืขืฉืึธืžืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฉื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื“ื•ื™ืจืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจื•ืจ- 
ืกื™ื™ืœืŸ. ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืคืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืกื•ื™ื™ 
ืฐืขืก. ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ื ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืฐื™ืœืึธื•ื•ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 


ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืคืจื•ื™, ื ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืขืžื˜ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืžืื•ื–ืขืจ, 


ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืคืขืœ- 
ืงืขืจ. 

ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ื•ื–ืžืข ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืŸ ืื– 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื, ืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื 
,ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ? ืฐื™ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ. ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข" 
ื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืข ื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืข 60ื™ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸืฃ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืข- 
ื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ืฆื˜. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืขื•ื•ื’ืขื ื™ 
ื™ืขื•ื•ื˜ื•ืฉืขื ืงืึธ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ,ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœื ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื ืกืืš ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืขืจ ืืกืงืึธืœื“ืึธื•ื•. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืคื™ืœ- 
ืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉืืคืŸ ืคืืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง 
ื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืงื™ื ืขืžืื˜ืึธื’ืจืืฃ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื ืฉื•ืœื“ ืคืืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ..." 


ื : ืžืืจื’ ืึทืœื™ื˜ 


ืื™ื’ืึทืจ ืงืจื•ืคึผื ื™ืง, 
ืงืื ื“ื™ื“ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸืŸ 
ืžืืจืง ืงื•ืคึผืึทืฐืขืฆืงื™ 


ืœืื›ืœื•ื›ืŸ'--ืฉืจืจื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ 


ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื ืืฆื™ืึธืจ 
ื ืืœืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื˜ื ืึธื ื™ื ,ืœืื›ืœื•ื›ืŸ', ื”ืืจ 
ื’ืื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1980, ืฐืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื– 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขื“ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื ืจืขืืœืข ืขื˜ื’ืึธื’ืจืืจ 
ืคื™ืฉืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืคืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ื’ื•ื™ื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืฉืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข. 
ื“ื™ ,ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ" ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ื•ื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืŸ ืขื˜ื ืึธื ื™ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื”ื– ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคืข ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื™ 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ืข, ืื–ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื“ื–ืฉืืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืœืื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืื ื˜ืจ 
ื“ืขืงืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืžืึธื–ืื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ื ื ืฒึทืข ืขื˜ื ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข 
ืื™ื™ืขืก, 

,ืœืื›ืœื•ื›ืŸ" ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืงืื•ืงืื– ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื™ 
ื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ -- ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ 
ืขื˜ื ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืฑื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืจืขื ืขื“ืจืืึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืืŸ, 
ืื™ืจืืง, ื˜ืขืจืงืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืืจืืžืขื“ 
ืฉืขืจ (ื ืฒึทื™ืืฉื•ืจื™ืฉืขืจ) ืฉืคึผืจืืš. 

ืคืืจืืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื ื™ืืจืืžืขื™ืฉ-ืฉืคึผืจืื›ื™ืงืข ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ โ€ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกื“. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1962 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ืฉืคึผืจืื›ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืœืื’ืข ืฆื•ื ืฐื™ืœื ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื’ืืœ 
,ื”ืืงืืจืžืขืœ". ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื™ืขื“ื™ืขืก ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื ืื‘ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธืฃ 
ืคืกืŸ ื™ื”. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืข 


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ื‘ื™ื–ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ืฆื™ึทืึธื ืขืจืข ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ื•ื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืงืื•ื•ืงืื–ืงืขื ืขืจ 7. ืœืึธืคึผืื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ื’. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึธื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจืืžืขื™ืฉืฉืคึผืจืื›ื™ืงืข ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื’ืขืจ 
(ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉืข) ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืจืขื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืืœืขืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฉื•ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื’, ื. 
ื‘ืจื™ึดืขืœืึธื•ื•ื. ืื™ืŸ 1963 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืœื™ื ื’ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข โ€ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฑื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืœืžืื–ืื˜ื, ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืกืืš ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ, ื ื˜ืฒืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜. 
ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 
8'ืขืŸ ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืืจื’ืึธืŸ 1 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืขืœ- 
ืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืื–ื™ื’ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื’" 
ืจืื™ืึทื ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืจืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฉื•ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข. 
ื“ืึธืกืจืึธื•ื• ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคึผืึทื ืขื ืืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืฑืคึฟื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื’ืจืคึผืขืก 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 6:ื˜ืŸ ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืฐึนืœ. ืื™ืŸ 


6 2860 2 ื”ืขืืกื”ืขื–ื’ื—ืกืช 1 

4276 ืืืืง060 -- ืืื” ื 32807:42 .08018ืก1 

ืชืกืืกืชื— ื 4607400168 ื”ืขืฐ2ืกืขืชืก ื”ืชืช 8ืกืช2ืืง 
-26 .0 ,28 .ื—ืฉื ,1894 (ืกืขืชืฉืข1 16288232 


ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื›ืื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื ืืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš, ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจืืžืขื™ืฉ ืืœืก ืื•ืž" 
ื’ืื ื’-ืฉืคึผืจืืš. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืจืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืกืจืึธื• ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืขืกืึธืคึผืึธื˜ืืžื™ืข ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 8ื˜ืŸ 
ื™ื”. -- ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึทึผืจืืš. ืฆื•ื 10'ื˜ืŸ -- 
2ื˜ืŸ ื™ื”. ื ืœืฒึทื ืŸ ืืœืก ืืจืืžืขื™ืฉืฉืคึผืจืื›ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื’ื™ืจืื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื“" 
ืกื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืฒึทืจืขื•ืจื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืจืื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื–ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื“ื–ืฉืืŸ; ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ื ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื”ื™ืคืฉืข ืฆืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื•ืคึทืขืก 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“"ืฉืข ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืืจืงืœืขื ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื™ืกืœืืžื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื›ื–ืึธืจื™ืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืœ 
ื›ืึธืžืขืก ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทึธืกืžืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื›ืึธืจืขื•ื• ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ืฒ 
ืงืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 19'ื˜ืŸ -- ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ 20'ื˜ืŸ ื™ื”. ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ 
2 ื‘ื™ื– 18 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื’ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜, 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ โ€ ื˜ืจืื ืกืงืื•ื•ืงืื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืฉืงืืœื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ืืจ 
(ืื™ืฆื˜ -- ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ื‘ืืฉืงืืœื ื ื™ื•ืงืกืขืงืึธื•ื•ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ), ืื•ืจืžื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืกืืœืžืืก 
(ืื™ืฆื˜ - ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืจืขืื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื›ืคื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืจืื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื–ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื“ื–ืฉืืŸ), ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขืฆืฒื™ืœื˜ 3 -- 5 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ 
ื ืขืคืืฉืขืก; ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืืจื”ืขืœื˜ื ื™ืกืžืขืกื™ืง ืงืœืฒื ืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข 
ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ืŸ, ืืฉื•ื™ 


ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจืžืขื ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืกื›ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื‘ื ืขืจ. ื ื˜ืฒืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืœืึทื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืจืื ืกืงืื•ื•ืงืื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืืฑืก, 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื‘ืขืœืฒืกืึธืคืขืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 19ื˜ืŸ ื™ื”. ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืจืื ืกืงืื•ื•ืงืื– ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืืงื˜ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก 
ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื•ื•ืื ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš -- ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืœื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืง. 
. ืœืึธืคึผืื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฉื•ืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 1827 -- 1828. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžืขืฉืืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฆืึธืœ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ื™ 
ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜ ืืจืžืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืฅ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื’ืขื ืื™ืจืื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื–ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื“ื–ืฉืืŸ. ื˜ื›ื™ืœืขืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดืฉื•ึผื•ื™ื ืงื' 
ืžืืจืœื•, ืฆืขืžืขื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื’ื“ืึธืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ื•ืืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืœื™ืก. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 19'ื˜ืŸ 
ื™ื”. -- ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•. 

ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืŸืจ ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืก" 
ืงืื•ื•ืงืื– ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื”ืื“ืจืึธื’ืขื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื“ืื ืง ื“ื™ 
ื ืฒึทืข ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ (ืึธืคื˜ -- ืื•ืžืœืขื’ืืœืข) ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื™ 
ื’ืจืขื ืขื“ืจืื™ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืข. ืฆืฐืฒ 
ืคืืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’: ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืื‘ื™ืœืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืจื•ืฒึทืงืข ืœืื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืก" 
ื˜ืืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 1900-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


ื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืข. 20-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 


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ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืฑืคึผืœืฒื™ื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงืฒึท ื‘ื 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืฆืึธื–ื•ืงื (ืื™ืฆื˜ -- 
ืงืืœื™ื ื™ื ืึธ), ืืฃ ืฆืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื™ื•ื•ืื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื ื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืฉืขืืžืœื™ืŸ- 
ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืจืžื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืกืืœืžืืก. 

ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื”ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื“ืื ืง ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™" 
ื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืžืื˜ืึธืจืŸ. 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคืืœืŸ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ืžื•ืคื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื™ืึธืจ 
ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืงืืœื, ื’ืื•ื•ืืจ, ืื•ืจืžื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืกืืœ 
ืžืืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคึผืœืฒื™ื˜ื™ื. ื ื”ื™ืคืฉืข 
ืฆืึธืœ (ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก) ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืกืงืื•ื•ืงืื–. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืขื–ืฉืขื ืฆืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ื–ืฉื•ืœ- 
ืคื. ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืื ืขื ืข ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ื- 
ื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ื•ื•ืืŸ, ื˜ื™ืคืœื™ืก, ื‘ืืงื•; ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื˜ืืฐื™, 
ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืกื™, ืงืึธื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื™, ื’ื™ืื ื“ื–ืฉื (ืงื™ืจืึธืฐืึธื‘ืื“) ืื•ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜. ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืฉืืคื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื– 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืžืขื ื™ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1920 -- 1930 ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ืข, ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืงื™ืฒืŸ 
ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™. ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 1930ื™ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข 
ืฆืึธืœ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื  
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืฉืืคื˜, ืจืขืคึผืื˜ืจืฒื™ึทืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืึธืกืžื™ื˜? ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื• ืื•ืŸ -- ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ -- ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกืขืจ 
ืืฒึทื ื–ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืกืจืึธื•ื• ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ- 
ืฉืืคื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 1940-ืขืจ--ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ 1950-ืขืจ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื–ืื›ืกื˜ืืŸ. ืฆื•ื 
ื›ืึธืฃ 1950:ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข ื–ื™ืš 
ืงืึทื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืžื-ืื˜ื;: ืืฒื ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ืข. 

ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืกืงืื•ื•ืงืื– ืื™ืŸ 19ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 20'ื˜ืŸ ื™ื”: ื ืกืืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืžืœืขื’ืืœ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ืฆืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึทึผืข ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื’ื“ 
ืฐื•ื™ืก ืคืืจืžื™ื ืขืจื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœืข ืกื˜ื- 
ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ. ?. ืœืึธืคึผืื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืฆื™ืคืขืจืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื™ื•ื•ืื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข (,ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื ืขืคืืฉืขืก"), ืคืืจื•ืคื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ 
, ืื™ื ื“ืขืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจ 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืจืื ืกืงืื•ื•ืงืื–ืขืจ ืงืื ื˜" (ื˜ื™ืค- 
ืœื™ืก, 1893). 

ืœื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ 
ืคืืจืŸ 1897, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืงืื•ื•ืงืื– ืคืืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 24 ,ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ื™ื', ืฐืขืžืขื ืก ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ" 
ืฉืคึทึผืจืืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฉื•ืจื™ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืฉ, ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ 
2 ื ืขืคืืฉืขืก (ืืœืข -- ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ!) ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื™ื•ื•ืื ืขืจ 


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ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืคืึทืœืงืกืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื™ืงืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื• ืื™ืŸ 1913 ืฉื™ืŸ 
7 -ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ื™ื", ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกื™ืจื™ืฉ (ืืจืืžืขื™ืฉ). ืื™ืŸ 1926, ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืืœืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจ- 
ื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื ืก- 
ืงืื•ื•ืงืื–ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ืืฉืึธืจืข, ืืœืก ,ืžื™ื˜ืœืื–ื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“" 
(ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืืœืก ,ืžื™ื˜ืœ-ืื–ื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸืื•ื™ืกืœืขืŸ- 
ื“ืขืจ"): 339 ื’ืขืคืืฉืขืก, ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ 146 ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ืขืจ". 
ื ืึธืš 217 ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ืข ืืœืก ,ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืื ืขืŸ" (ืงื™ืžืื˜ 
ืืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™), ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืกื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ. ื“ื™ ืจืขืืœืข ืฆืึธืœ 
ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 1920-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื ืขืคืืฉืขืก. 

ื“ื™ ืจืขืคึผืื˜ืจื™ืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃื” 1930'ืขืจ ืึธืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ื ื’ืขื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื–ืื‘- 
ืกื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืžืืžืึทืฉืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืืฉืคึผืึธืข ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืึธืœื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ. ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ืŸ- 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืžืื“ืื˜ื (ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืึทืคึผืฉื- 
ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- ืคื•ืŸ 100 ื‘ื™ื– 150 ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืขืก, ื“ื”. ืงืึธื™ 
ืจืขื•ื• 500--700 ื ืขืคืืฉืขืก), ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข -- 
ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™ (50---70 ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืขืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
0--300 ื ืขืคืืฉืขืก). ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื™ืขื›ื™ื“ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ืข ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•, ืคืจื•ื ื–ืข, ืงื•ื‘ื, ื“ืขืจื‘ืขื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืก- 
ืงื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜. ืกืื– ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืึธืคืขืง, ืฆื™ ืก'ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ืžืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ { -- 1,5 ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืกืจืึธืฐื• ืคึผืœืฒื™ื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืกืงืื•ื•ืงืื• ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคื™ืœื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืจื™ื‘ื ืขื 
ืžื™ืกื›ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืกืืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆ- 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื ื•ื™ืขืจ (ืžื•ื™ืขืจืขืจ), ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึทื›ืขืก, ื•ืื“ 
ืกืขืจืคื™ืจืขืจ. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ื‘ืืืžื˜ืข, ืงื•ื•ืืœื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฉืึธืคืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ- 
ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ื•ืืœืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืงืื–ืื›ืกื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™- 
ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื˜ื›ื™ืœืขืก ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ืฐื™ืจ- 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ึดืฉื•ึผืฐื•ื™ื ืืจื•ื ืืœืžื-ืื˜ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื”ืื“ืจืึธื’ืขื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื ืขืจื•ื ื’ (ื‘ื•" 
ืคืขื˜ืŸ, ื’ืึธืจืงื™ื›ืŸ, ืฉืืฉืœื™ื˜ืฉื ืขืก ืื“ื’). ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ืคืืจื’ืจืข- 
ืกืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ืฅ-ืฉื™ื›ื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™" 
ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจ- 
ื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืกืงืื•ื•ืงืื–. ืฐื™ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืฅ- 
ืจืข ืื•ืžืœืขื’ืืœืข ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข 
ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ: ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื, ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’, ื ื" 
ืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื›ืึธืœื™ื. ืืคืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ืึธืจื˜, ืฐืฑื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ" 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ 


ืงืื•ื•ืงืื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื“ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 20'ื˜ืŸ ื™ื”. ื“ืึธืก- 
ืจืึธื•ื• ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืžืื™ืื˜ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื, ื”ืื ืื ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื‘ืื™ืึธืจ- 
ื˜ืข ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืขืœืข- 
ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขื ืงืื•ื•ืงืื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ืขืจ- 
ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ื•ื (ืฉื˜ื™ื–ื•ืœ, ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืืœื™ืคืข, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืขืคึผืงืขืก 
ืื“ื’.). 


ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืœืขื’ืื‘ืข ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืข ืžืฒื™ 
ื›ืึธืœื™ื ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ืืจื‘ืขืกื–ื•ืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืฒึทืŸ 
(ืžืึธืข), ืจื™ื ื“ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ-ืงื ื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืจืฒึทื– ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจ" 
ื“ื™ื•ืง-ืฉืžืืœืฅ (ืฉื™ืคื˜ื). ืื™ืŸ ืืœืžื:ืื˜ื ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘" 
ืœื™ืกื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื“ื”ืฒึทืขื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทื™ 
ื›ืึธืœื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืึธืกืจืึธื•ื• ืงืื•ื•" 
ืงืื–ืขืจ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ. 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืžืื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืขื˜, 
ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืœื˜ืข ืžืขืกื•ื™ืจืขืก, ืžืฒึทืกืขืก, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง- 
ืœืึธืจ. ืกืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืจื™ื›- 
ื˜ื™ืง ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ืจืฒึทื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื™ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ ื‘ื ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืง, ืฐืขืœ 
ื›ืข ื. ื’ืื‘ืจื™ืขืœืึธืฐื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 20 ื™ืึธืจ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืžื-ืื˜ื. 

ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืข ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ึทืขื–ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืœืขื›ืึทืœื”ืืคึผืึธื›ืขืก ืืฃ ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ืึธืžื˜ืฑ" 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ, ืžืขืจืงืŸ ืึธืคึผ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืžื˜ื•ื™ืฐื™ื ื‘ื 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื. ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื ื˜ืจืื˜ื, ื“ืึธ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืฉื•ืจื™ืฉืข ืจื™ื™ื“ืฉืคึผืจืืš. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืื™ืึธืจื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืื ื- 
ื›ื™ืฉืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ -- ืžืึธืฉืข, ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“, ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื™ืืงืึธื•ื•, 
ืฉืืžื•ืขืœ, ื™ืึธืกื™ืฃ, ืจืื›ื™ืœ, ืกืืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“. ื“ื™ ื’ืขื™ 
ื ืขืืœืึธื’ื™ืขืก, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก, ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ื ืกืืš ืงื•ืจ" 
ื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 19:ื˜ืŸ -- 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ 20'ื˜ืŸ ื™ื”. ืžื•ืกื•ืœืžืขื ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจื™ 
ืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืื›ื™ืฉืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ: ืกื•ืœื™ื™ืžืืŸ, ืื™ืœื™ืืก, 
ืžื•ืกื, ืฉืืžื™ืœ, ืจืื™ึดื /ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืื›ื™ื) ืื“ื’.; 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ 
ื˜ื™ื•ืจืงื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ (ื’ื™ื•ืœื‘ืื›ืืจ, ื’ื•ืœื™, 
ื“ื–ืฉืื•ื•ืื›ื™ืจ, ืคืืจื™, ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ, ื˜ืขืœื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœื•, 
ื›ืื ื•ื, ืืœืžืืก ืื“ื’). ืก'ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ื“ื™ 
ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืœืขืงืึธืฐื•ืขื“ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืืฉืงืขื ืื–ื™ืฉืข (ืœึดื™ืึธื•ื•ื, ืžื™ืฉื, ืื‘ืจืื, 
ื™ืืงืึธื–ื•, ืจืึธื–ื, ืกืึธื ื™ื, ืจืื™ื ืื“ื’.). 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืขืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ื 
ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ- 
ืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ,ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืคื•ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืืœืก ืงืœืืœ, ื˜ืื ืื›ื™ืฉืข ื ืข- 
ืžืขืŸ: ืื™ืกืืงืึธื•ื•, ืžื•ืจื“ื•ื›ืึธืฐื•, ืื‘ืจืืžืึธื•ื•, โ€ ืกื•ืœื™ื™ืžื- 
ื ืึธื•ื•, ืžื™ื ืืกืึธื•ื•, ืฉืืžืื™ืœืึธื•ื•, ืื™ืกืžืื™ืœืึธื•, ืจืื ื™ืžืึธื—, 


ืื™ื‘ืจืื’ื™ืžืึธื•ื•, ื“ืื•ื•ื˜ื™ืืŸ, ืกืืืงื™ืืŸ, ืืจื•ื ื™, ืืจื•ืŸ" 
ื–ืื“ืข, ืื™ืกืืืง-ื–ืื“ืข ื–ื•ืœื•ื-ื–ืื“ืข, ืคึผืืฉืืึธื’ืœื™, ืกื•" 
ืœื™ื™ืžืืŸืึธื’ืœื™ ืื•ืงืขื“ื•ื™ืžืข. 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืžืื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ืขื˜, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข-ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™"ื™ 
ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืข ืจืึธืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกืึธืจ 
ืฆื™ึธืืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคื- 
ืžื™ืœื™ืข, ื”ืืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข: ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืข ืงืจื•ื™ื–ื•ื™ื ืืœืก ืกืืžืข 
ื‘ืขื›ื˜ืข (ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก ืฆืื“). ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื ืกื•ื™ื•ื•ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืขื˜ื ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื ื™ื, ืžืฒึทื“ื˜ ืืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื. 

ืืœืก ืื•ืžืœืขื ืืœืข ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขื™ 
ืคึผืœืฒื˜ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ื›ื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื˜ื›ื™ืœืขืก ืคืืจ- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ืฐืฒืขื™ืง ื‘ืขื™ 
ืงืึธืฐืขื“ื™ืง ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื• ืื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™. ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ,ืœืื›ืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข" ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืขืก, ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื–ื ืึธืคึผื ืข- 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืฉืคึผื•ืจืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืžื:ืื˜ื. ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืืฉื•ืจื™ื, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืจืขื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, 
ื–ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืจืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื•ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ื‘ื- 
ืฆื™ึธื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืžื-ืื˜ื. 

ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขื ื’ืœืขื›ืข ืืฉื•ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 7. ืœืึธืคึผืื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื™ืืจืืžืขื™ืฉ" ืึธื“ืขืจ ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ:ืืฒื™ืกืึธืจื™ืฉ', ืื•ืŸ" 
ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ื 
ืœืขืงื˜. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ (ื. ืฆืขืจืขื˜ืขืœื™, ื“ื–ืฉ. ื’ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืžืื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืึธื ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฉืคึผืจืืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืœืื›ืœื•ื›ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื˜ื™ืงื•ืœื™ืืฆื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืึธื ืืฆื™ืขืก. 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืื‘ืจื™ืขืœืึธื•ื•ื, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจื™ืฒื™ื“ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจ- 
ื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืืคื™ื™ 
ืœืข ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ืžืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืืฉื•ืจื™ื. ื›ื•ืฅ 
ื“ืขื, ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ ืื ื˜- 
ืœืฒึทื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืจืขื™ืฉ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ- ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ึดืขื–ืขืจ ืœืขืงืกื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืืฐื•ื•ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ:ืืฉื•ืจื™ื. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš:ืฉื™ื›ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื”ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืจืื“ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืฆื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ึทื“ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ?. ืœืึธืคึผืื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข 
ืฆืึธืœ ื˜ื™ื•ืจืงื™ืฉืข, ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืฉืข, ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉืข, ืืจืžืขื ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื ื˜ืœืฒึทื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืื•ื•ืกื˜, 
ืื– ื“ืึธืกืจืึธื• ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ ื–ืฒึทื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื’- 
ื’ืึธื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืฉืคึผืจืื›ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื›ื•ืฅ ืืฉื•- 


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ืจื™ืฉ, ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืฉ. 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืœืข, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜, 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคืจืฒึท ืจืขื“ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉ 
(ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืžื-ืื˜ื), ืื–ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื“ื–ืฉืื ื™ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ื™ืฉ (ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื• ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ื). ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืœืžื:ืื˜ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืจ 
ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ 
ื’ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ื”ืื ืื ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขื ื’ืœืขื›ืข 
ืืฉื•ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš. 

ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ 
ื‘ืื ืฉื•ืฒึทื ืŸ ืืฃ ืืจืืžืขื™ืฉ ื“ืขื ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืืœืขืค' 
ื‘ื™ื™ืก. ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื“ืึธืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื:; 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึทืš ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™:ืขื–ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื™ 
ื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ื“ื™ ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืฒื™ื“ืฉืคึทึผืจืืš ืฆื• ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ. 

ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืžื™ืฉื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืขืจ, ื‘ืืจื’- 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืžื:ืื˜ื ื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 


ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ื‘ืื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ื•ืฒึทืŸ. โ€ ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืคืŸ ื–ืฒ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืขื•ื•ืจืข!" (,ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ'); ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืŸ. 


ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื™ื– ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขื˜ื ืึธื™ 
ื ื™ื , ืœืื›ืœื•ื›ืŸ"? ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื’ื•ืคืข ืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ,ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ* ืึธื“ืขืจ ,ื”ื•ื“ืข" (ื“.ื”. ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ), ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš -- ,ืœืขืฉืื ื ื”ื•ื“ืข'. ื“ื™ ืืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ 
,(ืื™)ื›ื•ื“ืื™ื" (ื“ื”., ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ, ื™ื“ืŸ) ืึธื“ืขืจ 
,ื›ื•ื“ืื™ื ืกื•ืจืื™ื" -- ,ืืฉื•ืจื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ'; ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ื•ืกื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ: 
,ื›ื•ื“ืื™ื ื“'ืื•ืจืžื™ื™ื". ,ื›ื•ื“ืื™ื ืœื–ืื›ืจ', ,ื›ื•ื“ืื™ื 
ื“'ืกื™ื ืืกืืงื™ื–" ืื•ืงืขื“ื•ื™ืžืข. ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ืฒ 
,ืกื™ื•ื›ื™ื•" ืึธื“ืขืจ ,ืžืึธืกืืฐื™", ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“-ืืฉืงืขื ืื™ 
ื–ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืงืื•ื•ืงืื–, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ ืืœืก ,ืคึทึผืขืจ"- 
ืกื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ". ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืืžืขื™ื™ืฉ-ืฉืคึผืจืื›ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ 
(ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 1940-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ืžืื˜ 
ืืœืข ืงืึธื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ) ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืืœืก 
6005{ (143:0158) ืช263:01564 ืึธื“ืขืจ -- ืžืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ -- ืคืฉืฉืกืŸ 8121210/. 


ื•ื•ืขื“ืœื™ืง ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื“ืขื ืขื˜ื ืึธื ื™ื , ืœืื›ืœื•ื›ืŸ" ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก (ื‘ืื–ื•ืŸ" 
ื“ืขืจืก, ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ), ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ืขืฆืขื ื˜ืึธืš 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืž" 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืขืคึผืœื“ื™ืง ื‘ื˜ืื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ืœืื›ืœื•ื›ืŸ" ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื’-ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื• ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ื‘ื. ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื’ื•ืคืข ืงืึทื ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืขื ื™ 
ื˜ืึธื ื™ื. ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ,ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ืขื˜ื™ืžืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข": ,ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ืœื™ืืš, ืœื™ื•ืš -- ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืœื™ืื›ืœื™ื•ืš'. ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ืืฉื•ืจื™ืฉ, ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ, ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืกืึธื ืื ื˜ืŸ ,ืœ" ืื•ืŸ ,ื›', ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœ-ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ. ื”ืื™ 
ื’ืื ื“ื™ ืขื˜ื™ืžืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื ื“ืข" 
ืจืข. ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจืกื˜ืŸ ื•ืืจืฉืฒึทื ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืืฉืึธืจืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืฉื•ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืจื‘ืืœืŸ ืฐืึธืจืฆืœ 
,ืœื›ืœืš" (ืื•ืžื‘ืœืึธื ืงืขืŸ, ืื•ืžื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืžืฉื’ืึธืจืขืŸ) 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธืจืฆืœืขืŸ ,ื—ืœืš" (ืืจื•ืžื’ื™ื™ืŸ) 
ืื•ืŸ , ืœื”ืœื”" (ืื•ื™ืกืฉืžื™ืจืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜). 

ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื˜ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืœืืกื™ืคื™ืงืืฆื™ืข? ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืขื˜ื ืึธืกืึธืฆื™ืืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื ืึธืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืข- 
ืœืขืจ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืกืงืื•ื•ืงืื–, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒ 
ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืขื˜ื ืึทื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ึทืขืœืข 
ื’ืจื•ืคืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืจืขืฐ 70--80-ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ 
ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืจืขื ืขืฅืจืื™ืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงืฒื™, ืื™ืจืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืืง. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืกืกืจ, ืืœืก ื ื‘ืื–ื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื" 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื’" 
ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“. 


ืœื•ื™ืกื’ืœื™ืœื™ืกื•ื“ืœื ืœืข 
ื’ืขื“ืขืžื”ื™ื“ื™ืื˜ืขื˜ 


ืœืฒื‘ ืฐื•ื™ืœืกืงืขืจ 
(1919 --- 1988) 


ื‘.-"ื . ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืก ืื•ืžื‘ืื•ืฐื•ืกื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื• 
ืฆื• 'ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“. ื ื•ืื’ื™ื“ืŸ 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืงืกื™ืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื“ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ 
ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจื‘ืึทืจื’ืขื ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ืฆืจืขืก, 
ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง, ืคืืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื– 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขื ,ื˜ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื" ืคึผืขืจื™ึทืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’, ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืžืงื•ื 
ื™ืขื“ืข ืœื™ื“, ื™ืขื“ืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข, ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืขืจื–, ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืšื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ, ืžื•ื™ืฉืข 
ืื™ื‘ื“ืขื–ืจืึท ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ื”ืืœื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืžืึธืก ืžืขื’ ืื–ื ื“ืฒึทื’ืข ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื’ื“ื•ื™ืœื™ื: ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื”ืื ืึธื’ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืจืึธื”ืึธื ืื™ื‘" 
ืขื–ืจืึธ. 

ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื‘ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืฆื™ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื™. ืฆื™ืŸ" 
ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“. ืžืื ื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ: ืืœืก ื ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง, ืืœืก ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื›ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืึธื ื˜ืฒ?ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื“ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ -- ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคื™ืœืŸ 


1 ืค. ืœืื›ืึธื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1938/19 ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ื™ 
ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 5 ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ ?ืื’ืจื•ืช (ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ) ื—ื™ื™ื 
ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง". ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื™. ืžืืจืงื•ืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, ืฐืข- 
ืžืขื ืก ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜: โ€ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืก ื‘ืจื™ื•, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™- 
ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืฑื™ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืŸ- 
ืขื–ืจืึธ". 


ืืคืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•, ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืฆื•ืคื™ืœืŸ ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืฉืœื™ื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ืฃ ืคื• 
ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก: ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื -- ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ *ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– 
ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจ ืจืขื“ 
ืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืื˜ืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืŸ ืืœืก ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง, ื™ืขื“ื ืคืืœืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื 1906 ื™ืึธืจ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื™."ื›. ืจืื–ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ืก. ื‘ืขืŸืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืึธืงืข ื ื ื•ืš 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ,,ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" (,ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ') ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืงืขืคึผืœ?, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜: 
.ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ 
ื”ืื ืึธื ื™ื“ ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืฆื•-ื˜ืึธื ". 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ 
ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ืึธื ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื™ 
ื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืื™ 
ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืฒึทื›ื˜ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึทืขื–ื™ืข ื‘ื ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืื•ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜: ,,ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื“ืข ื˜ืฒึทื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืคืœื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ... ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ืžืขืงืื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื™ื›ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืืฑืกื’ืจืึทื›ื‘ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ื’ืึธืœื“-ืืฑื™ืฆืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ... ื˜ืึธื’" 
ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืืจื ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ื˜ืื ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื˜ื›ื™ืืก- 


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ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื•ื™ืœืกืงืขืจ 


ื”ืืžื™ื™ืกื™ื... ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคืืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆืŸ. ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื ืžืขื ื’ืข ื‘ืขืจื’ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉืืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืœืข ื”ื•ื™ืคื ืก. ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“, ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš: ืฐื™ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ, ืื– 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืฆืจืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื–ื ืœืื ื’ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื- 
ื’ืจืึธื‘ื•ื ื’?ื•1" 

ืคืืจ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื›ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื - 
ืœืขื›ืข ืจืึธืœ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื’ืขืฉืจื™ 
ื‘ืขื ืข ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืข- 
ืฆื™ึทืขืœื“ืื ื“ืืœื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื‘ื ื™ืคืจืื˜: ืงืืกื™ื“ืขืก -- ืคื™ืœ 
ืคืขืจื–ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืื, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืฆื™ื ืงืข ,ืงื™ื˜ื" ืื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืื›ืœืขืš, ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื ื’ืข ืžืึธื“ืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคื™ืฉืข, ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข 
,ืžื•ื•ื•ืืฉืขื›ืŸ" -- ื’ืืจื˜ืœ-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืื”ืขืคื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืจืืžืขื™ืฉืขืจ) ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคึผืจื™ึดืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ื‘ืืงืื ื˜. ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœื™ืคืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 


1 ืœื•ื˜ ื’. ืงืจืขืกืขืœืก ืืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืข- 
ื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื“ืฑื™ืจืขืก* 
(ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ), ื‘. 1, ืฉืคึผืืœื˜ 213. 


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ื‘ืจืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ืžื‘ืื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืขืก ืฆื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืข. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 
ืฆื™ืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืคืึทืจืฉืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 1910-ืขืจ -- ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ 1930-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืคื ืื‘ืขืก, ื’ืขื ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืฐื™ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืกืคืึธืจื™ื, ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข. 

ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืŸ ืืœืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘- 
ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ, ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื”ืื ืึธื’ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ื“ืขื–ืจืึธ. 
ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™, ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™-ื›. ืจืื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืงืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืฑื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 3 ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ 
,ืฉื™ืจื™ (ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ) ืฉืœืžื”..", ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืŸ 
4 -- 1932, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ื“ ืฐืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืšืขื–ืจืึธ -- ืื™ืŸ 1928. 

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืฉืึธืฐืขืก 
ืื•ื•ื•ื™ื“ืข, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืœ ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืœ 
ื’ืจืขืคืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ืืงื˜ื•ืขืœืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืืœื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜, 
ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืกืึธื–ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ืข ื–ืืžืœืขืจ. ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื–ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธ- 
ื˜ืขืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืœืึธืžืืฆืงื™-ื’ืืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื™ื–ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคืจืื ืงืคื•ืจื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง. ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืจื•ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื™, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, 
ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืขื”ื™ืœืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื™ืื“ืšื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ (ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฅ- 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“ืขืจ) ืืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขืจ ืืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ,,ื”ื‘ืจืช 
ื™ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ: 6110 
(ื’ืขืงื™ืจืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ: -ืกืงืช20ืง ื”ื—ืช 46060160180 
ืขื”ืื ืกืช 42ื˜8606ืกืกืงืช ื”1028004ืก 
ืขืขืขืก200 8 ืืขืื—ืก680, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ 1930. ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ- 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ื”ืืจืงืื•ื•ื™. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜, ืฐื•ื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ืข ื–ืืžืœืขืจ, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐื™, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื“ื™ 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื›ืื–ืืŸ ื ืขืขืžืืŸ (ื ืงืืจืื™ึดืžืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฐืคึผืื˜ืึธืจื™ืข), ื•ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืฉ. ื’ื™ืจืึธื ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืื“ื•ื•ื•ื. ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฒึทืขืš ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื. ื”ืืจืงื- 
ื•ื•ื™ืก ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจื“ืื ืงืขืŸ '. ืฆื™ืŸ- 
ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“. ืžืื’ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ืฐื• 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜ 
ื›.-ื . ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“. ืžื- 
ื’ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจืื•ื•ื ื™ืฆ- 


ืงื™ืก ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืŸื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก ืœึตื™ 
ื“ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆืฐืฒื™: ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืš"ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ื”ืืจืงืื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขืžืขื ืก 
ืฉืคึผื•ืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืฆืฑื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜. ืžืข ืงืึทืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, 
ืขืžืขืก, ืึธืจืขืžืขืจืข ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜, ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ: ื“ื™ ืขืจื™ 
ืฉื˜ืข ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืึธื ื™ื ื˜ ืงืกืื•ื•" 
ื™ืื“ืŸ"ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืจืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื’ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง. 

ื“ืึท ืžื•ื– ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธื›ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื– 
ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื›ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžืข 
ืื™ื‘ืŸ-ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื™ื“ 
ื’ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืงื•ืžื˜ ื 
ื™ืืฉืขืจืงื•ื™ืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื. ื”ืืจืงืื•ื•ื™, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“. ืžืื’ื™ื“ืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ 
ื›ืจืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื”ืืจืงืืฐื™ 
ื“ืขื ืืฑื‘ื ืึธืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1893 ืื•ืŸ 1894 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ:ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืขืจื™ืข 
, ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื" (ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ืข), ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ 3, 4 
ืื•ืŸ 7 ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจื˜ , ืžืฉื™ืจื™ (ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ) ืจ' 
ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ". 

ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ืงืขื“ืฒึท ืงืฑื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืŸ. ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืกื•ื™ืžืขืš ืืฃ ื ืฉืžื™ืจ-ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœื™ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึท 
ื ืขื ื ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ: 
,ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ (ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืขืจ โ€ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื- 
ื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ') ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท 
ื’ืึธืจ ืืœื˜ืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืึธืจืžืื˜ืŸ 
(ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื--ื•ื˜ื ื™ื”), 
ืคืจืื’ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืŸื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจ: ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึธืจ- 
ื‘ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืืจืงืื•ื•ื™, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ. ืขืžืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืข ืœึตื™ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ืกืžืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื™ืจืขืจ โ€ ื’ืขื ื™ื–ืข". ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื  ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืคืจืื’ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜:ืฆืฑื˜ืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื™ 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜" (ืืจื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื™ืืœ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืืคื˜-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ืคืึธื ื“ 
6 ืจืขืฉื™ืžืข 2, ื ื•ืžืขืจ 22, ื‘ืœืื˜ 6). ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืš" 
ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืŸ. ื ืขืžืœืขืš: -212 66006/1 ืช11411660 
ืื” 680620408 8ืข 110:00โ€ ื˜320684 
-22ืกืขืงืกืช 68064804000 08ืฅื–1602 ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™- 
ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืงื•ืคืข, ืงื™ืขืฐื•, 1919, ื–. 21 --48); 
(ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ื™ื˜-ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืŸ- 
ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ. -- ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงืื™ื ืžื™ืกืœ", 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ 1, 1922, ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“, ื–. 13--10); ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 
ื™. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืฐื™ืœ 
ื ืข, 1929, ื‘. 1. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜? 2. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ืคืœืื’ืขืก ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ (ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ื’ื™ื•ื™ืึธืจืง, ื‘ื•ืขื ืึธืก-ืืฒึทืจืขืก), ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขึดื™ืฉ. 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืกืžืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืฐื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื ืฉืฑืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื•ื– ื–ืึธืจื’ื–ืื ื’ืข- 


ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื•ื™ืœืกืงืขืจ ื‘ืื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ 


123 


ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืคืืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ,ืฉืฉื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืจ' 
(ื–ืขืงืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ) ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืฑื’ื ื™ืจื•ืœ' (ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืคื•ืจื˜-ืืคืŸืžืฒึทืŸ, 1923). 

ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆืŸ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ืื•ืคื™ 
ื˜ื•, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•, ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ-ื›ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืคืจ 
ื˜ื™ืœืึทืฐืขืจ (ืื™ืฆื˜: ืงื™ืจืึธืฐื•ืขืจ) ื–ืืฐืึธื“. 

ื“. ืžืื’ื™ื“ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™" 
ืงืขืจ. ื ืึทืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืขื™ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“. ืžืื’ื™ื“ ืคืืจืคื™ืœืคืื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืืžื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื ื™ืืœืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื ื“ 
ื ื•ืžืขืจ 85, ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ 1, ื ื•ืžืขืจ 88 ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื ืืœืขืคื‘ื™ื™ืก-ืจืขืฉื™" 
ืžืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก ืœื™ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืขืจืฅ 
ืคืขืจื–-ืžืึธืกืŸ, โ€ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืฉื•ืจืขืก, ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ืกืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ: 
ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง-ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜: 
,ืคืืจืคืืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ ืžืื’ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’. 
ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 676 (= 1916) ื™ืึธืจ". 

ื“. ืžืื ื™ื“ืก ืึทื ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืŸ- 
ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืก 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆืฐืฒื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ: ืื™ื ืขื ,ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืึธืจื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ) 
ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืคืืจืŸ 1924/25 ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืขืคื ืจ 
ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ,ืžื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ืฉืœ (ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ) ืจ' ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืฑื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ", ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจืื•ื ื™ืฆื™ 
ืงื™ืก , ืฉื™ืจื™ (ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ) ืฉืœืžื”.." (1927-- 
2). ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื- 
ื’ื™ื“ืก ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืคืŸ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื“ืข- 
ื˜ืืœืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืืคืŸ ืกืžืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื’ื’ื™ื“ืก ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื ืืจื›ื™ื–ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื™ืืœ ืคื•'" 
ื ืขื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืกืื•ื™ืื“ืŸืึทืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืงืึทืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืืฑืกืฉืขืคึผืœืขื›ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. 

ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจืื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืŸ ื›ื™ืกืึธืจืŸ. 
ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“. ื ื’ื’ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ -- ืฆื•ื™ 
ืœื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื˜ืฒึทืžื™ื -- ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜- 
ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืืื•ื˜ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืคืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืืจื ืขื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ืืœื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ืœืขื›ืข 
ืกื™ืžืึธื ื™ื, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข. ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื™ืื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืงืื•ื•ื™ืก ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ: ,ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ 
(ื“ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ) ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™" ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื™ืง: 1, 2 ืื•ืŸ 
3 ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืœืฒึทื“ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืกืฒึทืฐื™ืกืฒึท ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืงืึทื ื˜- 
ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ. ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“. ืžืื ื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจื™ 


124 


ื•ื•ื•ืืœื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 16 ืงืกืื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ื- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ,ืื‘ืŸ ืจืฉืฃ" /ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื‘ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืคื™ืจ"- 
ืงืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ืคืœืขื’ 
ื–ื™ืš ื›ืืกืžืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ-ื–ืืžืœืขืจ ื. ืคื™ืจืงืึธื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ), ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื™ืง: 1, 2... 16. ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืฉื™ืคืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื›ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืฆื•ืฑื˜ืึธื’ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜, ืื– 
ื“ื™ ืืื•ื˜ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ื“. ืžืื ื™ื“, 
ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืงืขืคึผืœืขืš, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– 
ืืฃ ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“. ืžืื’ื™ื“ืก 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ, ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ 
ืื™ื“ืขืืœืข... 

ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงื™ืจืื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกื ืื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจ. 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืคืื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืฑื™ืžืข 
ืื™ื‘ืŸื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง: ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“. ื™ืืจื™ 
ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 4 ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ (1971--1976), ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื›. ื‘ืจืึธืจ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื›. ืฉื™ืจืžืืŸ (1974). 

ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืึธืคืขืง, ืื– ืขืก 
ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข. ื“ื™ 
ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“. ืžืื’ื™ื“ืก ืคืึธื ื“ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 85 ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื™ืืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื“ 
ืจืขืš-ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ 
ื ืขืœืข ืฉื™ืคืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, ืœื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“. ืžืื ื™ื“ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื›.ืข. ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•-ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืšื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ. 

ื’ืื‘ืŸื™ืจืฉืฃ 1" ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืงืึธื–ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ (ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ: 92) 
2 -- 180; ;ืื‘ืšื“ืจืฉืฃ 2'-- 92 1 -2 202; 
ืื ื“ืจืฉืฃ 3' - 92  ;338โ€ ืื‘ื“ืจืฉืฃ 4' - 92 


4-- 177; ,ืื ืšื“ืฉืฃ 5'-- 92 23 - 188; ,ืื‘ 
ืจืฉืฃ 6' - 952 3 -- 196; ื™ืื‘ืšืจืฉืฃ 7' -- 92 
9 ,ืื‘ืšืจืฉืฃ 8' -- 852 7 - 105; -ืื‘ืšืจืฉืฃ 
9'-- 92 1 - 2 236; ื™ืื‘ื“ืจืฉืฃ 10'-- 52 
4 -106; ืื‘ื“ืจืฉืฃ 11'-- 82 10-- 1:105 
,ืื‘ื“ืจืฉืฃ 15' - 92 4 -- 213; ,ืื‘ืฑื“ืจืฉืฃ 16' -- 
2 1 -- 214. 


ืžื™ืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธ 11 ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืื•ืžื‘ืื•ื•ืกื˜ืข 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืŸ: 5 -- ืฆื• ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ (ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ 
1 -- 5) ืื•ืŸ 6 -- ืฆื• ื“. ืžืื’ื™ื“ืŸ (ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ 6 -- 11), 
ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื’ืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• 7 ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืžืื ื™ื“ืŸ, 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืค. ืœืื›ืึทึธืฐืขืจืก ืืฑืกื’ืื‘ืข 
ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”. ื . ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง" (ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ 1121 -- {18). 


: ื“ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื‘ืš"ืจืฉืฃ 1412" ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืกื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืึธืคืขืง, ืื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ 82 318 ืื•ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ --92 10--105. 


{; ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืก ืื•ืžื‘ืื•ืฐืฐื•ืกื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• 
ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ื•ื’ 


ื ื‘ืจื™ืฐ ื ื•ืž. 1 


ืึธื“ืขืกื, ื“ืขื 5:ื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ืื˜, ื™ืึธืจ 677 (==28 
ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1917) 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ! 

ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืงื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ (ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜) 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ื˜ืฉืฐื•ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึธื ืคืจืื’ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื“ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืŸื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ื“ 
ืคืขืจืŸ. ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื•ื•ืกื˜, ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ื“ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืขืก, ืคื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื›ืกื™ืžืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืฉืœืžื”", ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืข -- 
ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข -- ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืกื˜ื ืก, ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข 
ืฐืขืจืกื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง, -- 
ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืืคืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ: 


ื ื ืึทื–ื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืก, 
ืฐื™ ืจืฒื™ื›ืึธื•ื•ืก ื–ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืก, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื™ืึธืจืฉื™ื, ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื’ื™ืกืŸ (ืืื•ื•.) 


(ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–. ื. ืžืืจื’ืึธืœื™ืŸ) 


ืฆื™ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘-'ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืขืก, 
ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข, ืฐืฒืก 
ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืฆื•ื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฐืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืคื•ื ื™ 
ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื• ืขืก ืคืขืœืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืขืก? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื  ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ืื– 
ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจ -- ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ? ืคืืจืฐืึธืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ? ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜: ืคืืจืฐืึธืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื›ืื˜ื›ื™ืœืข ืืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ! ืื•ื™, ื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืื ืžื™ื ื”ืขื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ,ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ"! ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืขืคื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ืึธืคึผื’ืึธื˜ .ื‘ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืจ" (ืœืฒืขืŸ: ื‘ืืืœ ืคึผืขืืฑืจ) ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธืจ, ืื– ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืฒื“ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืกื˜, ื–ื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื™ื›ื˜- 
ืงื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื•ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ืงืืœื‘. ืื™ืจ ืืœืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืคื˜ ืฐืขืจืง ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจ ืืฃ ืคืจืขืžื“ 
ื“ืข ืœืขืฉื•ื™ื ืขืก, -- ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืขืฉื•ืžืึธื“ื™ื. 
ื–ืึธืœ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืŸ. 


1 ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืื ื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึทืฉ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืœืื’ ,ืžื•ืจื™ื”" (ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ: ืžืฑืจื™ืึธ)ื’ ื’ืขื˜ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข. ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ, ืคืืจื˜ื™ืคื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืข. 
ื“ืขืจ , ืคืึธื ื“ ืืฃ ืคืจื•ื’ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ืื•ืค" 
ื’ืื‘ืขืก: ื) ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืึธืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืžืข ื“ื™ 
ืืœืžืึทื ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ 
ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขืงืึทืฐืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ืื™ื•ื ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ; ื‘) ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืžืืฆื™ื™ื•ื•ืข ืืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืข- 
ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’) ื ืคืึธืœืงืกื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื ืขื, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื, ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืข ืืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืึธื ืคืจืื’ืข ืื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ (ื“ื™ 
ืคื™ื ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš), ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“, ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ื™, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคืึทื ื“, ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืจ- 
ื–ื™ืฆืขืจ: -260 ,180206ืกื–ืืืขืŸ 11 1 ืง-ืช 
9 .ื”ืฅ ืืกื˜ืกืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
4 .ืงืกืช  820660.โ€ ืืขืชื”ื 11-.8 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ืกืŸ 


ื›"ื . ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง 


ื‘ืจื™ืฐ ืขื•ืž. 2 


1, ื“ืขื 10 ืืคึผืจืขืœ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื”ืขืจ ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 
ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง! 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื›ืืจ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจืคืื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ืข ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ื ืฒึทืข ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ืฆื•ื ื™ 
ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืจืื’ืžืขื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข 
ื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื“'ืจ ื“ืืฐื™ื“ื–ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ื–ืืžืœื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ื ืึธื“, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ" 
ื’ืขืกืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืื•ืžื™ื™ืื“, ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื–ื•, ืื•ื•ืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ ื 
ืงืึธืคึผื™ืกื˜, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ โ€ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทื ื˜ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืก ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืกืคึทืขืฆื™ึดืขืœืŸ ืฉืึทืœื™ึดืขืš -- 
ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ -- ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข" 
ืœืขื’ื’ื”ืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื™ื’ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ืŸ ืื“ืจืขืก: 
-8ื ื”ื”ื” { .ืžื ,9 .ืช .ืงืกืช ืžืกืืื˜ืชื•ืžืŸืŸ 
./988ืฅ6 ืื–ืžืžื”ืฅืงื—ืกื–ืกืข1: ,2ืืขื— 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜ืฐื•ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืจืื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜, 
ื ืขืžืœืขืš: ื ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 


1 ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืœืื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืืจื’ ;ืžื•ืจื™ื”", ืฐื•ึผ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ื•ืžืขืฉ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฐื•ืจืึธื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืืงืจื™ื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืขื ื™ืึธื›ื™ื“ ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง. 


129 


ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ืขืฑื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ, ืกืฒึท ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉืข, ืกืฒึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืœืขื›ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜, ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืื•ื ื™ 
ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืคืขืœืขืจื”ืืคื˜ืข. ื“ืขื ืžืื˜ืขื™ 
ืจื™ืืœ ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึทื™ 
ื ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ื’ืื ืฆืคืจื™ (ื“ืขื 14 ืืคึผืจืขืœ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืก. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจื™ืขื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ืกื™ื‘ืข ื–ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืกื˜ืืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื˜ืฑื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ื ืก, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ื ืึธืš ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืืจืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“. 

ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ื• 

ื ื’ืจื•ืก ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข-ืคืขืจื–ืŸ. 


ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืข 
ื›."1. 


ื ื•ืž. 3 


1 ื“ืขื 15 ืืคึผืจืขืœ, ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ 
ื‘ืขืจื’ -- ืฉืึทืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงื• 

ืื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธื›ื™ 
ืืžืึธืœ, ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขืš, ืึทืŸ ืืฒึทืœืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื• ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธื ืึธื’ืจืืžืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ืขืšื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืœื™ื˜ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข, 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื’ , ืžื•ืจื™ื”". ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืข- 
ืžืื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืื–ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื“ืจื•ืง- 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก. ืืจื•ื ื ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื’ื•ืคืข, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืขืœืคื˜ - 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจื™ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืœืงื•ึนืžืข -- ,ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื– 
ืื–ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ , ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขืจ"?1, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืึธืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืฉืขื ื‘ื ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืฉืขืฆืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ืžืื˜ 
ืืœืข ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจื˜ืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ 


ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง 
ื‘ืจ ื™ ืฐื• 


! ,ืžื™ ืขื•ืจ ื›ืžืฉืœื"--ื ืฆื™ื˜ืื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš 
,ื™ืฉืขื™ื”" (ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ: ื™ืขืฉืฒึทืข), 42, 19, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
,ืžืฉืœื" (ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ) ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคืืจ" 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข, 1902, ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ: 
7 208 428 ,128 ื—ืกืชืก 4160 
010103 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื ืึธื“ืืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข, 
ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 1892: 428,ื—026 1248 41610 
-032106261481/2ื 


6ืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืขืžืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืขืœืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืข 
ืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ื™ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื’ืœืขื›ืข ืžืื›ื–ื™- 
ืจื™ื. ืžื™ืจ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉึตื™ื™ 
ื“ืขื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืื–ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžืื˜ืจื™ื™ 
ืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ื“ื™ืจื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ" 
ื ืึธืš, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืคื˜ ืืœืก 
ื“ืขืจื’ืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืจืื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ืฆื• 
ืืฒึทืš ื ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ 
ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื˜ืื“ืœืขืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ืื– 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืšื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจื˜ 
ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืœ ื ืฒึทืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืงืื•ื•ื™ืก (ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก?) ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’. ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜- 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื ืขืžืขืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืข ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืืฒึทืขืฅ- 
ืจืข ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื˜ืึธืŸ, -- ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜, ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืŸื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 
ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื'ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœ ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ. 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื•ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ, 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืื›ืœืขืš, ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื• 
ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœ 
ื‘ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื•ื•ืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข. ื ืืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืคึผื™ืจื˜ืข, ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ. ืœืขื›ืื˜ื›ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 14 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืข ืื™ืš, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ึธ. ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึทื ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง 
(ื˜22/1), ืื•ืŸ ืื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืคืงืข 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธึทืกืงืฐืข ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ืŸ ืื“ืจืขืก: 
-ืฐืขืื”32 ื˜ืžื ,9 ;ืงืกืช 8ืกืื—ื—ืžืชื•ืžื 
.17 ,28 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื›ืขืกืขื“ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ 
ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขืฐื™ืก 
ื˜ืึธืŸ? ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™? ื“ื™ ื”ืฑืฆืึธืขืก ืคืืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืืฆืึธืœืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, 
ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื•ื ื’ืก-ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ: ืงืจื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืขื™ื˜:ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืึทืœื™ึดืขืš. ื”ื•ื™ื›- 
ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ืฆื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืคึผ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฆื™ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื 
ืžืขืจ ืคืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ืืฒื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. 


8* 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื–ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืขืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจ" 
ืคืืกื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืก ื“ืืคืงืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืฆื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื™ 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื– ืื•ื ื‘ื•ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคึผืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืื™ื, ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืื– ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืข- 
ื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ? ืžื™ื™ืœืข, ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืืื•ื•ืœืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข -- ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืข. ืงื•ื ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืืกืงืึธืžืข. ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื™ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืืฃ ืจื“ 
ืกื™ืฉ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืก -- ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ืจ ืืœืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, -- ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ืจืขื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก -- ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข -- ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืžื•ืจื™ื”" ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ. 
ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืคืกื ืฒึท ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฆืขืฉื˜ืข- 
ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืฒึทืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื‘ื•ืš. ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ (/209) 
ื“ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื–, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ืฉืืจื‘ืœืื˜. ืืคืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืืจ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืœืก ืื•ื•ืื ืก, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึธื™ 
ื“ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืก, ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืกื•ืžืข. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืžืืกืงื™ื, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ: ื™ื™ืึธ", ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง. 

ืืœื–ืึธ, ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข 
ื‘ืขืŸื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืึทื–ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 
ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’. 

ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจืึธื›ืข ืœืขืงืึทืฐืขื“ 
ื“ืขื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ.ื’ 


ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ 
ื›-ื ; ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง 
ื‘ืจื™ืฐ 
1 /+/11, ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืขืจ *. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื›ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืขืงืœ ืงืกืึธื•ื•ื™ื, ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืกื™ืžื›ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜. 
ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืฆื• ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜. ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– 
ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืคืืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืืฉืขื“ื™ืงื˜ืข. ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฉืึธืœื™ึดืขืš--ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, -- 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจื’ืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ 


ื ื•ืž. 4 


ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜: ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš. 


ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ืขืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคืืจ 
ื“ื™ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืขืฅืš 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื’ื‘ืืœืกื™ืžื‘ืขืฅ" 
ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืื‘ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืงืŸ ื–ืš 
ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืืจื•ื, ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืœืื ื™ืจืŸ 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืœืขื˜ืœืื ื“. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื’ , ืžื•ืจื™ื”" ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืจื ืฐื™ืœื™ืง ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš .ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ". ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืื™ 
ืคื•ืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ, 
ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, 
ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืืงืึทืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜. ื™ืขื“ืคืืœืก, ืกืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืคืืจืืŸ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืฆืœื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ,ืžื•ืจื™ื”" ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš. ,ืžื•ืจื™ื”" ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืฒึทื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืจื ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืกืฒึท ืื™ื ืขืจ- 
ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืื•ื™ื›ืขืจืœืขืš. 


ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืืจืขืจืขืจ 
ื›"ื . ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง 
ืคึผ. ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ" 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืงืฒืŸ ืขืจืขืฅื™ื™ึทืกื•ืึธืขืœ-- 
ืืจื•ื ืฆืฐืฒื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. 


ื‘ืจื™ืฐ ื ืžืž. 5 


ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ื“ืขื 4 ืื•ื’ื•ื›ื˜ 1924 
ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืž"ื™ 
ืคึผืœื™ืืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš , ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ืขื“ื’ืื ื™ืจืึธืœ, ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ืื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืค" 
ื ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 


ื‘ืขืฉืึธืœืขื, ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข-ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืคึผืืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ืžื™ืจ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžืึธืœ ืกืฒึท ืื™ื ืขื ืคึฟืึธืจืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื•ืš, 
ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืจืŸ, ืฐืขืœ 
ื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ืคื˜-ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืœื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจ" 
ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื™ 
ื–ื™ืกื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื™ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื 
ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“, ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืขืš 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-ื˜ืขื’. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ื•ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 


127 


ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ืื“ื™ 
ืจืขืก, ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืกืฒึท ืคื•ืœืข, ืกืฒึท ืคืจืื ืžืขื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข, ืกืฒึท ืืœื˜ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ, ืกืฒึท ื ืฒึทืขื• 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืืœืข ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืื ื“. ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทืขืš ืฆื•ื ื”ื•ืคึผื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทืœืื’ืขืก -- ืฐืขื˜ 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื›ืขืกืขื“ ืกืฒึท ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืึทืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข, ืกืฒึท ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื - 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš. ื“ืขื ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืขืฅ 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขืšื“ืขืกืกืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื™ื–ื•ืœื‘ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ,ื ื™ืจ ื“ื•ื“' (ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ืก ืคืืจ" 
ืืงืขืจื˜ ืคืขืœื“) ืœืขืงืึทืฐืขื“ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืจ 
ืคึผืขื ื”ืื’ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ ืกื™ืžืึธื ืกืขืŸ?1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื–ืขืงืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืขืงื•ื“ืขืก, ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคื•ืขืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืฒื ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืื– ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืืœืก ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืš 
ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžืขืฆื™ืข. ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš? ืื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ืžื™ืš, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ื•ืš ,ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ" -- ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืืจืขืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืงื˜! ืฆึดื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืคืืจืืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ? ืื•ื‘ ื™ืึธ -- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ. 

ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืขืก ื’ืื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืื ืฅ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื ืงืœืื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐื™ืก:- 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ื’ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ,ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงืื™ื ืžื™ืกืœ'2 ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ื–ืืžืœื‘ื•ืš ื ื•ืคืข ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜ 
ื›ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืฆืฑื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืืžืœื‘ื•ืš ,ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™" 
ืกืงืื™ื ืกื˜ืืจื™ื ื". ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงืึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื–ืืžืœื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ื™" 
ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืืจื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขื™ 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืขืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก 
ืคืืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคืืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืข. 


1 ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ ืกื™ืžืึธื ืกืขืŸ (18523--1922) ---ื ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš- 
ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืืœืžื™ืจืขืจ ืื•ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ 


ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืื’ืขืŸ. 

-082:40ืข62ืฅื—460 113 .6062068 ืชืงืกืกื˜ืขื–ืŸ 2 

-28068 --.8ืช020ืข1826 ื’082ื0070) 2482424 ืก'ื– 
-20--13 .ืก ,1999 ,228ื—116100 ,ืคื”ืกื ื•ื 88ืืก 


128 


ืื™ืš ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฆื• 
ืืฒึทืš ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืฉืขืฆืขืจ 
ื›-ื . ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืง 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื“ืจืขืก ืคืืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ 


ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ื‘ืื ื“ืขืจืึธืœืŸ: 
.81241:4 .ื–ื .08 ,16ื˜ื’/-161 ,121424 ,121245/102 


2 ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืก ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• 
ื“. ืžืื’ื™ื“ืŸ 


ื‘ืจื™ืฐ ื ื•ืž. 6 


ื›ืึทืœื”ืืžืฑื™ืขื“ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš, ื™ืึธืจ 1685, ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื•ื• 
ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ ืžืื ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื”ืขืจ, 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜, ืื– ืื–ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, 
ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ ืืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ื–ืฒ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ืœืข. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื˜ืึธืคึผืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืึทืœื™ึดืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืงืึธื”ืึธืœ ืœืฒื™ืขื ืขืจ. 
ืขืžืขืก, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ื’ื•ืคืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื’ืขืฐื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื 
ืคืึธืจื ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืข. 
ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขื’, 
ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ื–ื•ื™ื›ืข ืžืื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ 
ืืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื˜ืฐื™ื“ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ืฉืจื™ื˜ 
ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฑื“ื™ืข, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื˜ืขื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืขืฅื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ื“ื‘ื™ืจ" (ืœืฒืขืŸ: 
ื“ื•ื•ื™ืจ) ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข 
ืื™ื‘ืšื’ืื›ื™ืจืึธืœ (ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 7 
ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’), ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืืฐืขืจ ื™-ื›. ืจืื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืจ 
ื’ืึธื›ื™ื‘ื•ืš ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืšื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื ึผ 
ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืข ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฆื•ื–ื- 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ืื‘ืขืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืฉื™ืžืขืก, 
ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจ ืืื•ื•. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื’ืข 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืขืฅ ืœืฑื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•" 
ื™ืื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฑื ืึธืจื˜. 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืงืŸ ืืœืฅ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืจืื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“ โ€ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ืฒึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืขื™ืขื‘ืขืจื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืš 


1 ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืžืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœ-ืืฐื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื˜ืฉื˜ 
ืืคืŸ ืงืึธื ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜: 14 ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1925. 


8--15 


ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึทึผืจื•ึผ, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื‘ื˜ -- ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ื“ -- ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ืงืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืฆืข ื’ืขื‘ืŸ: ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ? ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ื 
ืžื™ ื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“? ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืฆืข 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ? 

ืฆื•ืœืขืฆื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ื ืฒื™ื˜ื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, 
ืื– ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ, ื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ืืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ? 

ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืฉื•ื•ืข, 
ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืืจืขืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืขืฆื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืข- 


ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ื›"ื . ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืง 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื“ืจืขืก: ื›-ื’. ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื˜ืขืœืื•ื™ื•ื•, ืคื 
ืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. 


ื‘ืจื™ื—ืฐ ื ื•ืž. 7 


ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื–ื•, ื“ืขื 22 ื˜ืืžื•ื– 685, 14.7.25. 

ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ื“ืื•ื™ื“ ืžืื’ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ -- 
ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงื• 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืึทืฉืขื•ื™ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ! 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืŸ- 
ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืœื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืงืฒึทื˜. ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืžื™ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื–ืืžืœื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ: ,ื”ืฉืœื—"ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ,ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื”"?, ืฐืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืขืฅ 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืกืึธืฃ ื”ืฒึทื™ืึธืจ. 
ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืขื™ 
ืจืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืงืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืข, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืืจ, 

ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›- 
ืœืืœ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒื ื™ืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืจืขืฉื™ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒื‘ืื•ืขืจืŸ. 
ื™ืขื“ื ืคืืœืก, ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ืœื™ื‘ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคืขืจื–, ืื•ืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจื™ืื ื˜ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืขืจื– 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 


! ื”ืฉืœื— (ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ: ื”ืืฉื™ืœืืืš)--ื ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืืคึผืกืึธืงืขืก, 
ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1897 --1927. ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืื ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขืื™ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื (ื™ืขืฉืฒึทืข 8, 6. ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื 78ื˜ืŸ ื™ื”. ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’). 

? ,ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื”" ื™ืึธืจื‘ื•ืš) -- ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1922--1925/26 ืืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืข- 
ื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ืคืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืก 
ืคืืจืœืื’ .ื“ื‘ื™ืจ" (ื“ื•ื•ื™ืจ), 

* ื ื™ื™ื‘ืื•ืขืจ ื. (1831--1907) ื ื’ืขื ื™ื–ืขื™ืคืจืื’- 
ืžืขื ื˜. -- ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš: ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง-ื‘ื•ืš ืฆื•ืจ ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืืŸ 


ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ ืงืื•ืคืžืื ืŸ. ื‘ืจืขืกืœืื•, 1900/1899, ื–. 279-- 
71 


ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ. 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื›ื•ืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื–ื 
ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืขื’- 
ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืšื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคึทึผืจ 
ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทื ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืขืงื•ื™ืจื™ื 
ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื ืฒึทืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืข ื›ื- 
ื“ืึธืฉื™ื ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื ื‘ืื ื“ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืžื- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš, ืคื•ืœืงื•ื, 
ืึธืŸ ื ืฐืขืœื›ืšื ื™ื˜ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘. ืื™ื ืขื ืคืืจ- 
ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ-ื‘ืื ื“ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืก ืคึผืื– 
ืกื™ืง ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทื ืึธืจืืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืืฐืœื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. 

ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืŸ- 
ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืื“ืจืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ืขื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืงืื ืฆืขืœื™ืืจื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ,ื“ื‘ื™ืจ'" ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืœืข ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืกื™ืžืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ:, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื ื’. ื’ืขืฐื™ืก 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืคึผืกื ืฒ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืืจ" 
ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸื“ื‘ืื ื“. ื™ืขื“ื ืคืืœืก, ื–ืืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ื™ 
ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืšื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึทืœืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืงืื•ื•ื™ืก? ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ืจืงืึทื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ-ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ,ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ืข", , ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืึธืœืง ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ". 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืืฒึทื™ 
ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜ืŸ!, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจ- 


1 ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜: ื ื ื•ืžืขืจื™ืจื˜ืข ืจืขืฉื™ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืŸ-ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงื™ืจืื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข. 

? ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื. ื”ืืจืงืื•ื•ื™ืก ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸื™ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ื–ืข 
ืคืึธืจืฐืึธืจื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื–ืืž- 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืกืื•ื™ืื“ืŸืึทืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง. 

+ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืืฒึทื–ื ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜ (1886 -- ?) -- ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืžื™ืื ืฆืขื•ื•ืขืจ (ืื™ืฆื˜: ืœืขื ื™ืŸ-)ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ึทืึทื˜ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืง- 
ื•ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1916--1925, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืงื˜ื™-ื™ 
ืฐืข ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขืื™ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึดืกืจืึทืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™, ืื™ืจ ืงืื ื“ื™ื“ืื˜ ืืคืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื›. ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืื›ืœืขืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 


129 


ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจืฐื•ืจืฃ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืขืฅื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ื•ืœืข ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ื ื’ืจื•ืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื”ื›ืข ื–ืืงืก, 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืคืืจืŸ 
ื”ืขืจ ืžืึทืจื“ื›ืข ื‘ืขืšื”ื™ืœืขืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืค. ืฉืึธืจ: ื"ื– 
ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืขืฅื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ. ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื™ 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืฐื•ืขืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 


ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืงืึธืฐื•ืขื“ 
ื›-"ื . ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง 

ื‘ืจื™ืฐ ื ื•ืž 8 
ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื•ื•, ื“ืขื 16 ื›ืขืฉื•ื•ืขืŸ 686 ื™ืึธืจ (==3 ื ืึธื™ืื™ 
ื‘ืขืจ 1925) 

ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ื“. ืžืื’ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“. 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืึธืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื”ืขืจ! 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“ืขืจืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทื™ 
ื ืขืŸ 11 ืคื™ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขื•ืข ื›ืืžืขืจืงื•ืŸ" 
ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ,ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื”" 
(ื™ืึธืจื‘ื•ืš) ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืขืฅื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ2. ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธื›ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืขืจ ื–ืืงืก ืืฒึทืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืึธืจืืจ -- ืคื™ื ืฃ 
ืคื•ื ื˜ืŸ. ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืžื™ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื  
ื“ืขืจืึธืœ, ื™ืขื“ื ืคืืœืก, ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜. 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืœืข ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ, ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืจืขืฉื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืžื™ืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข 
ืืœืก ื ืคืืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคืึธืจื™ืงืข ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ 
(ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืŸื’ืื ื™ืจืึธืœืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ). 

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ! ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืŸ:ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ,ืกืคืจ 
ื”ืฉื ื”", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“ืขืจืึธืœ. ืืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื•ืขืจืข 


ื™ื•ืจื™ืกืคึผืจื•ื“ืขื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืื’ื™ื“ืก 
ืคืึธื ื“ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืกืœ (ืคืึธื ื“ 85, ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ 
ื ื•ืžืขืจ 74), ืฐืึธืก ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืžืื’ื™ื“ืก ื ืคืืจื˜ืจื™- 
ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ื ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜ืŸ 80 ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืคืืจืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ,ืžืฉืœื™ 
(ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉืึธืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ) ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ". 

1 ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืฉืึธืจ (1874--1942) -- ืคึผืจืึธืคึผ. ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืŸื–" 
ืจืขืšื™ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ: ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืฐืึธื•ื•, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข, ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืขืจื˜ื™ืžื™ 
ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืึธื•ื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืฉื•ืจ. 

? ืžื’ื™ื“ ื“. ืžื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ืฉืœ (ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ) ืจ' 
ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ -- ืื™ื ืขื .ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื”" ืคืืจืŸ 2-ื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ 3-ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื’ืื ื’, 1926, ื–. 181--189. 


10 


ื‘ืื ื“ืขืจืึธืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜, ืกืฒึท 
ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ืข, ืกืฒึท ื ื™ื˜ื“ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ ื’ืขืฅ- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืข" 
ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืœืื ื“ ืืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืฒื™ 
ืจืขื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื•ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš? 

ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ืข ื˜ืฉื•ื•ืข. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงื–ื•ื•ื ื˜ืฉืŸ 


ื›-"ืข. ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืง 
ื‘ืจื™ืฐ ื ื•ืž. 9 


ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื•ื•, ื“ืขื 28 ื™ื•ืŸ 1927 
ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื”ืขืจ! 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื™ื›ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงืจ- 
ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•, 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื’ืขืšืšื‘ืื ื“ ืืœืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฉ- 
ืžืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื, 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื–ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื™ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืื“ 
ืฉืœื•ืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืฆื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืคืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ 
ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืื˜ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื’ืข" 
ื‘ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืึธืš ืืจื•ื 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ื”ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒืŸ 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœื™ืืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ- 
ื‘ืื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 
ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืกื™ื‘ืฅ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื•. 

ืื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, 
ืฐืึทืก ืื™ื– ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื™ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืข, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืื ื“ ืึธืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš, ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ึตื™ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืค. ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื“ืืฐื™ื“ื–ืึธืŸ: ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ืฒื™ืึธืจืง, ื›ืื™ึดื ื‘ืจืึธื“ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


1 ื“ืืฐื•ื™ื“ื–ืึธืŸ, ื™. (1870--1929) -- ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ,ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜" (;ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื™ 
ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ึดืขื˜? ืื™ืŸ 4 ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ, 
4 -- 1932, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืฒึทืœืื’ืข 1937/8). ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืŸ- 
ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. 

? ื‘ืจืึธื“ื™, ื›. (1868--1942) -- ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœ-ื™ 
ื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืŸื™ื’ืื™ 
ื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜. ืื™ืŸ 1897, 1900 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจ- 


ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืื ื“ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ืฒ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ. 
ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš: ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืฉื•ื•ืข 
ื›-ื . ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง 


ื‘ืจื™ืฐ ื’ื ื•ืž. 10 


ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื™ื–, ื“ืขื 30 ืžืฒึท 1928 
ื“ืขื ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึธืคึผ. ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืžืื ื™ื“ 
ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ 

ื›ืึทืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื”ืขืจื• 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ื“ (ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ) ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืŸ- 
ืขื–ืจืึธ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš. 


ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืงืึธืฐืขื“ 
ื›ื™ื . ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืง 
ื‘ืจื™ืฐ ื ื•ืž. 11 
ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื•ื•, ื“ืขื 19 ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ 1930 
ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึธืคึผ. ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืžืื ื™ื“ 
ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืืฒึทืš ืขื ื˜ื™ 
ืคืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื–, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขืฐื•ื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื™ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ื“ืขื 
ืขืžืขืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ื‘ื" 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ. ืฐื™ ื–ืฉืข ืงืึธื™ 
ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ืกื˜ืื‘ื™ืœืŸ 
ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜? ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื• 
ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืœื•ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืคื•ืœืงื•ื 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ, ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืื•ืœืขืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืื“ืขืจืื‘ืข, ืžื™ืจ ื•ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื- 
ืžื™ึดืขืŸ ื ืึทื›ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, 
ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืขื’, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื, ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ื’ืข ืคืืจืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืจืฉืžื•ืช" ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืฒึทื ืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืžื™ืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš. ืืฆื™ื ื“ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ื" 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ื“. ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืคื™ืœ 


ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ: ,ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™- 
ืจื™ื". ืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ืฉืจ.. ืฉืœืžื” 
ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ' (ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืื - 
ื’ืขืŸ. ื ื‘ื•ืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ืืจื•ื ืืœืข ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืคืืกื˜ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ื™ื’ื- 
ื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ"). 


ืคึผืืกื™ืงืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคืืจ ,ืจืฉืžื•ืช". ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืฑืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื 
ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขืจ. 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžืืกืงื™ื ืฆื• ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื " 
ื“ื–ืขืจื˜ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืึทื’ืจืืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœ 
ืงื™ืจื˜ืข ืคึผื™ึดื•ื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืšืขื–ืจืึท ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืคืจื™ืขืจ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืฉืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ื 
ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ื–ื™ื ื ืคืื›ื™ืงืŸ. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉืขืฆื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื–ืฒืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš. 
ื›"ื’. ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง 


2 ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึทื–ืขื ืข ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื›."ื . ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืฆื• ื“. ืžืื’ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืค. ืœืื›ืึทื•ื•ืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 


(12) ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžืขืจ 483 ืคื•ื ืขื 6 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 
5. 

ืคืขืœืŸ: 1. ืื™ืขืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื‘ื–ืืฅ. ,ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื” 
ืžืกืจืชื™ ืœืžืจ ื–ืงืก ื”ืžืฉ ืœื™"ืž ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืžืฆื™ืืŸ ืืœื™ืš 
ื ืชื•ืจืช ืฉื›ืจ-ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื™ื— ืœืžืกื™ืจื” ืืช 
ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืœื ื™ื ื’ืจื“. ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ืงืฆืจื” 
ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืืชื” ืชื‘ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื›ืจืš ืœ*ืคื™ ืฉืขื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื”" 
(ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ื–ืืงืก 
ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžื™ืฆืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืจืขืก, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืœืก ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืืจ. ืืœืก ืฉืึธืœื™ึดืขืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื–, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืจืฆืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืงืข ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’). 

2. ื“ืขืจ ,ืคึผืึธืกื˜-ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ื•ื". ,ื . ื‘. ืœืžืจื•ืช 
ื”ื›ืชื‘ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืข"ื’ ื”ืžืขื˜ืคื” ืฉืœ 
ื”ื‘ื™ืœืช ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื ืฉ"ื’ (2ื”ืฅืงื– ื•ืกืงืกืค)), 
ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืžื›ืชื‘ ื–ื”, ืฉื ื™ 
ื”ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืฉืœื—ื ื• ืœืš --ื•ืื ื™ โ€ ืชืžื” ื•ืžืฉืชื•ืžื: 
ื”ืื•ืžื ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืขืฆื” ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืกืคืจื™ ืžื“ืข 
ื ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื›ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืืจืฆื›ื? ื”ื’ื ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื” 
ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืœื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืืกื•ืจื™ื 
ื‘ื”ื ืื”? ืขื•ื“ ืขืฆื”, ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืœืš 
ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืจื›ื™ื? ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืกื™ื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืฉืœืฉ 
ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืฆื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ืœืš) -- ื•ืœื ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•. ื”ื "ืœ. 
ืจืฆื•ืฃ ื‘ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขื˜ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขื ื—ื•ืชื 
ื”ื’ื‘ืœืŸ: ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘". (9.ืก. ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“ืขืจืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžืข 
ืื™ื‘ืŸ:ื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืจืขืก, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ (ื’ืชืฆืงื– ื—ืกืงืกืืช ), ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื™ 
ืจื™ืง ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืข" 
ืฉื™ืงื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜: ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ, 
ื•ื™ึธืื–ืฑื™ ืืจืฒึทื ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืื ื“ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืกืŸ" 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ?! ืฆื™ 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืื ืึธืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 


11 


ืืœื˜ืขืจื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ 
ืจืืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง! ื’ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืฆืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืกืึธืคึผืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ? ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ (ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื ื™ 
ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ) ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทืš -- ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– 
ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“.ื–. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืœื™ื’ื˜ ื 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึทื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“ืขืจืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืœืขืจ: ,ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ"). 

(13) ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžืขืจ 500, ืคื•ื ืขื 27 ื ืึทื™ืื‘ืขืจ 
5 

ืคืขืœื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื‘ื–ืืฅ: ,ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื 
ื ืฉืœื— ืœืš ืข" ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื ื• ืžืจ ื–ืงืก. ื•ืคื™ 
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ืืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืกืจ ืœืš 
ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ.." (ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืืจ 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื”ืขืจ ื–ืืงืก... ืœื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื–ื• ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ืึธ 
ืจืืจ ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. (ื“ืขืจื™" 
ื‘ืขืจ) ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข 
ืื™ื‘ืŸื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜. 

(14) ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž. 502, ืคื•ื ืขื 14 ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 
5 

ื“ืึธ ืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื‘ื–ืืฅ: ;ืืช ืื’ืจื•ืช 
ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ืš โ€ ืฉืžืกืจืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื” 
ืงืจืืชื™ ื•ื”ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื—ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื ื—ื ื• ืฉ"ืงื“ืฉืช 
ืืช ื”ืฉื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื' (ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื’ืจืื˜ื•ืœืืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐืขืœ 
ื›ืข ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืฒึทืขืจื•ื ื’, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืื ืึธืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ื™ืขืš!). 

(15) ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžืขืจ 703, ืคื•ื ืขื 28 ื™ื•ืœ 1927. 

ื“ืึธ ืคืขืœื˜ ื ,ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ื•ื': ,ื™ื“ื™ื“ืš ื”ืคืจื•ืค' 
ืฉื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืžืš ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ืžื™ื 
ื”ืืœื”. ืฉืงืฉื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœื—ื•"ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ 
ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื•ื’ื ืžืจ ืขืคืœ ืžืชืคืœืื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ืงืชืš 
ื”ืžื•ื–ื“ื”" (ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืค. ืฉืึธืจ, ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื™ื™ืขืจื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื’ื™ืึธื ื™ื 
ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืคืึทืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“. ืกืฒึท ืขืจ, ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ 
ืขืคืœ (6, ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืึธื“ื ืขื 
ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ. 
ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžืขืจ 781, ืคื•ื ืขื 27 ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 

ื“ืึท ืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื–ืืฅ: ,ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ื“ื›ืจื™ืš 
ื•ืฆื•ื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืœื™ืš ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื 
ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืจืฉื‘"ื’ ืœืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืงื•ืจืงื˜ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืœื™ 
ื™ืจื—ื" (ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคืึธืจ 
ื ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ืšื’ืื‘ื™ืจืึธืœืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 

ึทื–ืฅ, ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืจ 

ืžืึธื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ). ื˜ 
ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžืขืจ 969, ืคื•ื ืขื 4 ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 

ื“ืึธ ืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื–ืืฅ: ,ืืช 
ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืจื‘ืงื” ืจื™ื™ื›ื”ื•ืœื“ ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉ' 8 
ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ืฉืžื”. ืื ืชื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื“ื™ืขืจ" (ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’- 


132 


ื’ืข ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจืŸ ืจื™ื•ื•ืงืข ืจืฒื›ื”ืึธืœื“ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžื•ื™ื“ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

(18) ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžืขืจ 1075, ืคื•ื ืขื 8 ืžืฒึท 1929. 

ื“ืึธ ืคืขืœืŸ: 1. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื ื–ืืฅ: ,ืขืค'ื™ 
ืคืงื•ื“ืชื ื• ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืš ืžืจ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ืกื›ื• 
ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืข"ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืš ื‘ืขื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ืžืื“ 
ื ื—ืฉื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืš ืื ืชื•ืื™ืœ ืœืืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืืช ืงื‘ืœืช 
ื”ืกื›ื•ื" (ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืืจืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืจ 
ืคืจื™ื“ืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื™ืกืข 
ืกื•ืžืข ื’ืขืœื˜ ืืคืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืฒื™ืขืจ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืข ืกื•ืžืฉ. 
ื•ึฐืื™ืš ืงืœืขืจ, ืื– ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืืงืึทืฉืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื ืคืึทื™ 
ื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืš 
ืขื–ืจืึธ...ืŸ 

2 ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื–ืืฆืŸ: ,ื”ื‘ืจื™ ืžืจ ื™"ื— 
ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื ื• ื”ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉื•ืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืš ืฉืœื•ื 
ื•ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื”ื ื ื• ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืชืจ ื”ื’ื”ื•ืชื™ืš ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉ 
ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื’" (ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ื™ื›. ืจืื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืค. ืฉืึธืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฉืึธืœืขื 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง. ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงืึธืจ 
ืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืšื’ืื ื™ืจืึธืœืก ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ). 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื ืขื 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื• 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืค. ืœืื›ืึธืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื›.-ื . ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึธื ึตื™ 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืžืื’ื™ื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ 
ืžืืฉื™ื ืงืข. 


ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ 


ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื ืกืื›ืืงืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื" 
ืœื™ืงืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“. ืžืื’ื™ื“ืŸ, ืคืืจ- 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืื’ืจื•ืช ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง", 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืค. ืœืื›ืึธืฐืขืจ: 

1. ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ืึธืคึผืฉื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 15 ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1917 (ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื• 
ืžืขืจ 1) ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 19 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1928 (;ืื’ืจื•ืช..", 
ื‘ืื ื“ 4). ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื 
ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข (ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข) ืฆืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืก 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ. ื ืจืฒึทืข -- ืืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืข 
ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืื•ื ื’ืขืจืคืขืœื“ื’, ืื– ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืŸื™ 
ื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ืฅ 
ื‘ืขืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ 20 ื™ืึธืจ?. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 


1 ืื•ื ื’ืขืจืคืขืœื“ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข (1898--1) ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงื™ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
.ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง" (ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืก ื”ื•ื™ื–) ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœื™ืื•ื•ื™ื•ื•, ืืฐื•- 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืข- 
ืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื•. 

? ืื•ื ื’ืขืจืคืขืœื“ ืž., ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ -- ืื™ื ืขื 
ื‘ื•ืš ,ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื“ื•ืจื•" (ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื˜- 
ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืจ, 1974, ื–. 241--242). ืื™ืš ื•ื™ืœ 
ืื•ื™ืกื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืœืขืš ื‘ืื“ืื ืงืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจื ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ" 
ืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื“'ืจ ืจื•ื˜ ืฉืขื ืคืขืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื•ื•ื ืฉืืžื™ืจ ืคืืจืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™- 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืฉื•ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืž. ืื•ื ื’ืขืจืคืขืœื“ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ืื™ื ืขื 7:ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืก , ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ", 1971. 

2 ื“. ืžืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืกืื›ืืงืœ ื“ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืŸ 21 ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืืœืข ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ 


ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื›ืจืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืจืืžืขืŸ: ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 14 ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1925 (ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืจ 


ืžืขืจ 6) -- 19 ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ 1930 (ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ื•ืžืขืจ 11). 

3 ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืจืขืคืœืขื›ืข ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืŸ: , ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœ- 
ืงื•ืžืข ืคืืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง". 


ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ืกืŸ ื 
ืคืืจืœื•ืกื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืฐื’ืึธืจืึธื“ ืื™ื– ืึธื - 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืข, ืื– 
ื“ืขื 31 ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 1988 ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธื˜ืœ 
ื’ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืžืืŸ. 

ืž. ื’ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1916 ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืžื™ืจืึธืฐื•, ื•ื•ื™- 
ื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื›ืืจืงืึธืฐื•ืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืŸ 
ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก 
ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืกื˜. ืื™ืŸ 1937 ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจ- 
ืžื™ื™, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื 
ืคึผืึธื“ืคึผืึธืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง. ืื™ืŸ 1938 ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™- 
ืœื™ืงื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื 
ื›ืืกืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื 
1, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 14 ืึธืจ-ื™ 
ื“ืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ืืœืŸ. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ืข- 
ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ - ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืึธืฐื’ืึธืจืึธื“. ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืšื™ื”ืื ื“ืœ. 


ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื’ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืžืืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืž. 
ื’ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืžืืŸ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1930 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืจืงืึทืฐื•ืขืจ 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ +ื–ืฒึท 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜", ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื " 
ื’ืขืŸ ื™ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื’ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข', .ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ", ,ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืžืขืก", 
ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ", ืื™ื™ื ื™" 
ืงืฒึทื˜", ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ 
ืคืึธืกื˜", ;ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ,ืฉื˜ืขืจืฃ. 
ืฐืขืŸ ืกื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ?ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 


ืœืื ื“", ืฐืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืืŸ ืืงื˜ื™" 
ืฐืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ. 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ ,ืœืข- 
ื’ื™ื ื’ืจืื“", 

ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื’ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืžืื ืก ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ื™ื˜ืขืžืข 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื“- 
ืœื™ืงืขืจ. ื›ื•ืฅ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง, 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคืืจืฆื™ื™- 
ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 1983 ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื’ .ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ 
ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ? ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ 
.ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ". ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื’- 
ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจื™ืคืืจืœืื’ ื’ืœืขื ื™ื–ื™ 
ื“ืื˜" ื’ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ 1986 ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™- 
ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. 

ืž. ื’ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจืึธืฉ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืฐื•ื’ืึธืจืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ". ืขืš 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืืœืก 
ืœืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜, 

ืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง! 


133 


ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืฅ. 
| ื’ืขืฉื™ื ื˜ืข. 


: ื•ึธ 
ื™ 
ื™ื™ 6 ื”ื™ื™ื™ืžื ื˜ 0 ื™ืก :0000 ื™.ื™ 


,ื™ื˜ 


ืคึผืจืึธืค. ื . ืž. ื ื™ืงืึทืœืกืงื™ 


ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืคืึธืœืง ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ 


4 ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™-ื™ื™ืกืจืึทืขืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ืงื ืืืŸ 


ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจืขืš ืžื™ื˜ 1400 ื™ืึธืจ ืคืืจ ื™ืขืฉื•ืขืก ื’ืขื‘ืฑืจืŸ. ืขื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฒื™ื™ืกืจืึธืขืœ: ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืกืืš ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืžืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืกื˜ืื“ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฆื• ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืคื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขื-ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืืœืฅ ื ืฒึทืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขื– ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืจ. ื‘ืขืฉืืก 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒืฒืฒื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ ืงืื“ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืžืื’ืข ืื•ืžืืกืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ื“ื™ึดืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข, ืื– ืžื•ื™ืฉืข, ืื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฑืกื“ืขืจืฐืฒืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืืกื˜ืขืš ื‘ืื ืงื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืŸ, ื™ื™ึดืกืจืฑ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ืคึผื•ืฑื™ืจืข. ื™ึดืกืจื•ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืฒื™ืก ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžื™ืฉ- 
ืคึผืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ืคืึธืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ึดืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™-ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืฒ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืขื ื’, ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื ืืืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคืืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืœื“ืข ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ื›ืื‘ื™ืจื™, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขื‘ืขืจื™ื˜ืŸ (ืื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื). 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื›ืื‘ื™ืจื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืงื ืืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื. ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ืฐื•ื˜ ื‘ืื’ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฃ ื ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืืฑื™ืคืŸ; ื–ืฒ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืฒืœืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ; ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื•ืฐืขื’ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ื, ืื‘ื“ื™"ื›ื™ื‘ื, ื‘ืืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ, ืื– 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืื›ื™ืจื™. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืึทื ืคืืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืกืื›ืืงืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืงื ืืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฐืขืœื›ืข 100--150 ื™ืึธืจ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ืจื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ืŸ. 

ื’ืื ืฅ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืžืขืกื•ื™ืจืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืื ืืฒึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ืงื ืืืŸ. ืขืจืฉื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™- 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžืืœืึธื›ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ื’ื™ืจื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ืžืขืกื•ื™ืจืขืก, ื•ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื‘ืขืงืื‘ืึธืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื ืžืขืกื•ื™ืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืžืขืžื•ืœืขื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 


ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ื–ืข ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื ื•ืž. 1, 1989. 


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ื”ืืฉืึธืจืขืก. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืกืฑืจืขืก 
ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื– ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ื™ืกืจืึธืขืœ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ืงื ืืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืขืก 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื. ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื• 
ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื“- -ืกื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื 8 
ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืื ื“, โ€ | ื‘ืืจื’ 2 4 ืื’ืืœ ื˜ื™ืœืฉ 4 6 , 
ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื•ึธ | 

ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืืœ- 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ื‘ืจื•ื ืขืžืก, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืข ืคืขืœื“ื–ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื˜- 
ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื’ื ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืื”ืฐื•ืข : 
ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืฑื ื•ื ื’ ื™'  |โ€ ื™ื‘ืขืขืจ-ืฉืขื•ื•ื 
ืืคืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ืกื™ื ืฒ; ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’ ืกื™ื ืฒ ื 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื- 4 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก, = 

ื ื”ืขืœืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ื ื™ืข 24 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš / ื / 
ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ 7 = : 
ืฉืขื™ืืจ,, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ / ื ืงืื“ืขืฉ-ืจืจืืจื ื™ืŸ; 
ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืึธื. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื 2 ืื ื /5 ื | 
ืฐืึธืœืงืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืข- 

ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื›ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื ื™ืจื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขื-ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืงื ืืื–, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืึธื ื–ืฒ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ. ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœืŸ: ,ื’ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืขืจื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ". ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ืงืืœืขื‘ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขื-ืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขื•ืจื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืืจื“ืŸ; ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืขืจื’, ืืจื•ื ืงืืจืžื™ืขืœ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ืงืืœืขื‘ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ 
ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืก. 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ืฒืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืขื“ืึธื, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™-ืžืึทื™ืขืฐ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™-ืืžื•ื™ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข; ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ: ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒ-ืขื“ืึธื, ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ืžืึทื™ืขืฐ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื“ืืžื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืฑื™ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืขืฉื•ืก. ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืขืจืขืฅ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ. ืืฑืกืžืฒึทื“ื ื“ื™ืง ืขื“ืึธื, ืžืึธื™ืขืฐ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืžื•ื™ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ืฒื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืšื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืืจื“ืŸ. ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: .ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš ืืจื ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืกื™ื›ืึธืŸ, ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืขืฉื•ื•ืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืื ื“; ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืœืื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืคื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข! ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ืคื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืื›ืขื“ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ 
ืืฃ ืืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ; ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ". ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ, ื’ืื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืขื ืืฉืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืกื™ื›ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืืฐืขืง ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฆืึธืคืšืฆื•, ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืขื’, ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืข ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžื•ื™ืจื™ื™, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. 
ื“ืึธ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘?, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ, ืžื•ื™ืฉืข. ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฑื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ืืจื•ืคื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขืจื™ื›ืึธ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืจื“ืŸ ื“ืึธ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืื ื“ ืงื ืืืŸ ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ื™ืืจื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืื. ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืžืขืงืื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืžืึธื™ืขืฐ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฐืฒืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืฐืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, -- ื’ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข. 


: 
8 
ื— 
ืฉื™ 
= 


5 
ืืก 
ืช 
2 
8 
2 
1 
5 


ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™-ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืงื ืืืŸ 


135 


ืกืื›ืืงืœ ืคื™ืจ ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื ืืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ 
ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืกื˜ืื“ืขืก. ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจืข ืื•ืคื’ืื›ืข: ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืืจื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืšื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืืจื“ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžืขืกื™ืจืข ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื˜, ืื– ื ืึธืš ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืก 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื™ืขืฉื•ืข, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ. ืื–ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืขืจ-ืงื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ื“ืขืจืฆืฒื™ืœื˜, ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ื’ื•ืคืข ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขืฉื•ืข ื“ืขื ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™" 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืืจื“ืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขืจื™ื›ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืึธื ื”ืึธื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืจืขื• ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืืจื“ืŸ. ืคึทึผืืจืข, ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฒืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฆืจืื™ื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžื•ื™ืจื™ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸืฃ ืขืจ ืื™ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืื ื“ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืจืขื•ืจืฆื• ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืจื“ืŸ. ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฐืื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืงื ืืืŸ, ื“ืขืจื™ 
ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืกืืš ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืึธืœืขืจืœืฒ ื ื™ืกื™ื. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก" 
ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ืืจื“ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื‘ืื ืืฒึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ื™ืขืจื™ื›ืึท ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื™ืœ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ื‘ื ื’ืฐื™ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืื”ืฐืข 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื•ืš-ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ืžืขืกื•ื™ืจืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ" 
ืžืึธื ื˜ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืกื•ื™ืจืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืึธืคืšืฆื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™-ืงืืœืขื‘, ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืจืขื•-ืฆื• ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื ื”ืืžืขืœืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื™ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื ื™ืึธืžื™ืŸ; ืฆื• ืฆืึธืคืšืฆื• ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื™" 
ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœ ืื™ื–ืจืขืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ื˜ืงื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืคืจืึทื™ึดื, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ -- ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืกืกื•ื™ืจืขืก, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืก'ื“ืืจืฃ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื™" 
ืฐืขื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื’ืœ -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื– -- ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืืจื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข (ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืคืืจืŸ ืืจืึธืŸ) ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื˜ืฒืœ ืœืื ื“ ืก'ื“ืืจืฃ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒื™ืฐืขื˜; ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืื ื“ 
ืงื ืืืŸ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ืื”ืฐื•ืข ื’ื•ืคืข. ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื’ืข 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืขืจื’, ื˜ืฒึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื– 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœื™ืงืข ื–ืืš, ืฐื™ ื 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื ื“. ืืฐืจืึธื, ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง ืื•ืŸ ื™ืื ืงืขื•ื•, ื“ืขืจืฆืฒื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืขืงืื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื•ืž" 
ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืืœ, ื ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื ืงืขื•ื•ืก ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฆืจืื™ึดื, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฒื™ื™ืกืจืึทืขืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงื ืขื›ื˜, 
ื ืึธืจ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืฒื™ื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฆืจืื™ึดื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ืกื™ื ืฒึท ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ืงื ืืืŸ, ืฐื• ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืึธืฐืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืžืขื›ื•ื™ืขื•ื• ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื˜ืคื™ืœืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืืฒึทื ืคืœืื ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื™ืื”ืฐืข. 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืžื™ื–ื‘ื™ื™ืขืš ื ืงืขืจื‘ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื™ืจืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ืคื™ืœืข: ,ื 
ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืืจืžื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฆืจืื™ึดื ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืึธืœืง. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ึดืฆื™ 
ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ (ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง) ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืœืฒื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜; ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ึดืขืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืื”ืฐืข, 
ื“ืขื ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืึธืฐืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื - 
ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืฑื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ืฐื•ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฆื™ 
ืจืื™ึดื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ืŸ ืึธืจืขื, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืคืกื™ื, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœืื ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก 
ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืœืš ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ". 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืขืจื’, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ ืงืืœืขื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 


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ืคึผืœืืฅ; ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืก, ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ืขืคืจืึธื™ึดื, ืžืขื ืืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ื ืฒึทืข ืฐืฑื ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื–ืฒื™ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ 
ื ืื ืืฒึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜, ื“ื™ ื›ื ืฒ-ื™ื™ืกืจืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืงื ืืื ื™ื, ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืžื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื’ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื™ืœื™ 
ื˜ื•ืจ. ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคื™ื˜ืขืจืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืข ื˜ืึธืœืŸ, ืคืืจืคืœืื ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทื’ื ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ, ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืงืขืจ- 
ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื•ื ื•ืื ื“ืขืจ-ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึทืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจื™ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ 
ืืงืขืจ, ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืงืกืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื™ืึธืš; ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืฒื™ืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจ" 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืœื˜ืข ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ:ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืฒื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื ืึธืš ืฐืืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืงืืœืข ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจ ื›ืึธืกืŸ, ืก'ื’ื™ืกืŸ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื ืก, 
ืก'ื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืข ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท, ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื–ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ: ,ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืกืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืงืœื˜ืฑื‘; 
ืืคืŸ ืคืฒึทื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื ืึธืกืคึผืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจืฑื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ึดืขืŸ, ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืžืืงืŸ ืจื™ื™ืขืš". ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืง ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืฒึทื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ืคื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื ืจื•ื™ึทืง ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืกื™ื‘ืขืก ืฆื• 
ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธืคื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ืกื™ื ืฒึท, ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืืฐื™ 
ืึธืคื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆืึธืจืขืก ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืกื˜ืื“ืขืก, ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทืข ืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืฒึทืข ื’ืขื˜ืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืžืขื ืก ืฐื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ื™ืš 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืคืืœืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™-ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ. ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืืฉื™ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืงื™ืขื ื–ืฒื™ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ -- ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคึผืœืึธืจืข, -- ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื. 
ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืฉื˜ื•ืืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜; ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื”ืืจ ื‘ื?; ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืึธืงืขืื™ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก/ืฉืขืžืขืฉ, 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœ-ืฉืขืžืขืฉ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืจื ืขืจ; ืขืจ ื‘ื- 
ืคืจื•ื›ืคึผืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืืœืขืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืืกื˜ื•ื™ืจืขืก. ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ, ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข, ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืขื™ึทืงืขืจ ืืฃ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืขืœื“ื—ืฅ; ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœ-ืฉืขืžืขืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืขืœื“ืœืขืš, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืงื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืงืขื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ 
ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข ืืœื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจื™ื–ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ืจื™ื™ื ืข ื•ืืกืขืจืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืข ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžื™ื“ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืึธืงืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืืงืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืก, ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ื›ืึธืจืขืฐื• ืžืื›ืŸ; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ืฆืŸ; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘, ืื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ืึธืžื˜ืฑืฐื™ื, ื›ืื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ืœืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ ืื™ื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืกื•ื“ืขืก, ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื–ื‘ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ, ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžืขืกืืžื™ื™ืขืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœ-ืฉืขืžืขืฉ ืืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฑื™ 
ืืกื˜ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื˜ืจืฒึท ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜. ื™ืขื“ืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืื™ืกื“ืขืจืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ืข ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืข 
ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืฑืฐื™ื, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ, ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžืขืกืืžื™ื™ืขืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจ ื’ืึธื˜. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฉืืœืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ ื˜ืื ืฅ 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืงืืจืื”ืึธื“ืŸ; ื“ื™ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืกืืžื™ื™ืขืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืืœื ื™ 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืœื“ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืืœื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ; ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืฐื™ื ื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฐืขืœ-ืงื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื™ื™ืื, ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึทื ืฅ -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืืœื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื™ืœ. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 


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ืคืืจืืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœืข ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืงืึทืฐืขื“, ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื–ืึธืœืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฐืขื’, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืืœื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืื›ื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ; ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืื–ืึธืœืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึท ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ, ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืฒ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืจ 
ื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ -- ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข. ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจื™ื›ืึท ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืืจื“ืŸ ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ ื’ืœืื˜ืข 
ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ -- ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ ืžืื–ืึธืœืขืก. ื“ื™ 
ืงื ืืื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื–ืึธืœืขืก, ืœืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœืข ื™ืึธืžื˜ืฑืฐื™ื. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื›ืฑื™ื“ืขืฉ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ืš ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ ืœืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื“ืขื ืžืฑืœืขื“; ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื›ืฑื™ื“ืขืฉ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื™ืึธืžื˜ื™ืฐื™ื, ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืœืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ืคืื–ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฉืื‘ืขืก, ื ืจืฑื˜ืึธื’. 
ืก'ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืขื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืŸ, 
ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข, ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜-ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืฐืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืื“ืจื™ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื ืืืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื’ืœืฑื‘ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืืœื ื“ื™ืงืข ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื ืืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืข" 
ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ืืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื™ืขื“ืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื‘ืืœ, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื’ืึธื˜. ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœื‘ืจื™ืก, ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขื-ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ, -- ื“ืขื 
ื‘ื ืคึผืืึธืจ; ืฆื• ืฆืึธืคืŸ, ืฐื• ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืืœ-ื›ืขืจืžืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืืœ-ื’ืื“. ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืœ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆืขืจ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ื ืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœ ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืขืกืขืจ: 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืืจื’, ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืึธื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืฐื™ ื›ืขืจืžืึธืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืงื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืžืขืงืขื“ื™ืง, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืขืŸ, ื‘ืจืฒื™ื˜ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืžื‘, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืขืฐืจืึธืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื• ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื•ืืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ืฉื˜ืึธืœ-ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืฐื™, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืขืจ'ืฉืขื•ื•ืข. ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืกืจื•ื˜ 
ื’ืึธื˜, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืก, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืข ืžืืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ืฐื•ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืฐืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข ืกืœื•ืคึผืขืก (ืืกืึธืจืขื™ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ), ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืขืก 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืคืœืขื ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฑืกืคึผื•ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืขื ื’ืขืก. 

ืึธื˜ึฟ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื‘ืขืฉืืก 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื ืืืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืœืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜; 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืื ื’ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืข?! ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืžืข ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื™ืื”ืฐืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืœืึธื›ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืกื•ื™ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืง ื™ืก" 
ืจืึธืขืœ, ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ืžืขืกื ืขืคืขืฉ ืžืฑื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ึดืกืจืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงื ืืื ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื•ืื ื“ืขืจ-ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขื˜, 
ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื ื™ื. 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™-ื™ื™ึธืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’ 
ืกื™ื ืฒึท, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื™ืื”ื™ื•ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ืกื™ื ืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืื ื“ ืงื ืืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืืกื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ -- ืžืขื’ืœืขืš. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ื™ื’ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ืฒื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜. ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ื™ืื”ืฐืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืึธืฐืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืก'ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืžื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืขืฐืจืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืžื‘ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ืžืจืข, ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ืžืืœืึธื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืฐืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื, ืื– 
ืกืึธืจืข ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืงืŸ; ืืฐืจืึธื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืžื› ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื™ืื”ืฐืข, ืฐื™ ื ื’ืืกื˜- 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื ืึธืก. ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ืขืœ -- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธ, ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืžืึธืœ ื™ืื ืงืขื•ื• ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฃ ื ืื›ื˜ืœืขื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืึธืœืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ืœืฒื˜ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ 


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ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืžืืœืึธื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ืื™ื, ื‘ืขืขืจ-ืฉืขืฐืข 
ื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืฐืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ื˜. 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ืฉืข ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™-ื™ื™ืกืจืึธืขืœ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทื - 
ืฆื•ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืฒึทืข ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืขืก, ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืฑื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ,ื‘ืื˜ื™ืขืœืึทื›ื™ื" 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื’ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜; ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ืขืคืึธืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืืจืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึทืขืœืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ืขืœืึดื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืœืึธ, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื ืืจืึธืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึทืขืœืข ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื. 

ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™-ื™ื™ืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื. ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื ืืืŸ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืืœื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ, ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™-ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ื•ื™ืฐื• ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืืืœื™ื. ื™ืื”ื•ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก; ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜; ื“ื™ ื‘ืืืœื™ื -- ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ึทืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืกื™ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ 
ื–ืฒึทืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืฉืืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืžืขืจืŸ, -- ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒ-ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืืœื™ื ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ. ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื™ืื”ืฐืข ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื™- 
ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™, ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™-ื™ืึธืจ -- ืžื•ื™ืœืขื“, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขื• ื 
ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ 
ืจื™ืงืข ืืœื˜ืข ื’ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœ-ืฉืขืžืขืฉ ื•ื–ืŸ) ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ืืืœื™ื. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืจืึธืœ. ื™ืื”ืฐืข -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข; ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™" 
ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื˜ืฒื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืžืื˜ืึทื ืขืก, ืฐื™ ื ื“ืื ืง 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืคืืจืŸ ืฐืฒึทืŸ, ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืืœื™ื ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ, 
ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืฆืึธืจืขืก, ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืขืฐื™ื™ึดื. ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜: ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง; ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืขืจ; ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืงืก, ืื–ื•ื™ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืฉืขืžืขืฉ. 


5 ื“ื™ ืฉืึทืคื˜ื™ื 


ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื™ึดืงืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™-ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ืœืื ื“. ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืึธื ืคืืœืŸ ืกืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืคื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืืžื•ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ื‘ื ื™- 
ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืคึผืขืก; ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืœื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืืฒื™ื ืขืจ ื™ืืฐื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื›ืืฆืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื›ืื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืžืืŸ ืกื™ืกืจื. ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืกื™ืกืจื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข 
ืจืฒึทื˜ืฐืึธื’ื ืก; ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืคื™ืœืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื’ืฐืืœ- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืืคื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืงืจืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื›ืื™ืœ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืฒึทื˜ืฐืึธื’ื ืก; ืืฃ 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืจืฒึทื˜ืฐืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืจืฒึท ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐืึธืคึผื ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืื ืฆืขืจืก; ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืคืืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืจืฒึทื˜ืฐืึธื’ื ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืก, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื˜ืฐืึธื’ื ืก. ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื›ืื™ืœ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื’ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืกืึธื ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืจืฒึทื˜ืฐืึธื’ื ืก. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึท ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“: ืกื™ืกืจื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ 
ื‘ืื ื‘ืืจื’ ื˜ื™ื‘ืึธืจ, ื ืข ืฅ ื˜ืฒึทืš ืงื™ืฉืึธืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื˜ืฐืึธื’ื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคึผืจืฒึท ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ; ื›ื•ืฅ 


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ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฒื™ื™ึทืกื•ืึธืขืœ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืฒื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ื’ืกืึธื ืคื™ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืกืจื. ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืœืื›ื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื ื™ 
ืฆืึธื›ืŸ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฐื™ึดืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฐื•ื•ื™ืจืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ืขืคืจืื™ื, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืงืืžืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืจืืงืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืจ ืื™ื–, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื™ืก, ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืฐื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื™ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื™ืืจื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข 
ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืืฆื™ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ืกื•ื™ื ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื " 
ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืข ืœื™ื“, ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ืฉื™ืจืขืก ื“ื•ื•ื™ืจืข: 


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ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•, ืžืืœืึธื›ื™ื, ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ืกืืจื™ื ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ, ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืฐื™? 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐื™? ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืื”ืฐืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ! 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื’ืืจ ื‘ืขืŸ ืื ืื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืข? 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงืืจืื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’-ื’ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขื’ืŸ. 
ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืคืขื ืขื ืœืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืื•ื™ืก! 
ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื“ื•ื•ื™ืจืข, ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ! 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืื ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ืžืฑื–ื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ! 


ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืข! ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื ื’ ื ืœื™ื“! 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืฃ, ื‘ืืจืืง, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข, ื‘ืขืŸ ืืฐืฑื ื•ื™ึดื! 


ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืืœืึธื›ื™ื, ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, 
ื“ืืžืึทืœืกื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืืœืึธื›ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงื ืืืŸ 
ื‘ื ื˜ืื ืืš, ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ื™ื“ืึท ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 

ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื‘ ืึทื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 

ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, 

ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึทื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ืกืจืขืฃ 

ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœ ืงื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, 

ื“ืึธืก ืืœื˜ืข ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœ, ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœ ืงื™ืฉืึทืŸ 

ืฉืขืœื˜ ืžืืจืึธื–, ื–ืึทื’ื˜ ื ืžืืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืขืŸ, 

ืฉืขืœื˜, ืคืืจืฉืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื™ื ืขืจ: 

ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื™ืื”ื•ืขืŸ, 

ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ืจื™ื". 

ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื™ืขืœ, 

ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืก! 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทืฃ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ -- ืžื™ืœืš ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืจืŸ-ื˜ืื˜ ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜, 

ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคืœืึธืงืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืก 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข (ื”ืื ื˜) ืฆื•ื ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื”ืืžืขืจ! 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทืคืŸ ืกื™ืกืจืขืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึทืคึผ ืฆืขืฉืœืึธื’, 
ืฆืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืขื’ื‘ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœื™ื™ืฃ! 

ืฆื• ืื™ืจืข ืคื™ืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ, 

ืฐื•ึผ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ -- ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 


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ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ 

ืกื™ืกืจืขืก ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื’ืจืื˜ืขืก: 

ืคืืจื•ื•ืึทืก ื–ืืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทื˜ืฐืึธื’ืŸ? 

ืคืืจื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืืจืฉืคืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ึทื ืข ืคืขืจื“ืŸ* 


ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื’ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื”ืืจื ื˜ืขืก ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ, 
ืื•ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืจืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš: 
,ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขืก ืจื•ื™ื‘: 
ืื™ื™ื ืข. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืกืžืืŸ, 
ืจื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืจื‘ื˜ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืกื™ืกืจืขืŸ, 

ืจื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืจื‘ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื˜!* 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืคืฒึทื ื˜, ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข! 


(ื‘. ื“ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืจื’. , ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข") 


ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืšืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข" (ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธื“ 
ืžืขืก ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข). ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื“ื™ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจืข ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืฒึทืกื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ืคื™ืจืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงืืžืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฒื™ืฒื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื. ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ืืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื™ืฆื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ,ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข". ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืกืฒึท ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืกืฒึท ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœื ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ; ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืคืืœ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืฉืึธืคื˜ื™ื' ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑืš, ืืคึผืึทื ืขื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืžืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ืกื•ื™ื ืข, ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ึทืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึดืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฒืฒื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื–ืฒ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืงืืžืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื. 

ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ึทืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ ื ืึทืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ. ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ืงื ืืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึทืจื˜ ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜, 
ื”ืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืจ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื•" 
ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืกืึธื ื™ื ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขื ืข ื‘ื ืฒืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ื ืฒื™ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ื™ื. ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ึทืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึทื ืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทืฉืฐื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื ืฒื™-ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ: ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ึดืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ-ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืงืขืจื™ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, 
ืื•ื•ืขืงืจื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™-ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึทืขืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืฃ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืงืก, ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื–?. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ึผืฐื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืึทืคืจื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ึดื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืึธื ืคืืœืŸ; ื“ืึธืจืขื-ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ-ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื›ืึธืจืขืฐ 
ืžืื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืืžืข ื™ืื. 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ ื™ืื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืฅ ื ืฒึทืข ืกืึธื ื™ื, ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืคืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ-ืื–ื™ึดืข: ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื ืืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืžืึธืœืŸ ืคึผืืก ื‘ืื ื‘ืจืขื’ ื™ืื, ืฆื• ื“ืึทืจืขื ื“ืฆื• 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืœ ืื™ื–ืจืขืขืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื ื™ืื-ืฆื•. ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื ืืืŸ, 
ืกืฒึท ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืงื ืืื ื™ื, ืกืฒึท ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ื ืฒ-ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืื. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขื˜ืขืจ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคืึธืœืง ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืœื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจื•ื ื“ืข ืงืขืคึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื˜ืืงืข 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืฉืืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ืŸ. ืœืฑื˜ 
ื–ืฒืขืจืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืฒื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื ืืืŸ, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื™ื™ึดืฉื•ึผืฐื•ื™ื ืืคืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ื™ืื, ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืื•ืŸ ืืฉืงืขืœืึธืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืืฃ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืฉื™ืคืœืขืš ืืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื. 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืฉืขืจืฒึท, ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื 
ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืœืึธืงืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื™ื™ืฉืข ื”ืื ื“ืœืกื™ืฉื™ืคืŸ, ืึธื ืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื‘ืืจืื‘ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ื–ืฒืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืžืขืคืืจื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื“ืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืื-ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืจืฑื‘ืขืจืฒึท ืืคืŸ ื™ืื ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš. ืคื™ืฉืขืจืฒึท ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ 
ืฆื• ืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืขืจื“ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืฉืขืจืฒึท ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืื™ื•ื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืš 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื“ืœืก-ืคืืจืงืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื™ืื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจื™ืจืŸ, 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ: ืืฒึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืึธืœืŸ 


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ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฆื™ื’ืŸ โ€ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื  
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืฐืึธืก 
,ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื ื™ืง', ื ืงืืžืฃ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ 
ืœืื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ื ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื. โ€ ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, 


: 0 ื 
ื‘ืืฐืึทืคื ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืึธื ื–ืข-  |โ€ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจืฉ / ื›ึผืœึดื™ ื ืฉืง ืฉึถืืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืก ื”ืงืจืžื•ื ื™ื˜) 
ื ืข ืคึผืื ืฆืขืจืก; ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืื™ืœ 


ื™ื™ื– ื™ื“ ื™ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช. ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืข ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื—ืจ. , 


ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื•ืกื’ื™ื™ืขืจ (ืื™ื ืคืืŸ- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ), ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’-ืจืฒึทื˜ืฐืึธื’ื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื–ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™- 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื›ืื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื•ืกื’ื™ื™ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื˜ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ; ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’-ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื ื’, ืื•ืคื‘ื•ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื’-ืฉืคึผืืœื˜ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึธื ืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืึธื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืง; ืื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐืึทืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืฒื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ. ื ืกืืš ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื ื™ื™ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืืฐืขืงืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืืœืข ืงืฑื™ื›ืขืก 
ื–ืฒืขืจืข, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืงืึทื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื. 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœื ืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื›ื“ืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื. ื“ื™ ืขืจืš 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ื™ื ืคืื›ืข ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉื™ืฐืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™" 
ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืื ื˜ื•ื•ืขืจืงืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™" 
ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืข ืžืื’ืข ืื•ืžืืกืข ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืขืฐืจืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืขืจ- 
ืฉืขื•ื•ืข, ืขืคืจืึธื™ึดื -- ืฉื™ืœืึธ, ืžืขื ืืฉืข -- ื™ืื•ื•ื™ืฉ, ื‘ื™ื ื™ืึธืžื™ืŸ -- ื‘ื™ื™ืกืขืœ, ื’ืฐื™ึทืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืืฐืึธื, ื“ืืŸ -- ื‘ื™ื™ืก" 
ืฉืขืžืขืฉ. ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ืืคื™ืœืข ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ึดืขื–ืข ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš 
ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ-ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื. ืื–ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกื ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืจืขืฐื•ืœ 
ื˜ืื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ื™ืืจื“ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ: ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™-ืžื•ื™ืขืฐื• ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™-ืืžื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืฐื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื. ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืจืขื•-ื™ืืจื“ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืื– ื ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืึธื ืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฐืึธืกืขืจ-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ืฉื™ 
ืฐืขื˜, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก, ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื ืคืืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™. ื•ืขืŸ ืกื™ืกืจื ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื™ื™ึดืกืึธืกื›ืึธืจ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืขืคืจืื™ึดื, ืžืขื ืืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื ื™. ื“ืืŸ, ืึทืฉืขืจ, ื–ืฐื•ึผืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืืคื˜ืึธืœืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜. ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืกื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื: ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ืคืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืฐื•ืขื˜, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ 
ืก'ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื ื™ื, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืข- 
ืจืึทืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืžืขืกืข ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ. 
ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื– ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจืฐื•ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืืžืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ื™ 
ื‘ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื›ืื™ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ ืžืขื ืืฆื™ื™ืขืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื ื™ื. ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข 
ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ืจืึธืžืขืฅ. ื’ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื™ื, 


= 112 


ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื•ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืืœื™ืงืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืฐื•ึผืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืจืึทื›ืข ืฆื• ื’ืฒื™ืŸ ืงืขืžืคืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืคึผืขืก-ืืฒึทื’ืฐืฑื ืขืจ. ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข 
ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืžืขืก ืกื™ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก. ื ืกืืš ืœืขื’ืขื - 
ื“ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ, ื™ื™ึทืคื˜ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืขืŸ. 

ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืขื ืืฉืข; ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืึธื ืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืจื™ื™ืก" 
ืจืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™" 
ืœื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืžื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืจื ื’ืขื“ืจืึธืฉืŸ ืฐื™ื™ืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืšืงืขืœืขืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืžืืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืžื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ, ื“ื• ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืขืจ, -- ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืžืืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜: ืืฑื‘ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื™ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ึดืขืŸ? ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืœืขืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืืžืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ึดืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื™ืื”ืฐืข; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื™ื’ืขืœืข, ืืฑืกื’ืขืงืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื’ืขืงืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืืงืŸ ืžืืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืžื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืจื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ 
ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฆืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ 
ื’ืขื’ืœืฒื‘ื˜, ืื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืžืืฆื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ืžืขื ืืฉืข, ืึธืฉืขืจ, ื–ืฐื•ืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืืคึผื˜ืึธืœืข. 
ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ืฒื™ ืฆื• ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืกืื›ืืงืœ ื“ืจืฒึท ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ึดืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืžืึทืœื™ืงื™ื 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉืขืจื™ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืขืจืข ืงืขืžืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื–ืืžื“ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ื™ืื. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืืŸ ื’ืขื ืจ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืคืขืจืก, ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจื™ื’ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื•ืจืงืืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืœืื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ึดืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืืœืข ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืคืขืจืก, 
ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื’ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืงืืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื˜ื•ืžืœ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ึดืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ื– 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ-ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื™ืืจื“ืŸ. ืจืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื‘, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ึดืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืจื™ื’ืกืœืฒึทื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืจื™ื ื’ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืขื ืืฒืคืึธื“, ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ- 
ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜. ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ืคืึธื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืจื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ืฉืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜: ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืขืงืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืคื™ืจื, ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืึทืจื‘ืึทื ืขืก ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืึธืคึผื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืฆื™ืœ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืฒึทื ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžืืฆื™ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ึทื˜ืจืึทืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืจ. ืื– ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ืŸ, ืื•ื•ื™ืžืขืœืขืš, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ 
ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืืฒืคืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืžื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ืืฉืข. ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ื’ืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืคืืจ 
ืžืขื ืืฉืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืงืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื™ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ึดืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ืื•ื•ื™ืžืขืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ืืœืข ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธื ืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื˜. ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื˜ืขืฐืขืฅ. 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜: ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ืจืขื, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืœืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืฐืขืฅ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ืคืจื•ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ 
ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจ- 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธื ืก ื”ื•ื™ื–. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื™ื™ึดืคื˜ืึธืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœืขืื“, ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ื™ืืจื“ืŸ. ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืฒ- 
ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™-ืืžื•ื™ืŸ. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืฐื•ึผืจืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœืขื’ืขื“ืขื ืก ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืกื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืื– ื™ื™ึธืคื˜ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืง ืืฃ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื ืฒื“ืขืจ, ืื– ืื•ื‘ 
ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™-ืืžื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืฑืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 


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ื˜ืขื ืฅ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ืฒื™ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ ื‘ืืงืœืึธื’ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจ?ืœ, ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื‘ืืงืœืึธื ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื™ืจ? ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืคื˜ืึธื›ืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืฉื™ืžืฉืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื•ืž"- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ; ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืงืึธืจืข. ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืขืš. ืืฒื ืžืึธืœ 
ืื™ื– ื ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืฆืขืจืฒึทืกื˜ 
ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื’ืขืœืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฐืฒึทื‘ืก ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื–ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื. ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ 
ืืฐืขืงื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ื‘ืืจื’ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื›ืขืฐืจืึธืŸ. ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ื ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ื“ืืœื™ืœืข. ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืœื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืื ื’ืข ื”ืึธืจ; ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืืœื™ืœืข ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคืขืจื˜, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืฑืจืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื”ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ื™ืขืš. ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืืจืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื ืžื™ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉื ืก ืงืึธืคึผ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ ืœืขืงืึทืฐื•ืขื“ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืื’ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืžืื›ืŸ, ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื. ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื™ืžืฉืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื˜ืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ืจืขืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทืœืŸ, ืืฃ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึทืจืคืŸ; ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื™ืžืฉืขื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ืคืข. 

ืื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืืœืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืกืืš ืคืื ื˜ืืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืก, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืคื˜ืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉืขื ืขืŸ, ืžื™ืงืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืฒึทืกืข ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึทืคื˜ืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืš 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื ื”ืขื’, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ-ื˜ืึธื’. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื ื”ืขื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืข ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืจืฑืขืจ-ืฆืขืจืขืžืึทื ื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืืจืฐืขืœืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ื ืื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืฐื•ืœื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืฉื˜ืืจ (ืืฉื˜ืึธืจืขืก), ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ืึธื, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœืึธื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื ื•" 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืฐื•ืœืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืึธืžืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ-ื›ืึธื’ืข ืœืขืงืึทืฐืขื“ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื”ืึธื. ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืšืื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื ืœืื ื“ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกืขืคืื ืข, ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื– 
ื“ืขืžืขื˜ืจ (ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“), ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืคึผืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜; ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืกืขืคืื ืข 
ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื“ืึธืก ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืืœื‘ื™ืึธืจ -- ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืงื ืืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื–ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ-ื›ืึธื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™-ื™ื™ืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื ื”ืขื’ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืงื ืืื ืขืจ; ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืก'ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื ื”ืขื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืคื˜ืึธื›ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืžืฒึทืกืข, 
ืฐื™ืื–ื• ื™ื™ึดืคื˜ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืคืื ื˜ืืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉืขื ืขืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ื™ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื– ืฉื™ืžืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืืฉืขื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื 
ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืก'ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ืฉื™ืžืฉืŸ" ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืขืฉ ,ืฉืขืžืขืฉ", 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื™ืงื™ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ืžื™ืฃ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืขืœืงืืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขื ืขืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ 
ื’ืฐื•ื•ืจืขืก, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทืœืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืฐื•ึผืจืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืžืขืœืงืืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื ืœื™ื™ื‘. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึธืฐื•ืœืฉืŸ ื–ื•"ื’ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœื”ืืžืขืฉ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื˜, ืืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืฒื‘, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืฉื˜ืืจ; 
ื“ื™ ื’ืฐื•ึผืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืœืงืืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื”ืืžืขืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ื”ืขืจืืงืœืขืŸ. ื–ื™ 


9--+5 144 


ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกืข 


ืืœืก ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ืง ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื . ืž. ื ื™ืงืึธืœ 
ืกืงื™ืก ื‘ื•ืš , ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืคืึธืœืง ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ", ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืฒึทืœืื’ืขืก ืคืืจืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ-ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืขืกืื ืก-ื˜ืงื•ืคืข. 


ืจืขืžื‘ืจืื ื“ื˜. ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ 


ื“. ื‘ืืกืื ืึธ. ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืจืื‘ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื•ื•ืืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืง. ืฉื™ืžืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืœื™ืœืข 


ืืžืืกื 


1 ืขื˜ืืจ ืžื’ ืขืจ ื™ื™ืจ ืืกืืค ื™ื™ 


ืžื™ืงืขืœืื ื“ื–ืฉืขืœืึธ. ื™ืขืฉืฒึทืข 


ืžื™ืงืขืœืื ื“ื–ืฉืขืœืึธ. ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืจืื‘ื™ื™ื ื• 


ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืืงืœ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉืขื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ืŸ- 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื™ืขืฉื•ืขืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื™ืขืฐื•ืกืฒื™, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื”ืขืจืืงืœ -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉืขื ืขืŸ. ืžืขืœืงืืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื’ืฐื•ึผืจืขืก; ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ืฒื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ ืžืื–ืึธืœืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืขืœืฃ 
ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืืกื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืื–ืึธืœืขืก; ืฉื™ืžืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืฐื•ื•ืจืขืก; 
ื ืึทืจ ืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ื ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ 
ื’ื—ื•ึผืจืขืก. 

ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก ืื™ื– ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื’ื™ 
ื“ืขืึธื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื ืกืืš ืฆื• ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ื“ืขืจืฐื™ืกืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื’ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ื‘ื ืฒื™ืฒื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒ-ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ื™ืื”ืฐืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืง ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืืืœ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืื“ืข ืขืจ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ึดืขืจ: ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ื•ื™ืฐ ื ืขืงืึธืžืข ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฐื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ืจื™ื, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื›ื•ืฅ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก: ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœ- 
ื›ืึธืžืข:ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐืขืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ; ื ืึธืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื’ื•ื™ืฐืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืกืึธื ื™ื. ื ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื™ึทืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื’ืกืœืฒึทื˜ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื - 
ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืฒึทื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื ื’ืึทืจื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจ 
ื ื™ืงืข ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฐืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืฐืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐื™ ืก'ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก. ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืืฒึทื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฉืึธืคื˜ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ืืš, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืฐื•ึผืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืกื™ื, ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฉืึธืคื˜ื™ื. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื’ืฐื•ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืขืžืขืก, ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืึธืคื˜ื™ื, ืื– 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืฉืคืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง! 

ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืืœื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืฐ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ื’ืขืœืฒื–ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืื˜ืจื™ืืจืš; ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœึตื™ื™ 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ื’ืขืœืฒื™ื–ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืงืืžืฃ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒ; 
ืคืืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืœ: 
ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, ื ืฆืึธืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืฆืึธืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืจื™ึทืกื•ืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืœืื ื“ ืงื ืืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขื ืข ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ืฐื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื™ื˜ืŸ; ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื– ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืฐืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืคื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก ืฆื•ืœึดื™ื‘ ื ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืจื•ื™ึทื ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ. ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ืคืจืื’ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’? ืก'ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆื• ืื–ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ื 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข; ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืžืื›ืŸ ืื–ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืฆื• 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืืฆื•ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ืฒื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ืื–ื ืคืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืž'ืฐืฒื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ -- ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืืจ 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ? ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ืคืจืขื’ืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜, ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืจืืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื”ืขืŸ. 
ืขืžืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ; ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืงืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื’ืึธื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืึธื ืขืœืŸ ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ; ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืœืขืžืึทืฉืœ, ืื– ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืกื˜ืข ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ึดืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ืื ื“ืจืขืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ึดืขืจ; ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึท ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืžื™ื–ื‘ื™ื™ืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ. 


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ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื”ืฒืœื™ืง ื‘ืื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืึทื ืขืœืข ืงื•ื™- 
ื”ืื ื™ื; ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืืœืฅ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึท ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืื˜ื•ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจ- 
ื‘ืึธื ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืืฆื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜. ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืจื™ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืคื ื“ื™ืง ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืจื™ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืฉื•ึผืฐื•ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ืฉื•ึผื•ื•ืขืก ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐื™ ื ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข (ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ) ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข. ืืœืข ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืื ื˜ืฐื•ื™ืงืœื˜ืข 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืคืืœืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜. ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื’ื™ื ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืื•ื“- 
ืืœื˜ืข ื”ืขืจืžืื ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื“ืขืจื ืข ืื™ื™ืจืืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืก. ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืžื:ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืคืืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜; ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ืกืึทื™ืขืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง; ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื“ืึธื“ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืงืืžืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜. ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืกืœืื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื–ื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคืืœืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฒื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ, ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ,ื”ืขืจืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืขืจืก". ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื“ื™ ื–ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื; 
ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืคืืœืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืก 
ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื“ื™ื™ืข ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื; ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ 
ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืฆื•ื ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืึธืจื˜; ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜; ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืžืขื’- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒื™ืคืึธื“ืŸ. ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื ืกืืš, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ; ืก'ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ืฐื™ ืืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ื ื™ื˜; ืก'ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ื ื’ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื‘ืขืฉืืก ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืคื™ืจืขืจ 
ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืคึผื˜ืึธืš, ืื™ื– ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืคืืœืŸ. ืื™ื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืกืืง'ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืจืฑืกื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ-ืฉื•ื™ืคืขื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉืฑืคืขื˜ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืคืขื˜, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืืœืฅ ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ. ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืื˜ืึธื ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืึธืงืขื-ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืฆื• 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ืคืึธื“ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืง. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืง ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ -- ืื•ื•ื™ืžืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืึธืคื˜ื™ื-ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืฉืึธืคื˜ื™ื-ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืกืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ื’ืขื“ืขืึธื–, ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ื ื“ื™ื ืืกื˜ื™ืข. ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื’ืกืึทื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืืžืฃ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื™ื’, ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื ื“ื™ื ืืกื˜ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขื-ืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ื™ื– ืžืืœื›ืขืกื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ืื™ื– 
ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืฐืœืขืจ. 

ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืคืืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืกืขืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ (ื‘ืขืขืจืขืš ืื™ืŸ 1050:ื˜ื– ื™ืึธืจ) ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ืคืืœืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง, ืื– ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธึทืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืจ. ืื™ื ืขื ืงืืžืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ; ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืคืขืœื“ ื“ืขื ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืœืึธ; ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืŸ ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืื ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ืก ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข. ืขืœื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืžืืคึผืึธืœืข: ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืจืŸ, ืขืœื™ืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืฒื™ืก 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื‘ืกื•ืจืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืคึผืึธืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื. ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืจืŸ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืื– ืืœืข ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืจืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื“ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœืขืื“, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื™ืืจื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืื›ื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 


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ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ืืžื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’ ื™ืืฐื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ืื ืกืืžืข ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืจื“ืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื ื™ืึธืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื’ืขืจื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒืจืฒื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ; ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฉื•ืขืœ; ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒืฒื™ืกืจืึธืขืœ. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื™ืœืขืš, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก. ื ืึทืš ื“ืึธืจ 
ืฐื•ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก:ื”ืขืœื“. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืฉืฑื™ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื™ืืฐื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ืืžื•ื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ืืžื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขื›ืึทืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœืื’ืขืจื˜ ื™ืืฐื™ืฉ, ืื™ื– ืžืขืจื•ื™ืฆืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืฐื™ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื ืฒึท, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืื ื“ ืขืจืขืฅื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ; ืืฃ ื ื˜ืฉื•ึผื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ื˜ืขื’ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืืœืื’ืขืจื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฆื• ืืœืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ; ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืข 
ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืืฐืึธื, ืฐื•ึผ ืกื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืจืึธื“ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ื•ืฆืคึผืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ืึธืฉืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจื•ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื’ืื ืฅ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึทืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ,ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืก'ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืฒื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื™ืื•ื•ื™ืฉ'. ืืฃ ืฉื•ื™ืขืœืก ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืึธืžื™ืŸ, 
ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืจืื™ึดื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื›ืื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ื™ืื•ื•ื™ืฉ. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื›ืื™ึตืœ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืืจื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืœื’ืืœ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืฉื ื•ื™ืขืœืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื ืžื™ื™ืœืขืš. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธืฐื™ ืฉืžื•ืขืœืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื•ื™ืขืœืŸ. ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืึทืจ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ื ื’ืึธื˜; ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืœืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืืŸ ื‘ืื ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ ืขืœื™, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื ืขืฐื™ืขืก; ื ืึธืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืกืข ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืฑื™ืขืœ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžื•ืขืœืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืืก 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื–ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืงื ืขื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืขืœืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืš 
ืจืื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืžื•ืขืœืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืฆืข, ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื–ืœืขืŸ;: ืื•ืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืึธืœืขื ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉืžื•ืขืœืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืคึผืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื. ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ ืื™ื– ืึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืืก ืฉืžื•ืขืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืžืข; ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืฒื™ืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื–ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขื“ 
ื–ืืœื‘ื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืงื™ื ื™ื’; ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืข ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐืฒืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื ืึทืจ ืฉื•ื™ืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื’ื™ื“ืขืึธื ืขืŸ, ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืึทื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืืฃ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืจื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข, 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืงืึธืžืข. ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื›ืื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื; ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืข 
ื’ืœื™ืงื˜ ืึธืคึผื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒ ื ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ื›ืžืึธืฉ. ืื–ื ื ื™ืฆืึทื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงื™ื. ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ื™ืฆื›ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืืœืข ื“ืึธืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืงื™ื ื™ื’. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืšืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื’ืืฐื•ืึธื, 
ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืข ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืจืฒื™ื˜ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ื™ืงืŸ 
ืคึผืฒึทื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฉืฑื™ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง. ื ืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ื’ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืžืืคึผืึธืœืขืก ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•'ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืกื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก; ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืขืœืก 
ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“. 


(ืคืึทืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜) 


ืก ืข ืจื’ ืฒื™ ืœื™ืคึผืงืึท 


ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™? 


ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืงืื ื˜- 
ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืืจืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื•ืœ ืฆื• ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืŸ ืขืงืกืงื•ืจืกื™ืข ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ื›ืžืขืœื ื™ืฆ- 
ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื–ื™ื™, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“- 
ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ืื™ 
ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจื™ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ืฒื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ืก 
ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข ื•ื•. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ืกื˜ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืฐื•. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ 
(ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ ืžืึธืจื“ืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืึธืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืข" 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ (ื“ืขืžืœื˜ -- ืฐืึธืœื™ื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข), 
ืื™ืŸ 1891. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืืŸ ืื ืงืขื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืขื ื“. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜: , ืžืึธื™ืกืฒ ืžืึธืจื“- 
ืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืึธืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒื™ืŸ. ื ืคึผืฑืขืจ. 19 ื™ืึธืจ ืืœื˜. ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืืจืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืฃ-ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื“ืข". ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื™ 
ื–ื™ืงืข ืื™ื™ื’ื ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื ืงืขื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื˜" 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื›ืื ื’ืขืœ- 
ืกืงืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืฐืึธ- 
ืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืก ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ. 


ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืฆื˜ ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง: ืื•ื‘ 
ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ ืžืึธืจื“ืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื•- 
ื‘ืืจืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืฃ-ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื“ืข, ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ!" ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจ ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืืž- 
ืœืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐื•. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืจื•ื™- 
ื•ื•ื™ื. 

ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืื™ื ืข ืžืึธืจื“- 
ืงืึธื•ื•ื ืข ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงืข, ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ 1900. ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืžืึธื™- 
ืกื™ื™ืก ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืืจ, ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื™ื ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื™ืŸ 1984 ื•ื•. ืฐืึทืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืก ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, 
ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืœืขื•ื• ืžืึทืจื“ืงืึธืฐื™ืกืฉ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ื 
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™. 

ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืืœืข ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืœืขื›ืข ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื- 
ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื™ืกื™ื™ ื’ืึทืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒื ืก 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜, ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืึทื’ืจืืคืŸ ื‘ืื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, 
ืื– ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืœืืจืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข-ื ื™ื˜ื™ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทื™ 


148 


ื›ืขืก ืฆื• ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืืคืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“ ืื™ืŸ 1917, ื ืึธื›ืŸ 
ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืกืžืืš ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืก-ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืืฉืึธืจืข ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืขืก. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื 20 ื™ื•ืŸ 1927 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืœืข- 
ื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืกืงืื™ื ืคึผืจืื•ื•ื“ื" ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื• ืžืึธืจื“ืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึท- 
ืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ืฐ. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ (ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืึธืจื“)", ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืื– 
ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืืจ. 

ืืฃ ืœืขื•ื• ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืก ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ืžืงืœืึธืจืข ืกื™ื‘ืขืก ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ 
ืื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 1951 ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืข ืฐืขืจ- 
ืกื™ืข ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืก-ืึธืจื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข: ,ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืžืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืฐ. 
ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืง-ื™ืฐืึธืœื™ื ืกืงื™ (ืจืื™ืฆืขืŸ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜)". ืื™ืŸ 1971 ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ื™ื˜-ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืขืกื˜ืฉื˜ืข- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ืึธืคึผื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ 
ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข: ,ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืœืืจืกืงื™ ืž. ืž. ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ื›ืžืขืœื ื™ืฆืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜". 

ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ื™- 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•- 
ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืื’ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืกืกืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืคืืจื ืึธื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒื ืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื•- 
ืฆืขื -- ืืŸ ืื•ืคื‘ืœื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’: ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจื›ืื ื’ืขืœืกืงืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ื‘ื- 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’, ืื– ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจ- 
ืกืึธื ืขืœืข ื“ืึธืกื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื˜ืŸ ,ืคืืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืฉืืคื˜", ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืฑืข- 
ืจื™ื, ื“ืขื 19ืฒื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืžืึธื™ืกื™ื™ ืžืึทืจื“ืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืึธืœืš- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒื™ึทืฉืขืจ ื“ืึธืกื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืข ืื ืงืขื˜ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืคืืจืคื•ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธื™ืกื™ื™ืก ื”ืื ื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจื ืึธื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืžืึธื™ืกื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 


ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืขืงื–ืืžืขื ืขืก ืืœืก ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืืจื™ 
ื›ืื ื’ืขืœืกืงืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข. 

ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ืืžืขื ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ 1911 ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืž. ืž. ื’ืึธืœืจืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืงืข, ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทื™ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื˜ืขืกื˜ืื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ืืžืขื ืขืก 
ืคืืจืŸ 6ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื›ืื ื’ืขืœืกืงืขืจ ืžืขื ืขืจ- 
ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืืœืข ืคืึธื ื“ืŸ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืคืืจื™ 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืืจืฅื™ืฆืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ืืžืขื ืขืก. 

ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืœื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ, ื•ืขืŸ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1984 ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื›ืื ื’ืขืœืกืง. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 


ืคืœืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ 
ืืจืฒึทื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื™ืœืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคึผืขื“ืจืื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคึผื•ื ืง- 
ื˜ื•ืขืœืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื˜ืขืกื˜ืื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ, ืคืœืฒึทืกื™ืง ืฆื•ื™ 
ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ืืžืขื ืขืก ืคืืจืŸ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืฑืขืจ ืžืึธื™ืกื™ื™ ืžืึธืจื“ืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืึธืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืืจ, ืฐืึธืœื™ื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข, 
ื“ืขื 13-ื˜ืŸ (ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ืกื˜ื™ืœ -- ื“ืขื 25-ื˜ืŸ) ื ืึทื™ื- 
ื‘ืขืจ 1890, 


ืคืึธื˜ืึธื™ืคืืงื˜ 


ืึธื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ -- ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขื•ื• ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ,ืžืื–ืœื˜ืึธื•ื•" 


149 


ื™ื™ = - 34 


ื“ื™ 9 ืืžื˜ 'ืคื•ืŸ, 1989 . 
6 ืœื˜ 


ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืื™ื•ื™ื ืขืก 


ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืขื˜ืืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜- ื˜ืขืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœืืกื ืึธืกื˜, ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืื˜ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื• 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืึธ. ืฐื•ืœืคืฒึทื˜ืข-ืกืึธืœืึธื“ืึธืฐื ื™ืงืึธื•ื•ื, ื ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื›ืฆื ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื™" 
ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ืกืขืจ-ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข. ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืจืึธื ื˜" 
ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข ื•ืฉืขื ื™ืข ืกืืคึผืึธื–ืฉื ื™ืงืึธืฐืฒึทื˜ืข-ืกืžื•ืฉืงืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ืื’ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืืœืก ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจืงืข. ืจื™" 
ื–ื™ืงื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื˜ืึธื’ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ 
ื–ื™ ืืจืฑื™ืกืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข 
ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืœืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื ืข- 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. 

ืึธ. ืฐืฐื•ืœืคืฒึทื˜ืข-ืกืึธืœืึทื“ืึธืฐื ื™ืงืึธื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข ืกืืคึผืึธื–ืฉื™ 
ื ื™ืงืึธืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•" 
ืจื™ืง, ื“ืขื 5-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ 1943, ืขืจืขืฐ ื ืฉืœืื›ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ 
ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืขื•ื•ืืงื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืงื•ืคึผื™ืจ" 
ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธื•ื•ื ืข. ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข ืกืืคึผืึธื–ืฉืจ 
ื ื™ืงืึธืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื- 
ื˜ืืœื™ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืืงืึทืฉืข, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ (ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืืœืข ืื™ืจืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืืœ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื˜- 
ื’ืืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืฆืœืื’ืขืจ...). 

ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื–ืขื›ืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™: 

,ื’ืื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ืคืœืขื’ ืžื™ืš ืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, 
ืื– ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืกื˜ืข ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 


150 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ื ืึธืจ ืœืฒื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ. 
ื™ืึธ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื™ืก ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ื, 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืงืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืืกืŸืžืึธืจื“. ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืืจืฅ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ืขืงืึธืžืข! ืื™ืŸ 
3, ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจื˜ ืžืึธื ืื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื - 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืืจืืฉื•ื˜ื–ื™ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœืฒื“ืŸ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืœืืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื˜ืจื™ืื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืฆืข: ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืก- 
ื˜ืข, ืื™ื– ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ืงืขืจ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืœืฅ. 
ื›'ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ ื ืฉื™ืกืขืจ, ื ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืจืื ืงืŸ- 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื’ืฒ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืจื™ืฃ... ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืžืืžื™ื ืงืข, ืคึผืืคึผื™ื ืงืข, ืื™ื˜ืขืœืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืืฉืขื ืงืข, ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข. ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜, ืื™ืจ ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸื• 
ืืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืจ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืจ. 
ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ืืš. ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทืงืึธืคึผ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืฉื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™" 
ื ื•ื˜, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ื”ืึธื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืืก ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžืขืจ- 
ื“ืขืจ..." 

ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืฅ 
ื“ืืงืฆื™ืข, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืืžืึธืœ 
ืงื•ืจืฅ, ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื ื•ื™, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืขืžืขืฆื ืก ื’ื•ืจืœ, 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืฒื™ืขื ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืœื ืข ื›ืฒึทืข ืฐื™ืœืงืึธื“ 
ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื ืข ื‘ืขื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึธืคึผืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ืกืึทืฐืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื“ืขื ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ื• ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธืฐื•ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึท ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืจืึธื–ืขื ื˜ืืœ. ืคืืจื•ืคื ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืืœืข ืงื•ืืœืŸ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื›. ื™ื™ืœ 
ืงืึธืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื ืข, ืื– ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืฐื ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืœืขื’ืืœืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืœ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ 


+ 


6 0 ื™ืกืื™ ?ื™ื™" ืฒื™ 


5 4 6 , ืืข | 
ืืœ 8 6ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ืข? 0 
ื˜ืข ื˜ืข //7 "4 / 1066 ืœื•ืข 

6 ืขื™ (: !ื™ื™ื– : ื ื 

ืืก ื ืฉื™ ื™ 

ื 9 4 8 ื ืื” 
200 65 ื ;0 , 


04264 24 2 0 
ึธึผ ื 5 4 
200 ื™ื™ 
6 

ืช ื™ื• (440 ื ืฉื™ 


ื ืœื 6 040 ืืข / ื 58 
4 2 6 ื™ื™ ? *2 ืื˜ 0 
0 ื™ื™ ื 


ืขื’ 2 2 

0 1 0 0 2: 3 8 
6 66, 2 2 064 

2 2 


+/ (? ื 0ื™ืฉืกื™ื˜ (. ื”ื. 
,1 ื ืขื™ ื  


0 4 2 2 


ื•ื™ ืžืš, | 4 


ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข ืกืืคึผืึธื–ืฉื ื™ืงืึธืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 
ื ืคืึธื˜ืึธืกื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข ืกืืคึผืึธื–ืฉื ื™ืงืึทืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 


ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึทื•ื•ื ืขืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื-ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืจืึธื–ืขืŸื™ 
ื˜ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืจืึธื ื™ืข ืจืึธื–ืขื ื˜ืืœืขื ืข (ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜, ืื’ืขื•ื•, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืฐื ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื˜ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ). 

ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืจืึธื–ืขื ื˜ืืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ืฉืืคื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื›ื•ื˜ืืคืึธืจื™ืข. ืขืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืจืึธื–ืขื ื˜ืืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ืคืืจ ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ 
ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืจืึธื–ืขื ื˜ืืœ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ืึท 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข... ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธื™ืฉื•ืœ. ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืง. 

ื›ืฒึทืข ืฐื™ืœืงืึธืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื ืข ืื™ื– ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืจืึธื–ืขื ื˜ืืœืก 
ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืฆื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื ืฒึทื ื˜ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง, ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขื ืขื ื•ืฐืขื’. ืฆื• ืคืขืจืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืฒื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืงืึธื ืคืขื˜ืšืคืื‘ืจื™ืง, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืฃ. ื ื–ืขื›ืฆื ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข, 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’, ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ 
ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืฐื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืฒ-ืคืืจืคืึธืœ- 


ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืก-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืงืื•ื•ื™ืฉืงื™ืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืฐื ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืœืก 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ึดืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืฐืฐื•ื ืข ืคืืจ'" 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ 
ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืกืึธืžืึธืœืฆืขืก. ืื™ืŸ 1926 ื’ืฒื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ืึฒื ื™ 
ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘-ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจื ืก. ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืฉืจืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืคืจื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจื ืก ืืฃ ืคื™ืจ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ: ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, 
ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉ. 

ืื™ืŸ 1927 ืคึผืขืงืœื˜ ื›ืฒึทืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืฐื•ื ืข 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืืจื˜ืฒึท ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืœืขื’ืืœืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืฒ ื›ืืคื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืขืœื“" 
ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคืืจืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข. ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื•ืจืžืข ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ืขืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืืจืงื™" 
ืกื™ื–ื. ืื™ืŸ 1935 ืฐืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜, ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ. 
ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืจื•ื™" 
ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ" ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’, ืœื•ื™ื˜ 
ื›ืฒึทืขืก ืืฒึทื ืœืื“ื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืจืึธื–ืขื ื˜ืืœืก ื“ื™ืจืข. 
ื›ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืืœืก ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข-ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืœืขื’ืืœืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ", ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. 

ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื›ืฒึทืข ืฐื™ืœืงืึธืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืข- 
ื ืข ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง , ื”ืขืœื", ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืืฃ ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึทืจื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื 


151 


'ืขืจ ื‘ืจืึธื ื–ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืขืœื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ ื. ื ื•ื“ืขืœืžืืŸ. 


ืฒึทื–ื“ื˜ืจืขืกื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืขื•ื•ืืงื•ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืฐืขืจื“" 
ื•ื•ืกืง, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื ืคืื ื™ืขืจ-ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกื™ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 1945 ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืื•ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืœื ืข, ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 
ื›ืฒึทืข ืฐื™ืœืงืึธืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื ืข ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืœื™ื™ืข- 
ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
} ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึธืคึผืึธื ืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ -- ื–ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ื›- 
ื’. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืœืื ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืื–ืœื“ื™ืงืข 


ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื•ื•, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคึผืจืฒึทื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ ืžื™ืฆืื“ 
ืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืžื- 
ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืงืึทื ืฐืึธื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ 
ื– ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืืŸ ื ื˜ืจืื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฐื™ึธืื‘ืึทืžื‘ืขืก, 
ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืœืฐืึธื•ื• ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืฉืขืœืึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืคืจื™. ื“ืขื ืœืึธืงืึธืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืค 
ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืงื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื " 
ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. , ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก- 
ื–, -- ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืž. ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื- 
ืจืงื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจืžืขืก, ืืฃ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื ื‘ืืŸื™ืœื™ื ื™ืข, ืคื™ืจ ื•ื•ืื’ืึธื ืขืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื™ื™ืกืขืงื˜ ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื›ืืœืื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ืš 
ื˜ ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึธืจ. 
ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฐืื’ืึธื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ 
* ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ, 
! ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ -- ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ 
ืกื’ืขืฆืขืจื˜ืข, ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื™ืขืš ื–ื™ืš 
ื•ืขืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก -- ื”ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข 
ืขืœืขื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื• ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื™ 
| ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืข 
ื ื“ืขืจ -- ืขืกื˜ืจืฒึทืš, ืื•ื ื’ืืจืŸ, ืคืจืื ืงืจืฒึทืš, ื”ืึธืจ 
ื ื“, -- ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืฉืฐืขื ื˜ืฉื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืขืก 
ื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืฒื™ื–ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ 
! ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืจืฒึทืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™". 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™, ืื– ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืจ 


ื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื™ 
ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืื ื“ืฉืืคื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจืžืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฐื™ืื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื ื•ืคึผื™ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. 
ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ. 

ืื™ืŸ 1946, ืื•ืžืงืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืืŸ 
ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืืคื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื“ื" 
ืคึผืขืฉื˜. ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื, ื‘ื ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืืกื˜- 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ 
ื ื›ืืกืขื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง 
ื“ืขื ื’ืืกื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœืข, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ืึธืกืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ื•ื˜ืึทื ื™ื -- ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืจื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจ. ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื’ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื›ืืกืขื ืข. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ื›ืœื™ื ืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžืึธื–ื™ืจ. ื ื‘ืขื ืง- 
ืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. 

ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืืœืข ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืข, ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™, ืืœื ืคืืœืก, ืฐื™ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืืกื˜. ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื: 

-- ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจ, ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื- 
ืงืื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื›'ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ... ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืก'ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฐืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜, ืขืคืฉืขืจ... ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืœืฐืึธืฐ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื– ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืข- 
ืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–? 

ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขื’ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืค- 
ืฆื•ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื ืฒึทืข ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื " 
ื’ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก ืงืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจืŸ 
ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ 
ื ืขื ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ืคื™ืœ ืฐื•ื™ืœืข 
ืื•ืคื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœืขื˜ื•ื™ื–ื•ืขืก ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื. 

ื“ื™ ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืคืขืœื“ื–ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจืคึผืืก ืคื™ืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข, 
ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื˜ืขื ืขืจ, ืคึผืจืึธ 
ื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืจ 
ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืื ื™ืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ื•ื“ืขืœืžืืŸ. ื‘ื™ื›ื“ื™ื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคื™ื™ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืขืžืขืก, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืืคืŸ ืงืึทืžื˜ืึธืžืึธืœืกืงื™ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื 
ื‘ืจืึทื ื–ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ 
ื ื™ืขืจ. ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื•ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ืึธืจ, ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื›ืกืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื•" 
ืจืขืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ืšืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืœืขื•ื• ืงืขืจื‘ืขืœ. ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจ" 
ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ื“ืขืœืžืื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ: ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ื‘ื 
ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืœืขื ื™-ืึธืจื“ืขื ืก, ืืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ื™ื- 
ื‘ืขืจ-ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื•ื˜ื•ื–ืึธื•ืจืึธืจื“ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืื“ืจื™ื™ื’ืข, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึธืจื“ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืคืึธืŸ... ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืœืื•ืจืขืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ- 
ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžืึธืœ ืœืื•ืจืขืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื™ 
ื›ืข-ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข. ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ! 

ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื›ืื™ึดื ืจื™ืกื™ืŸ?! ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจืื’ืข ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื™ืขื›ื™ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืึธืจ ื•ื™" 
ื ื™ืง. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืฐืขืจืง ืฉืืคื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืืœ. ื ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื˜ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืจื™ 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื™ื’ืข, ืื™ื ืขื ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ืžื•ื–ื™ื™, ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืžืกืงืขืจ ืกืึธืจ 
ื‘ืึธืจ, ืคืืจ ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืงืื ื“ืขืœื™ืื‘ืขืจืก. ื›ืื™ื ืจื™ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืื ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 
ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ืžืึธื ื•ืžืขื ื˜ืืœ-ื“ืขืงืึธืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืื ืกืืžื‘ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ 
ืงืขืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื• ืื™ื– ืคืืจื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’. ืื”ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื˜ืืœ-ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกืคื•ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ 
ื ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืืฑื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืจ 
ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงืจืขืžืœืคึผืืœืืฅ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœืฉื˜ืึธืงื™ืงืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“-ืคึผืœืืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื ืืฃ ืงืืœื™ื ื™ืšืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคึผื™ึทืึทื ืขืจ-ืœืื’ืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืจื˜ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคื™ืฆื•ื ื“ืข. ื›ืื™ึดื ืจื™ืกื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ืืคื•ืฆื˜ ื ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขื˜ืจืึธืจืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ื“ืจืฒึท 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืืฉืงืขื ื˜.. 

ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื™ืกื™ืŸ ื’ืขื™ 
ืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืคื•ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืจืึธืจืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข 
ื‘ืืจื™ืงืื“ื ืื™ื' ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. ืœืขืงืึทืฐืขื“ ื“ื™ ืืจ" 
ื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ื" 
ืจื™ืงืื“ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 1905, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืืจืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื•ืžื™ื ื™. ืืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜ ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืคึผืขืจืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื ืขื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ืจืขืœื™ืขืคืข ืžืขื˜ืืœืขื ืข ืคึผืื ืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื™ืœ 
ื“ืขืจืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ:ื”ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืžืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ โ€ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ื”ืขืจืฉื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื˜ืจืึธื™ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข , ืคึผืœืึทืฉื˜ืฉืื“ ื ืึธื’ื™ื ื" ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืก" 
ื’ืขืคื•ืจืขืžื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืืœืŸ. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืงืคื•ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจ" 
ื ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœืขืจืœืฒื™ึทืงืขืจ ืคืืงื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื˜ 


ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื›. ืจื™ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 


ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืืœืก ื“ืขืงืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืœืก 
ื ืฆืื ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’-ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื. ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืง 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืืœ-ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกืคื•ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืจืึธืจืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ,ื˜ืฉื™ืœืื ื–ืืจ" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ืืฉืงืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื ืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื ื’ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืœึดื™ื•- 
ืกื˜ืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื–ื‘ืขืงื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืจื ืืžืขื ื˜, 
ื‘ืื”ืขืคื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืงืึธืœื™ืจื™ืงืŸ ื’ืœืึธื–, ืจื•ืคืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื 
ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’. 

ื ืกืฐืึธืจืข, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ืฐืขื ื˜ืืจื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื“ 
ื ื•ื™ืคื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืขื™ 
ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืก'ืคืืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ ื˜ืืงืข, ืฐืขืจ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื• 
ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜, ืคึผื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืข, ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜? 
ืฐืึธืก, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื ืคืึธืœืง ืึธืŸ ืฐืึธืจืฆืœืขืŸ, ืึธืŸ 
ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก, ืึทืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืฒืขืจ? ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ? ื™ืึธ, ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ื–, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืข ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“, 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ื’ื ืึธืจื™ืจื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืจ -- ืคืืจื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ 
ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืคึผืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื–ื. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืืŸ ืื " 
ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืืœืข ืฉื˜ืืคึผืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ 
ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืกืึธืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ืก'ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืืœืข, ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจ. 


153 


ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืžืข ืงื•ืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื, ืžืข ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืข- 
ื‘ื•ื ื’, ืžืข ื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืžืข ืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉืจื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืขืก, ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื" 
ืฆื™ืขืก, ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืืจืŸ ืงื™ืžืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจืืกืคึผืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืก ืฆื• 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข, ืœืขืžืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ 
ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ื ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ 
ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืื ืืš. ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจืื ืื›ืก ืงื•ื–ื™ื ืข. ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืจืŸ ืงื™ืžืขืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ื›ืขืจ- 
ืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ,ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื›ื•ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข, 
ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื–ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืคืก- 
ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื“ืื ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข 
ืจืึธืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ". ื. ืงื™ืžืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื. ื’ืจืื ืืš ืคืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1934, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจืŸ. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผืจืืœ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืื ืืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•" 
ื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื•ื•ืงืข ื’ืจืื ืืš. ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืืœืขืงื™ 
ืกืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืื ืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•. ืฉืขืงืกืคึผื™ืจืก ,ืฉืฒืœืึธืง", 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉ, 1935. ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ืึทืฉืขื•ื•ืŸ ื. ืงื™ืžืขืœ, 
ืื– ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื 
ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืจืึธืžืืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืจืื ืื›ืŸ -- ื”ืขืจืฉืœ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืื ืงืขืจืก. 


ืคืึธืจืฐื•ืจืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืกืฒึท ืคืืจ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืคืืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก, ืฆื™ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜? ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข, ื’ื•ื˜. ื ืจืฒ 
ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืจืขืงืœืืžื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื™ืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– 
ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ืง ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ืคึผืœืื ื™ืจืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืœืขื’ืขืจ. ืื–ื ืœืื’ืข ืื™ื– 
ื˜ืึทืคึผืœื˜ ืกืืงืึธื ืขืกื“ื™ืง. ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข. 
ืขืก ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืจื™ื, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ 
ืœืื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจืื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจืœืื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื•ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืง, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื 
ื–ื™ืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื ืคึผืฑืขืœืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืฑ- 
ืงืจืึธื, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’. ื ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืข 
ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". 

ืขืžืขืก, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืฆืฐืฒื™ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข. ืกืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืฉื•ืจ 
ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืงืจืึธืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ืึท ืคืืจืืŸ. ื“ื™ 
ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึทึผืึธืฅ- 
ื–ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืœืื–ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™- 


ื“ืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืื ืืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื 


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ื›ืขืจ-ืงืจืึธืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื ื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ. ื“ึดื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืขืกืฒื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทื˜ืจื™ืื“ ืžืฑื™ื›ืขืจืกืคืึธืจื™ืžื ื™ืงืขืก. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื™ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข. ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื ืืจ 
ื‘ืขืก ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคื™ืœ, 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ,ื“ื™ ืœื™ืจืข". ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจื–ืืž" 
ืœื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืฐื™ ื’ืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื ืึธื ืกื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ื™" 
ืจืื–ืฉ. ,ื“ื™ ืœื™ืจืข" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ. ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ื“ื™ ื•ืขื ื“ื•ื " 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืืœืก ืงืœืืœ, 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข: ,ื•ื• ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืืž- 
ืœื•ื ื’?" ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฑื– ืงืจื•ื™" 
ืฐื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, 
ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืกื˜ืื ืคืืจืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืขื™ 
ื–ื™ืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™? ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจืื–ืฉ 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืก. 
ื ืึธืจ ืกืฒึทืฐื™ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื™ 
ื ืข ืจืขื’ื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“, ืžืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื, 
ืžืข ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ื, ืžืข ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข ืึทืคึผืจื•ืคืŸ. 

;ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืกื•ื•ืื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ืื™ื– 
ืืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื’ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉ, -- 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ืขื•ื•. -- ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืžื™ืกื•ื•ืื“ืข-ืกืื›ืืงืœ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ืงืจืื ืฅ ,ื“ื™ ืœื™ืจืข", 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืšืื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ืืฒึทืข- 
ื•ื•ืืจื’". 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื“ืš" 
ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืขืจืœืขืš 
ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜, ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก:ืฐืขืŸ, 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ืฉืฒ 
ื›ืขืก ืฆื•ื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื™ืคึผืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜. 

,ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ 
ื ื™ืึธืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืืœืฅ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื 
ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ, -- ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื›ื ืž. ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืž" 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจืŸ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขื›ืฅ 
ืืฃ ืงืืคึผืึธืจืขืก? ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื–ื™" 
ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืึธื ื™ืงืขืจ ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ- 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข 
ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืื™ื– ื™ื•ืขื™ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš, ื ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ื›ืึธืกื™ื“ ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ ื ืฐืขืจื˜.." 

ื ืึธืš ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืืžื‘ื•ืœืข ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืขื›ืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคืึธืจ: ,ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธ ื ืจื™ื“ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ื™ื•ื™ืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืก, ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 
ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืกื˜ืืจืข ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 


ืฉืฐืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฆืฐืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืก" 
ืื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืขืก. ืฉืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจืŸ ืึธื ื™ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื™ืึธ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฉืœื•ืก'ืื•ื™ืกื™ืขืก, ื ืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ 
ื–ืฒ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™. ืžืข ืงืึทืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจืŸ 
ื–ืฒ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฑืก"- 
ืœืื ื“. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื‘ืืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ื•, ืฐื™ 
ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืŸ, 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ, ืืฃ 
ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื ื™ื˜-ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ื–ืžืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืžืขืงืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื™ืึธืจ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข" 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืคืืจืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขื“ื™ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืคืืจ-ืจืขืฐืึธืจ 
ืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก, ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืขืจ ืฆื• 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืขืก ืžืื›ืžืขืก 
ื–ืฒืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ืื•ืก" 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืฅ- 
ื ืขืจ? ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึทืขืœ ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•" 
ืคึผืืกืŸ ืฆื•ื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ?* 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ: ,ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืืฒื ื™ืงืข 
ืžืึธืœ ืฐื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ -- ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืจื™ื ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื™ 
ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื ืึธืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืืฑื™ืกื™ึทืขืœืขืš. ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื - 
ื“ืขืœืขืŸ, ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืคึผืขืจืขืฆืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืคื™ืœ ืžืึธืœ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืœื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืืฒื“ืขืจ ืืฒื ื™ืงืข 
ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". ื’ืึธื™ 
ื˜ืขื ื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขืกืขื ืข ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึทืฉ, ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ืฉืข 
ืื™ื ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ -- ืคื•ืกื ืึธื˜ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ...* 

ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืขืจืก ืžื™ืกื™ 
ื•ื•ืื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื " 
ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคืื ื’, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืื’ืื‘ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขืืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื™ืŸ- 
ื’ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจืฉื™ืฃ 
ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื•ื‘ืžืืจื™ื’ืข: 
,ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ืืฒึทื–ื ื•ื•ืืจื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ -- ืื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ-ืฉื•ืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ 
ืื™ืŸ 1934 -- 1935. ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ืืฒึทื–ื ื•ื•ืืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸื–ืขื›ืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ". ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืึทื ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ื 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื”ืขืœืžืึธื ื“ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™!- 
ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืคืืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1936 ืึธื  
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืฉื™ืœ 


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ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื–, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืืจื•ืฃ. ื”ืขืœืžืึทื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืขืจืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืฒึทื–ืœืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
,ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืžืขืก" (ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1935 -- 
6 ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜). ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืขืžืขืก' ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ืืฒึทื–ื ื•ืืจื’ืก 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขื›ืฅืฅ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข -- 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ 
ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ ืคึผืื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ... ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง 
ืื•ื™ืš, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื”ืขื ื˜ืฉืงืขืžืื›ืขืจ 
ืฐืขื•ื•ื™ืง ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืžืึทื ื“ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืš ,ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืึธืœืขื:ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื". ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืจืฒึทื–ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืคึผืึทืขื˜ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื”ืืจืฆืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืึธืกืœ ืงืึทื˜ืœื™ืืจ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืขื“ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืืจืึธื ื™ 
ืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืืฐื•ืจืึธื ืงืื”ืืŸ (ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืขื•ื•, ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจื ืก ื ืฉืึธื›). ืื’ืขืฐ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื‘ื "ื™ 
ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื™ึทื“ื™ 
ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืืฐืจืึธื ื’ืึทื ื˜ืืจ". 

ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืืฆื™ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืื ื•ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ" 
ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜, ื”ืื’ืื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื’ืขื ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื˜ 
ืจื™ืื“ ืคืื ื™ืข ื‘ืจืื™ืœืึธื•ื•ืกืงืื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขืกื™ืจืขืกื ืขืคืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืข- 
ืฐืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข. ืฆื•" 
ืœืขืฆื˜ ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื™ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืขืจืก ื‘ืจื™ื• -- ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ืืœืคึผ; 

.ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉืจ 
ื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืกืงืขืคึผื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ, ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืคื’ืื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ 1948 ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืœืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, 
ืื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื ืึธืš ื“ืืจืคืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืืœืขืžืขื ืก ื›ืขื˜? ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืขืžืขืก. ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื–, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืขืž 
ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข:ืฉื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืšืคืจืื’ืข ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื ืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืข 
ืคืืจ ืžื™ืœืš? ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื " 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธืŸ, ืœืฒื‘ ืงื•ื™ื˜ืงืึธ, 
ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืคืขืคืขืจ, ืคึผืขืจืขืฅ ืžืืจืงื™ืฉ, ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 


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ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจื“ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธ 
ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™, ื‘ืืฆื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ืฒ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืขื›ืขืจืขืฅ. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืก -- ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, 
ืฐื™ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืก, ื‘ื™ื ื™ืึธืžื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ... ื ืึธืจ ื›ื•ืฅ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืŸ, ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ื™ 
ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืกื˜ืื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื ืขืฉืึธืžืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืืœืข ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืค- 
ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืขืกืŸ, ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ. 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฅ- 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื˜. ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜, 
ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึทื ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธื ืขื“ืงื•ืœื˜? 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืงืึทื ืงืจืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขื™ 
ืจืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืœืฒึทื˜ 
ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขื›ืจืื›ื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข -- ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืก 
ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ. ืืฑื™ื‘ ืคื™ืจ 
ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืคืืœืฉืข ื™ืึธืจืฆืฒึทื˜ื“ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืจ 
ื ื™ื. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ืืš, ื ืึธืจ ืืŸ 
ืืœืคืึธืœืงื™ืฉืข, ื ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ืขื’ืฒืข ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ื•ื™ืฐ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืืฃ ื ืงืึธืœ, ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึทืจื˜- 
ืœืขืš ืืฃ ืืฒึทืš, ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื–". 

ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืž. ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืขืจืก 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื•ืคืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืงื™ 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืืกื ืึธืกื˜ 
ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืงืึทืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื™ืืงืึทึธืฐืœืขื•ื•, ื ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธ, โ€ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ื ืขืก 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื™ 
ื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ื“ืขื 28 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1988 ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ-ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืขืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื ' 
ืคืึธืจืžืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืงืึธื ื˜ืืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืก 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– , ื’ืœืืกื ืึธืกื˜ --- ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืืœื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื“" 
ืจืขืงื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื™ื•ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ื ืืจืขืจืฒึท, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขืžืข ืคืืจืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื“ื•ื™ืžืข ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ืื›ืŸ. ื’ืœืืกื ืึธืกื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืงื•ื™ืขืš, ืžื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึฟืขื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื™ืึธ- 
ื ื™ื ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืข, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ- 
ืœืขื›ืข". 

ืื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" 
ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื™ืขืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ, ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืžืขื’" 
ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ. 

ืืคืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืึทื ืขืœืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืืŸ 
ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื–, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืขื•ื• ืžืืงืก ืจืึธื–ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’. ืก'ื’ืฒื˜ 
ื ืจื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืฒื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ -- ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื˜ืึธืจืžืึธื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื– ืื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขื’. ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืžืืงืก ืจืึทื–ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’: / ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ 


ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขืžืก ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืขืก ืงืฒื•ื•ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืงืจืขืžืื˜ืึธืจื™ ื’ืฒืกื˜ื• ืืฐืขืง ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืœืึธื–ื˜. ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืขืกืขืจืก. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืงืึธืจ 
ืœืขื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“' ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืจื’ืœ ืขืจื“ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฆื™ื™ืฐืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข 
ื’ืจืขื–ืขืœืขืš, ืืฐืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืžื™ืจืžืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืš 
ื‘ืื ืง, ืื•ืคืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ืคื•ืกื ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ื™ืจื™ 
ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ ื ื‘ืจืึทื ื–ืขื ืขื 
ืงืจืื ืฅ ืึทื“ืขืจ ื ืงืจืื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ 
ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื ืกื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ื“ืจืื’ื•ื ืกืงื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ื ืฆื“ืึธืงืข-ื‘ืœืื˜?" 

ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืื ืšื‘ื™ื•ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืž" 
ืœืื ื“" ื”ืึธื˜, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื•ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื‘ืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ. ืขืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ืืžื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืฐืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืื ืคืึธืœืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืฒืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืžืืงืก ืจืึธื–ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ืกื™ื’ื ืืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ. ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื•ื’ืืฐืคึผื™ืœืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืฐื•ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ: 
,ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื™ื– 
ืื“ื”ืฒึทืขื ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืžืึธืจื™ื™ืืœื‘ืจืขื˜. ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืืก ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื ืขื 
ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข, ื’ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก! ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ื 
ืคืืจืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืฆื™ ืืŸ ืื™ื’ื ืึธืจื™ืจื•ื ื’? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืคืืจื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœ- 
ืกืขืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืฒืžืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื–* 

ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืคื™ืจืงืึธื ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืื•ื’ืืฐืคึผื™ืœืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข ืึธื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ 
ื ื™ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืฆืฑื˜ืึธื’ ืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืืœืก ืงืœืืœ, ืกืึทืคืงืึทืœ- 
ืกืึธืฃ ืคึผืึทื–ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš 


ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืื•ื’ืืฐืคื™ืœืกืขืจ 
ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื... 
ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ โ€ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ 


ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจ ืคืืจืฒื™ื‘ื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ืข ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื“ 
ืงืื‘ืขืจ 1941 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืื›ื™ืฆืงืขืจ ื™ืืจ. ืคึผืืฐืขืœ ืกืึธืจ 
ืงืึธืœืกืงื™, ืืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืงืืžืฃ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข, ืื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื•ืŸ 1988 ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจืŸืšืจืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื›ืืจืงืึธืฐื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืงืึธื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ืื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜, ืื– ืฐืขืจ ืขืก 
ืฐื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฐื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ื•ื ื’, ืงืึธืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืืคืŸ ,ืจืืกื˜ืฉืึทื˜ื ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืฉืึธื˜" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืจืงืึธืฐื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ 
ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ'ืคืึทื ื“ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 
2 ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ืœืกืึธืฆื‘ืื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื›ืืจ- 
ืงืึธืฐื•, ืžืคืึธ 351016. ืืคืŸ ื‘ืœืื ืง ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ 
ืึทื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ: .ืืฃ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืจืื‘ื™ืฆืงืขืจ ื™ืืจ". 

ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ื ืึธืš 
ืื™ื™ืŸ โ€ ืžืืกืขื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ-ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ื“ืจืื‘ื™ืฆืงืขืจ 
ื™ืืจ -- ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜! -- ื“ืขื ื“ืจืื‘ื™ืฆืงืขืจ ื™ืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื•... 

,ืงืจื•ืกื˜ืคึผื™ืœืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื˜ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ืฑืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง. ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื ืฆืฐืฒ 
ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1941 ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ 
ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ืงื™ืœืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขื™ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื›ืจืื›ื˜". ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ืกื˜ืคึผื™ืœืกืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืขื•ื• ืก. ืกืืจืงื™ืŸ. -- 
ืื™ืŸ 1968 ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืงืขืจืคืขืจืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื’ืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื. 
ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ืกื˜ืคึผื™ืœืก 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืœืื ื“ืกืœืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ื ื™ื›ื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงื“ื•ื™ืฉื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ืกื˜ืคึผื™ืœืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธื ื•ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื›ื–ืึธืจื™ืขืกื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืžืึธืจื“ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื– 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’. ืœืขื ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขื ืง-ืกืœื•ืคึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจื ื•ื•ืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ". 

ืก. ืกืืจืงื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ืืคืŸ ืื–ืงืึธืจืข- 
ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ โ€ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ืกื˜ืคึผื™ืœืกืขืจ 
ืœืื ื“ืกืžืืŸ ืž. ืžืืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืœืขื˜ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฐื•ึผืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืคื" 
ืฉื™ื–ื. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื“ืึธืจ. ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื˜ืœืื ื“ ื›. ื‘ืจืขื’ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ืฒื™ืœื˜, ืื– 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื’ืข, ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื›ืึธืจืฉื•ืœ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ. 
ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืื”ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืงื“ื•ื™ืฉื™ื. ืึธื  
ื“ืขื ืงืก-ื˜ืขื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฐื’ื•ืกื˜ 1988 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืจืขื–ืขืงื ืข, ืœื•ื“ื–ื, ืงืืจืกืื•ื•ื, ื•ื•ืืจืืง- 
ืœื™ืืŸ, ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืงื•ืคึผืื ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ... 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื•" 
ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ, ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื™ืึธืจ, ืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืืฃ 
ืงื™ื™ืฐื•ืขืจ-ืึทืฐืขืก ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื ื’ืขื›ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืงืจื•ื™ืฐื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืื–ื™ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ื›ืžืขืœื ื™ืง, ืฐื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ื™ืึธืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขืฐ. ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืœืคึผื™ 
ื ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืงืฆื™ืขืก ื“ืขื˜ 
ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1941, ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆื ื˜ืŸ 
ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1942, ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก. 


157 


ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ-ืึธืฐืขืก ืคืืจ- 
ืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขืœื ื™ืง ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืขืกืฐืฒึทื–, ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืง- 
ืœืขืš. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ืึนืœึดืคึผื™ ื ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข (ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, 
ืžื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืจืฉืžืืŸ, ืœืขืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™ ื™ืืฉืข, ืื™ื–ื™ืข ืจืขื“ 
ื ื™ืงืึธื•ื•, ืื™ื’ืึธืจ ื–ืืœืฆืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืœื™ืึธื ื™ืข ืฉื˜ื™- 
ื˜ืขืœืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืคื™ื ืžื•ืกืขื ืงื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขืฐ, ืื™ื–ื™ืข 
ืžืื ืงืึธื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืืจืงืื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื ืขืฆืง). 
ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืœืฒื–ื•ื ื’ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืืจืžื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกื•ื™ื ืข. ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืืžืข ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขืœื ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื 
ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืข ื‘ืฒืกืŸ ืงืจื™ื’, 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืขืค" 
ืจืึดื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืืŸ. 

ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ื‘ืืงืŸ" 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืขื™ 
ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื–ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ืจืคืึธืจืžืขืœืขืจ 
ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ , ืคึผืืžื™ืื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืขื ืข 
ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืึทืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข 7. ืจืึธื–ืขื ื‘ืœืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื• ื ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืจื•: ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืจ, ืื– ืฆืขื™ื•ืฉืฅ- 
ื˜ืข ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžื•ืฅ ื ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืคืึธืœืง? ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืคึผืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“": ,,ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“ืข ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
,ืคืืžื™ืื˜", ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืื˜ืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜. ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ืึธืš 
ื“ื™ ืจื™ื“ ืคื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคึผืืžื™ืื˜' ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ืคื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข 
ืื™ืจืข ืคึผืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืกืึทืฃ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžืฑืœ ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืฆื™ 
ืคึผืขื ื™ืงืขืก", 

ื“ืึธ ื“ืืจืฃ ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ 
ืงืœืึทืจืงืฒึทื˜, ืื– ,ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“' ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืฒึท 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ึทืขืœืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืืฃ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืคึผืจืขืกืขืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืœืื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื“ 
ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ื’ื•ืคืข, ืกืฒึท ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ (ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืคื™ืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ื˜ืฉืขืจืงื™ื–ืึธื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืž. 
1 ืคืืจืŸ 1988). ืฐื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ื“ื˜ืขื–ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
,ืคืืžื™ืื˜". ื ืขืžืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืจืขื“ืœืคื™ืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ืฒ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ืคืึธืจืžืขืœืขืจ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผื 


158 


ื’ืื ื“ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื 
ื ื™ื˜ื™ื“ืขืจืœืึทื–ื‘ืืจืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™" 
ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข. 

ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื–ื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™. ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ -- ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ื™ 
ืกืข ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืœืึธื–ืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืขืก ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื™ 
ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืคึผืจืฒื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืงืขืจื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ 
ืกื™ื’ืข, ืจื•ืคืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืืก ืžื™ืฆืื“ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ึทืึทื ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข ืคืืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื–ื 
ืžื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืฒื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ, ื“ืืจืฃ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. 

ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืžืืกืŸ, ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืงื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื. ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืš- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืคืืจืฉื•ื™ื ื“ืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ,ืคืืžื™ืื˜" ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื ืจืืฉื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื˜-" 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืœื- 
ื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืœืขืคึผืœืขืจ, ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜: ,ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ 1988 ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ,ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืืกืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืข- 
ืจื•ื ื’". ื“ื™ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœืฒื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืก. ืœืื ื“ื. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืœ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืฒื™ืœื˜ ื ื“ืจืฒึท ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
,ืคึผืืžื™ืื˜", ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื”ืขืžื“ืœืขืš. ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืงื™ 
ืฆื™ืข -- ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืงื˜ืึธืจ -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™" 
ื‘ืขืจืฐื•ืขื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฐื™ืจื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืงืขื’ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืœื™ืืกื˜ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ 
,ืคึผืืžื™ืื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธื - 
ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข". 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ 
ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจื ืื™ื ื’ืื–ืขื˜ื", ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ืคื™ืœืžื™ 
ืœื™ืึทื ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ืจืื–ืฉ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ , ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ" ืื™ื– ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขื 8 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 
8 /,ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜-ืคืึธืจืžืขืœืขืจ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ,ืคืืžื™ืื˜', ืžืข ื ืขืžื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืจื™ื•ื•ื“ืข: ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื–ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™, ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืคืœื™ืงื˜, ืžืข 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ + ืฉืึธืฐื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ"? ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœ 
ื˜ื•ืจ? ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ,ืคึผืืžื™ืื˜" ืื™ืŸ ,ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜" ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืกืึธื‘ืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ-ืื ืกืืž" 
ื‘ืœืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ , ืคึผืึท- 
ืžื™ืื˜", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจืข ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคึผืจืฒื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืกืฒึท ืžื™ื ืš- 


10* 


ืœืขืš, ืกืฒึท ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขืš, ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืื - 
ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื. ืื™ื– ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคืืœ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ? ืฉื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืงืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœืื ื“ืกืœืฒึทื˜? ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื–ืงืึธืจืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืคืืจ- 
ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ืžืื›ื˜ ืืŸ .ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื•-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ" 
ืื•ื™ืกื ืื ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืœืืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืึธืœืฃ 
ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื , ืคื™ื•ืจืขืจ', ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืืฃ ืงืึธืœืขืจืœืฒ ื™ืืจื™ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืึทื™ 


ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืก ื’ืขื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ืžืืกืึธื  
ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืขืจื•ื ื’". ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ,ื’ืœืืกื ืึธืกื˜". ื›ื•ืฅ 
ื“ืขื, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืคืืจืืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืฐืึธืฆื™ืจืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืŸ ื”ืืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื•ืขืฅ". 

ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฑื›ื˜, ื“ืืจืคืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืขื›ืขืจืขืฅ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืฒื™ืขื ืขืจ, 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒ 
ืื™ื™ืฆืขื ืขืŸ. 


ื ืฒึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“ 


ืฆื•ื 770ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึทื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืฒึท 


ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืฒึท 
ืื™ื– ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 70 ื™ืึธืจ. .ืกืึธื™ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื”ืืจ- 
ืฆื™ืง ื“ืขื ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ื- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื’ืขื ื˜ื™ื ืข, ื“ืขื ืœืื ื’- 
ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจื- 
ื˜ื™ืข, ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื. 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื‘ื™" 
ืœืฒื™ื™ืคึผืฒึทืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 


ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื›ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืื ืืš ืื™ื– 
ื ,ืžื™ืœื’ืจื•ื™ื" ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืื ื“ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืœื˜ 3 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื™ืึธืจ. ืžื™ื˜ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ื™ึดื ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืืœืก ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข ื ื’ืœืขืงืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ืœื’ืจื•ื™ื, ื’ืข" 
ืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืื ื“ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื›ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’, 
ื ืจืขืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื”ืืžืขืœืขืš. 


ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืื˜ืืงื™ืจื˜ 
ืจื•ึผืฐื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืฒึทืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ,ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื•ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ". ืžืข 
ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื”ืืœืข- 
ืžืฒึท ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœืื™ 
ืžื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืืฃ 


ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ 


ื“ืขื ,ืžื™ืœื’ืจื•ื™ื? ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ 500 ื“ืึธืœืืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจื›ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื•ื–ื™ื™. 

ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 34 ืžื™ืœื™ืžืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืืžืขื˜ืขืจ 
12 ืžื™ืœื™ืžืขื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜: ืขืก ื’ืข- 


ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ื™ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื‘ื•ืขื ืึธืกื™ืืฒึทืจืขืกืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ื˜ื™ืขืž- 
ืคื" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื’ืขื ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืงื•ืฃ". 

ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืฒึทืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ 
ื ืฒึทืข ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืข, ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธ- 
ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื. 


ื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืง ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™- 
ื”ืื ื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืข- 
ื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. 

ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื’ืจื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ืื ืืš ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจืฒึท- 
ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ (ืจื™ืžืึธืŸ), ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจืขืฅืฒื™ื™ืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื- 
ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’ืกื“ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ื”ื- 
ืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ. 


ืื•ื™ื ื˜ืขื ืจื•ื•ื™ื’ 
ื›ืงื™ื›!... 


ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื 


ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข-ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ื’ืขื ืื“ื™ ืขืกื˜ืจืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ืคืืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืขื“ืข- 
ืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืกืึทืฐื•ืขื˜-ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง: ื“ืขื ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื™ืขื’ืึธืจืึธื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืืœื ืงื•ืึทื•ื•ื ื ื‘ื•ื’ืื™ืึทื•ื•ื, -- ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืจืื’ืขืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข. 

;ืกืึทื•ื•ืขืกื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ื™: ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 20-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข ืœืขืจืšืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืึธืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื ืืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืึธืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืคืืจืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื– 

ื. ื™ืขื’ืึทืจืึธื•ื•: ืฆื•ื ืืœืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื’ืื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืกืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืจืื ื’ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื. ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก 
ืืจืฑื™ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1982 ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืœืขืจื ื‘ื•ืš ื“ืขื ,ืืœืขืคื‘ื™ื™ืก' ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื ืื. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึทื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื: ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขืฐ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ืขืก ืคืืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ, ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื’ื•ึผื•ืคึผืขืก, ืงืœืืกืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš. 

.ืก. ื”-: ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืคึผืœืื ื™ืจื˜ ืคื™ืจืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืคืขืจื˜ืœ- 
ืžื™ืœื™ืึทื ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’? 

ื ื™ืข: ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึทืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื ื‘ืืจืื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึฟืึทืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจืกืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข, 
ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืกืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขืจืŸื™ืึธืจ, ื“ื”. ืื™ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1989, ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืืฑื™ืกืงืœืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ .ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข" ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ื ื’ืขื ื˜ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืื–ืข-ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ืงืฑื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆื• ืฐื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืข- 
ืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืขื ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก. 

;ืก. ื”-: ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึทืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจื™ืื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจืœืขืจ- 
ื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœืŸ? 

ื. ื™ืข: ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื‘ืื–ืข-ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืจืื™ืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ- 
ืจืื™ืึธื ื™ืฉืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ืคืืจ ืคืืงื•ืœื˜ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื– ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืื–ื ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืœืึธื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ืฉืคึผืจืื›ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก. ืžืข ื”ืืœื˜, ืื– ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืœืืกืŸ, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืšืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื, 
ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืจืื’ืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืค- 
ืžืขืจืงื–ืื ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืŸ. ืคืจืื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืกืืš. ืฆื•ื ืืœืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื ื’ืขื ื•ื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืึธืœ ืงื•ื•ืืœื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ืœืขืจืขืจ. ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ, ืื™ื– ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฆื• 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืฐื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ื™ืง, ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืง. ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื•ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืขืžื™ื ืืจ ื‘ืื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืืœื™ืคื™ืงืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ , ืกืึทืฐืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“', ืืจื•ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืจื•ืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืืœืข ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. 

;ืก. ื”-: ืฆื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ื ืขื ืกืขืžื™ื ืืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ืจืข- 
ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ? 

ื. ื‘ื•ื’ืื™ืึทื•ื•ื: ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืึธืคืขืง. ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืงืื“ืจืขืŸ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืฑื™ืกืœืึธื–ื ื™ืงืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ื“ืึทื›ื™ื“ื–ืฉื- 
ื ืขืจ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืื™ืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืง- 
ื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจ- 
ืคึผืœืื ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื ืกืืš ืœืขืจืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ, ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึทื ืฆืขืคึผืฆื™ืข, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš 
ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒึทื– ืื™ืŸ 


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ื“ืขืจ ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ืื’ืขืฐ,. ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš. ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื“ 
ื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืœื™ืžืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 33 ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ 15 -- ื ื™ื˜ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื’ืฒืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืึทื ืขืœืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆื•ื ื’ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ืกืคึทึผืขืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš = ืึธืคึผ ืคืึธืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. 

ื™ืข.: ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ื ื’ืขื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’. ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข -- ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ 
ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืกืฒึท ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืกืฒึท ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’. ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืืžืขื™ืœืึธืฉืŸ. ื›'ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ, ืื– ืึธืŸ ื ืคืืจืœืื ื’ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•"- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืœื™ืงืื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’. 

ื. ื‘: ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื‘ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื“ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึทื ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ, ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื› ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœืข ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื›ืœื™ืงืŸ. ื‘ื™ืจืึธ- 
ื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ืืœืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™, ืฐืขืจ ืกืฉืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื ืคืืจืœืื ื’ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื•ื•ืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืขื“ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืฆืขื ืฉื•ืœืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืื’ืึทื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ. 

ื. ื™ืข. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืจืฒื˜ 
ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืงืึทืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืฉืืคืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืœืขืจืŸ-ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ. ื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœื™ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ื›ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ืื‘ืืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืคืืจืœืื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืกืง- 
ืฐืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื’ , ืžืืœื™ืฉ". ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืกืฒึท ื ืฒึทืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืกืฒึท ืœืขืจื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืกืฒึท 
ื›ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืžืื˜ื™ืขืก ืคืืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงืœืืกืŸ... 

ื. ื‘: .-ืื•ื™ืš ื”ื™ืœืฃ-ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื’ื™ื, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืืฆื™ึทืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ืื’ืขื•ื•, ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ืงืขืก ,ืฆื™ ืงืขื ืกื˜ื• ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš?". ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ,ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ". 

.ืก. ื”.-: ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ืึทื ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ืง ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ' ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ื‘ืฒึทืœืื ืข. 
ืื™ื ืขื ืœื•ื™ืคื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืœ ื ื•ืฆืœืขื›ืข ืžืื˜ืข- 
ืจื™ืืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžืืžืข-ืœืึธืฉืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืื™ื– ื ื–ืฉื•ืจ- 
ื ืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ื™ ื ื™ื›ืขืจื™ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืฒืขื ืขืจืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜ ื ืกืืš ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืก 
ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ื“ืขื ืžื™ื–ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ื™ืจืื–ืฉ ืคื•ื ืขื, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, , ืืœืขืคื‘ื™ื™ืก'. ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก? 

ื ื™ืข.: ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืข ื‘ื 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’. ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืจืื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืœืขืจืŸ- 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืฃ, ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื™ืกื™ืงืข ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืก'ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืกื˜ืฒึทืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ื›ืื‘ืืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื’ -- ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืข ืคืืจืœืื’ืŸ. 

;ืก. ื”-: ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื‘ืืฆื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ-ืืฑื’ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ? ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื ืงืœืืก, ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข. ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจืืŸ ,ื™ืขื›ื™ื“ื™ื', ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง. 

ื. ื‘: ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืงืึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ. ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ, 

ื. ื™ืข: ืื•ืŸ ื ืœืขืจื ื‘ื•ืš ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. 

;ืก. ื”.-: ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคืจืื’ืข, ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’. ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืจืงืื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกื’ืจื•ืคึผืข, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ? ืื–ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืขืกื•ื™- 
ื“ืขืก, ืœืขื›ืึธืœื”ืืคึผืึธื›ืขืก ื ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ืœืขืกืึธืฃ 
ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ื˜ืขืžืข ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืšืจืคืึธืจืฉืขื ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืื ื“. 

ื. ื‘.: ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืขืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ืก"ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข. 

ื. ื™ืข.: ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ื‘ืื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ืคืืจ 
ืื™ืจ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ 
ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึทื›ืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธืคืขืง, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง. 


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ืฆื™ื˜ืื˜ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจืขืกืข 


ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก! ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ื•ืจื˜ื™ืœืื ื“. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื ืœืื ื“ --ื ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืคืืจืฐืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืืฑืกืจืฒึทืกืขื ื™ืฉ ื“ืึธืจืฃ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืคืืจ ื ืคื™ืœืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ื”ืืจืฅ. 

ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืฐื™ื ืฆื™ึดืข- 
ืœืขืจ ื–ื•ื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืืจ ืžืืจืง ืฉืื’ืืœืŸ. 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืฑื™ืกืฉืขืคึผืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืœ 
ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืกืจืึธืฐื• ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™, 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ื•ึฐืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื• 
ืœืื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืœืฒื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืœืื ื“ืกืžืืŸ. ืฆื• ืฉืื’ืืœืก ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ 
ืœื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืึธืœืขืจืฒึทื™ืฐืขืจืง ืคืื ืื ื™ 
ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืกื™ืงืึทืžืคึผืื ื™ืข. 
ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื’ื ืึธืจื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืŸ ืจื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืง ืฉืื’ืืœืก ืžืฐื™ื™. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืื’ืืœืŸ ืื™ื– ืกืฒึทืฐื™ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืฒึทืกืŸ 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ื™ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ -- ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืžืืกื˜ืืฆืงืื™ื 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจื" ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืง ืืŸ ืื ื˜ืึธืœืึธ- 
ื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื ื’ืข- 
ื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืงืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ --ืจื™ื™ 
ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืึธืจืึธื“ื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข โ€ ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ 25 
ืฉืื’ืืœืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืข- 
ื›ืื‘ืขืจืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงืœื•ื’ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ื‘ืื ืขื ืื•ืŸ... ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืง. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืงืืœ ืฉืื’ืืœืก 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืขืคื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืขื " 
ื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจืกื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืฒื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืฐื™ ื ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื‘ื ื™ื™ื–ืื™ืจ. 

ืฉืื’ืืœืก ืœืื ื“ืกืœืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ืึธื›ืŸ, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœ- 
ื˜ื•ืจ-ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืจ ื‘ืืจืขืž"ื™ 
ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง ืฆื• ืฉืื’ืืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืื’ืืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ. 


ื•ืฐื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืงืึธืฐ 
(,ืžืึธืกืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืข ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื˜ื™?) 


...ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจืกื˜ืŸ 
ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืŸ. ืฐื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื™ 


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ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื“ืื ืง ืืŸ ืขื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ืื•ืคื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฐืขืจื˜ืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืข ืื™ืงืึธื ืข-ืžืึธืœืขืจ, ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ื›ืึธื™ 
ืจืขืึธื’ืจืืคืŸ, ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืจืคืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืจืึธื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื•ืกื™ืฉื˜ืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืข -- ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขืจ, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, 
ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืขืจ, ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืงืŸ, ื˜ืึธื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืืคื™"ื™ 
ืœืข ื˜ืขืจืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคืŸ. 


ืคึผืึธืขืœ ืงืืจืคึผ 
(,ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ืึธื™ืข ืึธื‘ืึธื–ืจืขื ื™ืข") 


ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ื‘ื ืžืื™ืืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ: -ื ืื˜, ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขืงืื ืข: ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื˜". ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืืกืคึผืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ืง ;ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜". ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก: 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขืงืื ืข: ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืงืืจื!- 
ืžืขืจ. ืึธื“ืขืจ --ื ืจื•ืก. ืึธื“ืขืจ --ืืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขืจ... 

ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื’ืฑื™ืจืึธืœืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืžืขืกืขืจืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืืงืฉืึธื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ืง. ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืก 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ -- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืคืขืฉืœ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื”ืืœื‘-ื™ืขืžื‘ืจื™ืึธื ืขืœืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื ืงืข, ืฐื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื’ืจืขื–ืขืœืขืš, ,ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืœืขืšืฃ" 
ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ืจืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ- 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก! 

...ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืื›ื–ืืžืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ืคื™ืœื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข. ืฆื™ 
ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฐืึธืจืฆืœืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกื˜ืื“ืข 
ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ื•ืขื˜ 
ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ืง! 

ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจื ืึธื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืืกืคึผืึธืจื˜. ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ืกืืš ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข, ืื™ื ืขื ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ, 
ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ... 


ืฐื™ื˜ืืœื™ ืฐื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขืฐ 
(;ืึธื’ืึธื ื™ืึธืง") 


ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืคืึธื“ืžื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ 


ืฐื•ึผ ืงึดื™ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืš? 


ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืจืื’ืข ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™,. ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ื ืงืœืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฆื™ ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืœืึธื–ื˜. ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ืกื˜ืืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 


ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš"ื™ 
ืคืึธืจื, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข-ื™ 
ื ื•ื’ื ื“ื™ืง. 


ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืฑื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜: ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ- 
ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื–ื ืงืœื™ื™ื’ืข, 
ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜. 

ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืื ืึธื ืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืืจืœืื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืึธืŸ,. ืืœืก ืงืœืืœ, ื‘ืื ื•ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืกืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื™ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ืข 
ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื’ื•ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง. 

ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืข- 
ื ืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื ืขืก ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ?ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื 
ื™ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ืง ,ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก" ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืื•ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืฐืขืจ. 

ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืึธืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืงืจืขื˜ืข 
ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืคืืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืœืขื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ืœืก-ื™ 
ืืžื˜ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื ืกื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ 
ืžืื›ืŸ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื– ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืฆืฑื˜ืึธื’, ื›ื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“', ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืกืืžืข ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืจืœืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืœืื ื“ .ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐื•ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ -- ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ, ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืžืึธืœ-ื™ 
ื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฉ, ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉ -- ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ .ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ", ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื’ืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ .ื›ื•ื“ืึธื–ืฉืขืกื˜- 
ื•ื•ืขื ืื™ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจื", ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืจืขืžืขื ื™ืง", ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜- 
ืกืงืื™ื ืจืึธืกื™ื", ,ืžืืœื™ืฉ", .ื“ื™ืขื˜ืกืงืื™ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจื", ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืœืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืžื™ื ืกืง, ืงืขืฉืขื™ 
ื ืขื•ื•, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื™ื•ืก, ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ื›ืื‘ืืจืึธื•ื•ืกืง. 

ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขื ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื– 
ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉืขื•ื• ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ 


ืœืื ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจื™ืงืจืึธื. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืึธืฐืืจืึธืฐืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืึธื, ื‘ื ื•ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืข- 
ืžืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืœืื’ .,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกื- 
ื˜ืขืœ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืืจ- 
ืœืื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืŸ, 
ืื– ืื™ืŸ 1988 ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ" 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืงื•ื™ื˜- 
ืงืึธืก ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื•ืคื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืืœื™ืื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืจื™ืง", 
ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืก ื‘ื•ืš ;ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ", ืืจืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืกืขืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ .ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืื ื’", ืœืขืฐ 
ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš .ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ื•ื™". 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
ืคืืจืœืื’ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืื™ึดื ืžืขืœืืžื•ื“ .ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ", ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ืกืื ื“ืœืขืจืก ,ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœืขืš 
ืืจื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื ื ืขืก", ื™ืขื›ื™ืขืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืื ืก ืจืึธืžืืŸ 
,ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ...", ื™ืึธืกืœ ื‘ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ'ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ 
,ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ". ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืขื–ืฉืขื’ืึธื“ื ื™ืง -41002:3200 
2082 (.ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื™ืึธืจ"). 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื ืกืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ื™ 
ืกืื˜ืขืœ" ืืฃ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 
ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธื ืก ื‘ื•ืš .ืœื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืš" 
(ืืจืฑื™ืกืœืึธื–ื™ืคึผืœืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ -ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ" ืืคืŸ 
9, ืื™ื ื“ืขืงืก 400), ืืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืœืžืื ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืœื™ื ื’ 
.ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ" (ืื™ื ื“ืขืงืก 192), ืื™ืจืžืข 
ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจืก ืจืึธืžืืŸ ,ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืฒื™ืฑืกืขืฃ ื’ื–ื™ืงืึธืฐ" (ืื™ื - 
ื“ืขืงืก 402), ื ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™- 
ืฉืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ (ืื™ื ื“ืขืงืก 407), ืื™ื–ื™ ื›ื- 
ืจื™ืงืก ืฆืฐืฒื™ืฉืคึผืจืื›ื™ืง ื‘ื•ืš (ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ -- ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขืฐืขืœืขืš) .ืคื™ืจ ืคึผืึธืข- 
ืžืขืก", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก ,ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ 
ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืขืก", ,ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ", ,ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข 


ืฐืึธื›ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ,ืืฃ ื ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืข" (ืื™ื ื“ืขืงืก 
424). ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืกืึธืฐื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ? ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืœื™ืกืขืก ื‘ื•ืš ืจืฒึทื–ืขื™ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ .ื–ืขื›ืฆืŸ ืœืขื - 
ื“ืขืจ, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืžืึธื ืืงืึธ" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจื’ืื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืคืœืื’ืข (ืื™ื ื“ืขืงืก 396), ืžื™ืฉืข ืœืขื•ื•ืก 
ื‘ื•ืš ,ืœืื ื’ืข ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก", (ืื™ื ื“ืขืงืก 405), ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ืžืึธ- 
ื’ื™ืœื ืขืจืก ืคึผืจืึธื–ืขื™ื–ืืžืœื ื•ื’ ,ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืขื–ืงืข" (ืื™ื ื“ืขืงืก 
6 ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืขื–ืฉืขื’ืึธื“ื ื™ืง ื™ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš 
ื™ืึธืจ". 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ื™ืคึผืœืืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ?" ืืคืŸ 1990 
ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืข ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ .ืกืึธื•ื•ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ. 


163 


(8'ื›ืฆืจ-ื’ืจืคื™ืง 


ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืฐืขืจื›ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก 40:ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ 


ืฉ. ืฐืขืจื›ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™. 


ืืฐื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ 


ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืฐืขืจื›ืึทืฐืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ืฒ 
ืฉืข ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืืš ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ ืฆื• 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืจืึธืฐ'ื’ืืก, 17, ืฐื™ ื 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“" ืืœืก ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ-ื’ืจืืคื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืข- 
ื ืข ืจื•ื›ืจื™ืงืขืก, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจ- 
ื ืืœ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื‘ืฅ- 
ืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืคืืจ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš. 

ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืฐืขืจื›ืึธืฐื•ืกืงื™ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืฆืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืขืœืข ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืฅ- 


164 


ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืงื•ื•ืืจืขืœ-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ืŸ" 
ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืจืขืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจื˜ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืฒึทืœืื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". 

ื ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉ. ืฐืขืจื›ืึธืฐื•ืกืงื™ืก 
ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึธืจืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืœืก ืคึผืึธืจืฉืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฐืข 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื™ 
ื˜ืืœ ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข -- ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื’ื˜ืข ืคืœื™ืขืจ'ื‘ืึธืž" 
ื‘ืืจื“ื™ืจืขืจ, ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืœืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ื˜ 
ื˜ืืจืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืืขืจืึธืคึผืœืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืข 
ืกื™ืจืขืกื’ืขืคืขืฉื“ื™ืงืข ืื˜ืืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื”ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ืžืืจื˜ื™ืจืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœ 
ื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืืจืŸ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธืกืึธื•. 

ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ. ืฐืขืจื›ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ (ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืึทืคึผื ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฐื™ 
ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืื’ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื’ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื•) ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื™ 
ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื™ึดืึธื“ื™ืง. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกืขืจื™ืข 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ , ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข" ื“ืขืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืœืฒึทื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ 
ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืฐืขืจื›ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ืืœืก ื’ืจืืคื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ , ืกืึทืฐืขื™ 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“', ืžืขืจืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืคึผ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 80ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืข 
ื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื›ืึธืฉืขื•ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ืืจ ืืจื™ื›ืืก-ื™ืึธืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืฉืขืคืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืŸ. 


|. ืคื•ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ / 


ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ 
1008 
ื 
11 
ืขื•ืœืืžืขื ืคืื” 
ื˜ืž 


- 


ืงืคึผืกืค 


ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืฉื˜ืคื•ืŸ , ืŸ 


7 


: : ืง : : ืจ 


ื™ื˜ 


8 


0:881981:2168 


|| ื–ื™ ื“ื–ื’ืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš . 
ื™ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ื’ ืคื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืืฆื™ืขื˜ : 
{** ืœืขื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง 


ื˜ =. ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื–ื ื’ืขืŸ 


ืืจื”ืจื ื™ื™ืจืจื•ื™ืฅ *ืื“ ื™ื™ืจ ืœืคื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืจ ืจื™ืจ 
ืืข{ . 6 / ื ืื•ืŸ ื” 1) ืื™ ื™ื™ -- 


ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ ื”ืืจ ืคื™ื– ื–ืฒื ื”ื™ื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทืžืœืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืจืึธ 


ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
-ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ 
,ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“"! 


ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืฉ. ืฐืขืจื›ืึธืฐื•ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึทืœื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ืงืขืก ืื™ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 


06 ื™ื™ : 


ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืื™ื•ืฐืึธื•ื˜ืฉื™ืง 


,ื“ื™ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืื™ื–ืฐืึธื–ื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืจื™ 
ืกืขืจืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐื™ืกื ืœืึธื– ืคืึธืœืง: ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื“ื• ืฆืึธืœืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง. ื“ื™ 
ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ื“ืจืึธื–ืฉืงืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขื ืคืืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ! ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืื• 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืคึผืึธืจ ืคืขืจื“, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืขืจื“ -- ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืขืœืขื’ืื ื˜ืข. ืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื–ืฐืึธื–ื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื ื•ืฐืขืœ- 
ื›ืข-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ืคึผืืกื™ืจื•ื ื’! ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื ืกืืš..." 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืื™ื–ืฐืึธื–- 
ื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ ืž. ื‘. ื˜ืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืืงืึธื•, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœืึธืจื™ื˜ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื™ 
ืฐืึธื–ื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉื ื™ืงืขืก, ื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื–ืฉื ื™ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื- 
ื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืข ื’ืขืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืฉื•ืจืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ืš-ืึธื“ืขืกื™ื˜ืŸ, ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ .ืจืึธืžืื - 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืึธื’ืจืืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ื‘ืื‘ืขืœ"". 

ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืื–ืฉืŸ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืข- 
ืงืึธืฐื•ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื–ืฐืึธื–ื˜ืฉื™ืง ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื–ื. 
ื. ืก. ืคึผื•ืฉืงื™ืŸ ืื™ื–, ืฐื•ื™ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืคึผื•ืฉืงื™ื ื™ืื ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœืขื ืขืฆืงื™, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื–ืฐืึธื–ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง. ื’ืจืึธื“ ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื–ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืื“ืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคึผืึธืขื˜, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข" 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืคึผื•ืฉืงื™ื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืจืขื ืึธืก ื“ืื˜ืฉืข, ืฐื™ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฆืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื–ืฉืข-ืื™ื–ืฐืึธื–ื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜. ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื–ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื™ื“ืข, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ืืฆื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืฐื™ึดืขืก- 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ื’ืื ืฅ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ื™ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 
ืื–ื•ื™, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืคื™ื™ืคืขืจืก ืงืึธื ื“ื™ื˜ืขืจืฒึท, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคึผื•ืฉืงื™ื ืก ื‘ืื•ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขืจ 


ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ (ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ 
ื‘. ืžืืจืงืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ), -- ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ื ืจืขืงืœืืžืข-ืงื•ื ืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืคื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก: ืื–ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1823 --1824 ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื•-ืžื- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ,. ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืฐืึทื–ื˜ืฉื™ืง ื‘ืขืจื™ืึทื–ื 
ืืŸ ืื ืืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขื• 

ืื™ื ืขื ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ื˜, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ .ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ืฐืึธื–ื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ืจื–ืฉืข", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืึธื " 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ 1825. ื›ืจืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื 
ื™ืึธืจ 1824, ื“ื”. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฆื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื–ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืงืึธื ื˜ืืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ืฉืงื™- 
ื ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืื™ืŸ 
24 ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก 85 ื“ืจืึธื–ืฉืงืข-ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™- 
ืžืขืจ, 108 ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉื ื™ืงืขืก, 271 ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ 37 
ื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื–ืฉื ื™ืงืขืก. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฆืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืืงืกื™ื˜ืจืื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ื 
ืฉื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 2 ืจื•ื‘ืœ 50 ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขืก ืคืืจ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ. 
ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฉื™ืžืข ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื–ืื– 

ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึธื–ืฉืงืข-ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ, ื“ื”. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืขื ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ื“ืŸ ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ. 
ืืฃ ื ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื”ืึธืคืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื–ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื 
ืฆื•ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื ื“ืขืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื“ืจืึธื–ืฉืงืข-ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฉื™ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึธื–ืฉ- 
ืงืขื™ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื–ืึธื•ื•- 
ืกืงื™. ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืกื˜ืื 
ื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืืœ. ืืœื ืคืืœืก, ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืจืขืฉื™ืžืขืก (ืกืื›ืืงืœ 300 ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธื ืขืŸ) ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ 


ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื’ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข. 


ืึทืœืขื’ ื’ื•ื‘ืืจ 
(ืึทื“ืขืก) 


ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืงืึทืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึท ืื“ืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืจืžืขืก, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ืงืึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื‘ืึทื ื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ , ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“": 


7 .ื–ืค ื–ืกื—6/ื—28 
5 15 10 ืฐ030686ืก? 
3 +53ื˜ืกื 4040 


.00 8 ื”ื˜ื•ืก ื–ืกืกื—ื•ื–ืงืค 8 8006 
051180ืก0 --- 2 51886ื–16ื•0ืก= 6 ื 
1 ื—ื•ึนืกื 5000 10 16 10 


ืกื— ื•ืก ื–6ื—589 ืกื—ื˜ ื—ืกืกื˜ื 
68 1 34 ื—ืก8ื—3ืก? 
4 ื—ืกื•ืกื—ื˜ื•ืืฅ 8000 


ืื•ื•ื”ืงื8 ื–ืค ื 


ื–ืกื–ื˜ืกื 8 +ื–6/= ืกื—ื˜!ืกื—ื›ึผื—ื—ืกื˜ื 
1 1:11886ืงื˜ื›ึผื•ื– 
61 /62 ื—ื•ึนื•ื–ืกื 1 


ืื•ืื–ื•ื”ื ื–ื ืกืื—ืก 


,.116 5ืกื—ื•ืก/ืก1! +'161ืกืก 
18164: ื—ืก!ืกื—ื•ื—ืกืก 
;ื—ืคื˜ืกื–ืกื—ืžืคื—ื•/ื•ื•ืก/ืฅ 

(ื“26 8 ื ืื•) ,ืฆื•ื—ื”ื—ื–ื–ืกื 


,.110 80045 |ื’ื–ื•ึนื—6ืก 
|/6!ื–3ื•ื—ื–6ืฐ/68.! ืกื—ื– ,14 
(308 5=1) ื—ืกืกื—ืก} 


8ื•1ื ื”ื–ืคื˜ ,ื 


,05ื–8660 8 80045 8ื–= ืฉืคึผื 
,51661 ืกื–ืกื—ืง506 64-68 
4 +ืฉืืฉ.ืค.ืื• , 116ื•ืฉ;ืก1ื–ื–ื”ื•ืืŸ 


ื—ืกื•ื–ืž/ื–ืก05ื˜5 ืกื— ืฅื–ื”ื–ื˜ื•ืŸ .ืก.8.ืก 
,06ื•6ื–596 

.0.ื—.6 ,4886 ืืก8 

0 ื™+ืฉึตืืฉื.5.ืื• ,ืฅืกื—ืกืฅ5 


.110 6010 ืกื—ื” ื—ืกืกื–ืกื˜) 
9 ืืกื .ืก,ืง 
5 ื‘ึผื•ึนื–ืกื–ืกื•/ ,ืกืกืกืฉื–ื˜ื 


ื, ืื• ื–ื = ืกื— ื 


ื™ื™..ืŸ.5.8 ืกื•ืงื–ื•ืกื™ื™ 
36ื—803!8 06 062ืกื—98 
.60 .030 1173 ,466 
5 +ืกื—ืกื˜8 


58ื˜ 


,.ืกื—! ,ื—ื–/ืฐื—8 ื–ืก!ืกื•/ื“ 
;ืกืฆื•ื–ืก ื—ืฉื”} ืึทื–ื‘ึผืช 12224 
2 ื—ืž ื•ืฅื–8// ,ืก1ื•ืฉ/ืกืกื” 


,.ืกื—! ,165ื–531ื˜ืกื—ื• 8900ื 
3 ืืกื 60/1166 ื–05? 
3 1-- 35201 +4/ ,ื—ื•ื‘ึผื—ืกื—ื•ื—ื–ื–ื•ื 


.ืกื— ,+ื—ืกื•/108/ื˜ื˜?ืง 160ื–ืกืงื—ื—ื• 
1661 ืกื•ื—ืก 0651 320 
0 ืฆื•ืกื—ื•!/| ,890ืกื•ืก 


ื ืก 4 ืื ืก 


643 6535ื–ืกืกื–? 

ื–ืกืก!=ื– 39 ,5166 !ืฆื–ื˜ื—ื–ื’ื 71 
ืกื•ึนื–ื”ึผื•ื—0ืก ,ืก!ื—ืกื–ืกื“ 

6 /ื™ืคึฟื•ืืŸ 


.ืกื—| 11665ื—ืก/-1 61165ืฆืฉื˜ืกื•ื• 6ื•ื–ื•8ื–ื˜ื• | 
1 ืกื•ื–ื’!ื—0ืก) ืกื˜ื– ,185 

:6.6 ,/68ื–ื–ื—ืกื•ื 

5! ืื›2ื” 


}ื ื—ืค 


,.119 /8016518354 
;8030 ืฆืฅืกื—81/6, 72 
,3346 ืืกื .ืก.,? 
ืฆื•ึนืฆื/ |16 


6 ื 4 ื” ื– 


66ืก619 ื–ืก0ื•655ืืŸ 
ื•ืกื˜ื 06 ืกื˜ื— ,2 
ื•ื–3? 75006 


.5.8 5ื–06ื—8ื–1:1 65ื–ื˜ื•ืŸ 165 
/ื—158ืกืฉ/-ืกื—ื”ึผื•ื—ื–ื’/, 6ื˜ืฉื” ,10 
ื•ื– 75737 


59 --6ืกื—8ื–= ื—ืกื•44505181/ 
ืื˜ื‘ึผื–ื•ื‘ึผื•ื ./ ืกื˜ื ,ืฆื•ื˜ 4 -- 4 
6ื—ื—1-816ื—521/0 42000 


3 ืื ื•ื ื”ืก ื“ืค = ื 
ืก6/+ืฆ7 


-||116050656ื–6/' ืกื—ื˜ -180ื–6/+ 
.ืจื•.ืก.ื—ื– +/30/03 


ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ- 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 


ืฉืžืื™ืขื ืึธืง, ื›ืื ืข 
(1913) 


-- ืืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข, ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืขืจ, ืคึผื•- 
ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜. ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื•ื•ืื ืงืึธื•ื•, 
ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื‘ื™ืœืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ, ืงื™ืขืฐืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ืื™ืŸ 1927 ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžืืœื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื™ืฉื•ืœ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1929-- 1932 ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื™ 
ื“ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืข" 
ืœื•ื›ืขื™ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ. ืคื•ื ืขื 1922 ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืคืืจืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ื’ืึธืกืขื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืœื˜ ื ืกืืš ืจืึธืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื™ 
ื“ืขื ืข ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืืงืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 1961 ืึธื " 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืœืก ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืจื™ืœืกืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื™ื–ื™ืข, 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืกืฆืขื ืืจื™ืขืก, 
ืื™ื ืกืฆืขื ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืืงื˜ืขืจืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื˜ืขืื™ 
ื˜ืจืืœืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก, ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›- 
ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข. ืคื•ื ืขื 1972 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐื•ืข. ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจืฑื ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืข" 
ืœื•ื›ืขื™ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž" 
ืœืื ื“", ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 

ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืง (ืื™ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“"): ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ 
ืงืœืืคึผื˜ (ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืขืจ 
ื›ืื™ึดื ื’ืขืœืคืื ื“). 1981, ื ื•ืž. 14 
ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืก, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ื ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜. 1982, ื ื•ืž. 8ืŸ 
ืžืขื ืืฉืข ืžื™ื™ืžืื ืก ื›ืกื™ืžืข. 1983, 
ื ื•ืž. 2, 


ืฉื™ื™ื ืงืขืจ, ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข 
(1903--1954) 


-- ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข ื™ืขืคื™ื ื’ืืจ, ื ื™ืงืึทืœืฒึทืขืฐืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื™ืฉื™ 
ืคึผืึธื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืื˜ืจืืง. ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1917 ืืœืก ืคึผืืกื˜ืขืš 
ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืขืจื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1918 -- 1928 ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก 
ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ื™ืึธืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืงืึทืœืฒึทืขืฐ, ืื™ืŸ 1929 -- 


168 


1 ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงื•ืจืกืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืกืึธืฐื•ืคึผืืจื˜ืฉื•ืœ. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืื‘ื–ืื•ื•ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืงืึธ-ื™ 
ืœืฒึทืขื•. ืื™ืŸ 1913 --1914 ื’ืขืืจ"ื™ 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ?ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ", ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ื– ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืœื™ื ื™ื ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ื’ืขืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืึธืจื™ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข. 
ืคื•ื ืขื 1935 ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 1941 ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืข- 
ื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ .ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜ื™ืขืžืขืก" (ืงืืœื™ื™ 
ื ื™ื ื“ืึธืจืฃ). ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœ-ื™ 
ื›ืึธืžืข ืื•ื•ืขืง ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื“ืข- 
ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1945 ืืœืก ืื™ื ื•ื•ืื™ 
ืœื™ื“. ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ 1929. ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืืœืก ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื™ืงืึธื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืœื™ื ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ื›ืขืจืกืึธื ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ื“ืขื™ 
ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 20ื™ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ 
.ืคึผืจืึธืœื™ื˜?, ,ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื™ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืืจื‘ืข-ื™ 
ื˜ืขืจ", .ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ", ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืžืขืก". ืคืืจื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ?ื“ืขืงืœืืžืื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื™ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ" 
(ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืคืืจืœืื’ ื™ืขืžืขืก", 
4 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ 
.ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ", ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื 15-ื˜ืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ" 
ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข (ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื•---ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 
ืื•ืงืจืžืขืœื•ื›ืขื ืืฆืžื™ื ื“ืคืืจ ืœ ื ื’, 
2. 


ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืคืจืึธื™ึดื 
(1890 -- 1937) 


-- ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜. ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธืจื˜ืฉื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื™ื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข. 
ืื™ืŸ 1912 ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื ื’ื™ืžื ื"ื™ 
ื–ื™ืข, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืžืขื“ื™" 
ืฆื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’, 
ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธืกืœืึธื•ื•ืืงื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ 


ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1905. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1920 --- 1922 ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืกื™ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืึธืกื˜ืึธืฐ, ืึธื“ืขืก, ื•ื™" 
ื˜ืขื‘ืกืง, ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืœืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืฃ ืคึผืขื“ื- 
ื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืจืกืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
5 -- 1928 ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืจ- 
ืงืึธื•ื•, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืคืืจ- 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ .ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืก". ืืฐื•- 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ 
ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื™ 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 1937 ื’ืข" 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื–ืขืฆืœืขืš ืจืขืคึผืจืขืกื™ืจื˜, 
ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ื™ืฆื•ื–ื" 
ืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืจืขืื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜. 

ืฐืขืจืง: (ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉ. ืจื™ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืก) ืงืืžืฃ, ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืœืขืค- 
ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืคืืจ ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’. ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืคืืจ- 
ืœืื’, 11925 ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 
ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื•, โ€ ืฉื˜ืขืจืฑื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง", 
6 (ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื. ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฆืงื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœ. ืžื™ืฉืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™) ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜-ืื™ื•ื•- 


ืจืข, ืงื™ืขื•, ืคืืจืœืื’ ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ" 
ืœื™ื’ืข", 11926 (ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื. 
ืžืืงืึธื’ืึธืŸ) โ€ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืื•ืคืงืœืขืจ-ืืจ- 


ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. ื“ืึธืจื˜, 1928 
ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ. ืžืึธืก- 
ืงื•ื•ืข, ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืคืืจืœืื’, 1929ื• ืฉืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื–ื. ืงื™ึดืขืฐื•, .ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืœื™ื’ืข". 
9 ื’ืึธื˜, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™- 
ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ. ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืคืืจ- 
ืœืื’, 1920 ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•" 
ื ืขื ืคื™ื ืคื™ืึธืจ. ื“ืึธืจื˜, 11921 ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ. ืคึผืœืขื ื•ื. ื“ืึธืจื˜, 
,ืขืžืขืก", 119313 ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืงืึธื ื˜ืจ-ื™ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™- 
ืฉืข ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืื–ื™ืข. ื“ืึธืจื˜, 1933. 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข: ื–. ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืœืขืงื™ 
ืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขื™ 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืง: 
ื‘. 4 ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ื ื™ืฐืฒื™ืึธืจืง, 
1, ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“, ืฉืคึผืืœื˜ืŸ 


4388 (ื•ื ื• 7 ืชื•/ื–) ืกื–0ืกืืกืง88?8 ืคืชืคื–ืื˜ืขืกื—ืื”ืก 


ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ 
ืœื™ืžืขื“ ื ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืืกืงืข 
.2220022 ื•ืžืืงืกืข) ืกื ืคื•ืื 20ืก ื– 112001816 .07ื—28 1 :2ืืื“ื”ืื•ืืืงื™ื– 


-ืงื’11 .ื”ื–ืืกืงื 266ืกื ื•ืกืงื—-0210ื00/ .8206 ืกืชืกื•ืžื”ืกื ืžืกืงื— ืื•ืืงืกืฉ ืืงื“ 
.ื”ืขื•ืขื“ 


; ื“ืงืข, -ื ื™ืฆืข, ื ื™ืง; -ืขืจืŸ; -ื ืขืจ, -ืœืขืจ, :ืื˜ื”ืคืชืกื“ื–ืขืžื“ืกืกื’ืฅืก ื–ื•ืกืืืฉืฉืฅืก .6ืฐืฐ08006083082ืช0 
ื“ืขืจ, ื™ื•ื ื’ 


188ืข41ื•ืื•ืื’ืคื– 


ื’ืชืกื–2ืชื– ื•ืืงืก) ืกื•ื˜ื•ืื ืกืชืก ื ืกืื•ื–ืกืกืงืช 


-102 0862162084000ืช ื 4ื6ื206 42010211600 ื•ื•ืืงืก) ืกืžืชืคืชืกื–ืคืชื– ื—ืื’ื ืกื˜ืืืกืฆืขื ืฅ 
23 /000108 ืืืก ื .1 72800284,8 ืขืื’ืืง0) ืืื•ืžืžืฉื˜ืขืช ืืืื–ืกืกืงืช 10839:8200104 ืื”ืืกืžืกื”ื 


:ืงืกืืขืงืช22 ื”ื•ืืช 3:00 ื—ืชืข 2 ,!| ืกืืง0ืกืฉ 8 4000ื02:80ื—0 -- 02082 0ื–0280 
{) ื’ืฒ! 2) ื’ืฒืกื˜; 3) ื–ืฒ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ. -ื–ื“ืขื”ื— ืืืก (3 :ืคืฉืกืชื˜ (2 ืื”ื (1 
-0202811216 280028ืช ื ืžืืงืกืข) 26886ืชืชืžื—ืก 888/6ืช0018ืก 806 
-0ืช20 -- 4204 08ืืกืชื”ื”ืกืื ื (4 :420168 ืฆืืขืฅืžืช ื‘ืข 7ื”00010 ื’ื”ืกื–ื”ืชื– ื•ืคื•ืืงืกืง) ืกื•ื•ืื’ืกืชืชืก 
-ื‘ืืก (6 ;(ืกื˜ืืช ื ืกืชืกืขื˜ ,ื”2680188 ื”ืืกืงื 8ื0ืก2ื3ืฅ ื•ื•ื ืฆืืกื ืกืช) 22/028: ืกื–ืกืžืคืชืก1ื’ื–ืกื 
-22 (,072884216 .26401806 080 0603::2321011600 0281024 0040884000 -- ืื–ืกื’ื˜ ื”0ืกืชืืกื 


ืืงืก) ืื•ื˜ื•ืืืกืืกืงื ืฆืžืืžืชืกืชื’ืชืช ืฆืืงืกื–ืกืืก ื–420 0001880116 ,ืงืกืื—ืืงืช 


ื”ื’ืืกื”ืืกืื ื–ืฅ : 

-- 8018 -- ืžื–ืกืฃ 88ืืกื”ืืกืื‘ื˜ืก 

ืค="ื™ | 6ื–2ื–ืกืืกืชืกืค 2807 8ืกื•ืžืกื—ืกืก 116602 ืืืกืงื 
ื—ืกืกืคืชื– 


ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื“ืคื“ืื˜ ื“ืœ 4 
ื“ื• ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืค81818ื˜ ืคื ืขืกืชืฅืก ื ืคืš 6ืขื”ืขื 
ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ืž8181ื˜ 261ืฅ6 ืืก 


ืคื–ื”ื–ื”ื˜ ืืกื”ืฅืก ื•ื•ื 


ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 


ื“ืึทืฆืขื ืก ืฉ. ืกืื ื“ืœืขืจ 


169 


6ืฅื’24 .10 4;ืกืฉื™ 104:58ืข 2 5664 10 ืชื’ืงึทื–ืก ืชื’ /'ืชืžื• ?3ื˜ืŸ 128626 .. .ืขืกืžื–ื ืžื˜ืค 1251 11/6 
?"116101204 5001608'. ืชื’ ืฅ65524 {ืžื– 10 ืžืขืกืกืข 1146 {1'ื˜ืกืฅ 
ื˜ืกืข 
1ืกื˜ืก 
."10 ืžื–ืกื–ื˜ืข/ 

6 /0 ืกื ืžืกื 1 106'' 600066 13 1556 /16ืฆื˜ืก 6ืž} ืช1 14010060 {6534 8'ื810 .44 
4 ,0110 1106127 5ื˜ืกืžื–2? 2 ,2201 ืžืืกื ื˜ื’/ ."ืฅื–/206 3146158 /50016 ืžื’ 1696200606' 0216 
4 0ืช2 (15126 10 6:01212160 6 ืžืกื} ,11544 ืกืž} ื’: 1116 5ื˜605010 ืฆื•ื’ืŸ 01 1054 5604 
1154 486 ืชื’ ืงืžื ื˜ื’{ ืฅ!ื ื–ื’ื–ืกืงืž161 ืช/222 15 86 ,1616 ืค21 ืžื–ืกืข! 3060 15 25 (63601ืขืงืŸ 

ืฉืกื ื˜ืกืข 2 , ืฅืืž111:101102124 226 16ื’?124612 2018 ืชื’ ืกืžื–ืก1' ืžืฆื ืฉืกืŸ 26 1" 
-10661'. 186 ืงืก 000/103164 266 1125 ,1190613ืžื˜ืงืŸ :201 16 {ืก 004 1640ื˜} ืคืขืกืกื˜ 
. (ืฉ21326 /1) ืฅ0ืช286 6557ื ืงืŸ 

-261ืช86 14ื˜122'' {6334 01111021 ื 114012 2 166ืกื ืข1ืช0ืก (ืงืื–ืก2)) /36100 ื‘ึดืฅึฐืŸื 1064 
ืค'ืชื’ืžืช!501 .1 01 ืฉืกื’ื˜ืกืŸ 2 -- (2408006) ื˜ืกื)ื’ื–ืืŸ (2114022 226 , ืฅ104 1,256 5 300 
-016) 106 60 5601108 115 ืช1 ."100:14 115 226 +16562060' 6014 16"' 6011060 ืืกืกื˜ 
64 'ืชื’ืฆืฆื•ื ื–ืžืชืก) ' ื’ื—!11 16 01 1446 4415 ืกื—} 04 1611 2222106ื ืช 406 "501664 ื’ืž 
.ืž0010410ืขื›ืŸ 115 2116 4602065 ืกืขื•! {:ืกืฅ 1254 {|ืžืก 

-46000 226 ืื ืžืงื’ืชื! /120 /00212086ืž15101120-66 5604104 "ืฅืžืงื’:ืงืกืžืž:2'' ืกื} ืž} 

2 ,"ืฆืžืื˜(ื—1,2'' 186 10 1620615 406 1010606 (1/003006) ืฅืฆืคื•1ืกื˜ืกืžื ื•ื’ 2124 ื–ืกืชืงื’ื–ืง 
.1063 506164 /0 ืงื˜ืกื ืง ืกื ืžืง2ืง0ืžืž66 ืžืฉืกืžืข 1146 

ืก} ืื•ื•ื’ืฅื .ืืŸ-.ืื’) 01 1,6466:5 ืžืฉืฉืกืžืขืช?!' {5614 406 10010065 1506 11621ื˜ืก 46 1' 
-160 500166 5ื˜ืกื’ืชื’} 106 01 16:10226 /1116021 ืกืž} ืžื–ืก1}) 242220 .10 226 /ืงื–ืกืก2:0 .1 
, (1919-1988 ,1146 1,610 /1215 

4 1106 106 /006ื˜ 360004 ืฉื•ืกื 2 3121160 "'1161101400 500166150 ืขื ื’ื˜ืžื’ืŸ ืžืŸ 
7 !0 010200ื˜ืŸ 106 0006:8365 15906 00:1604 186 . 1115:017 ืžืฆื’ืฉื•ืกืŸ" 
-561416 6} ืžื–ื’ืฉื™ 0621 {115101 1015 01 61106ื›ืŸ /0160ืช2 106 ืชืก ืื ืกื˜ืœ ืค'ืฅ19ืกืฆื’ืŸ .ื–ื .ื–ืŸ 
6 153 5604104 1018 10 11151:24100 01121821 ืžื’ .ืช02022) ืžื’ 3ืฉืฉืกืŸ /220160 106 04 1604 
0 1325540 ,26010:2004 ,120110061202610 04 65ื–ื’?10ื›ืŸ 106 ืงืช01ื˜104ืง16 10564 21415410 


ื• .ืขืกืฅื›1 ืชื’ื˜ 
ืชืกื–50!0 ื–21046ื›ืŸ ืกืช} ?0 8ื–ืกื˜ื˜ 86} 40 0164ื˜46 15 9601100 "ืงืž6ื’:12 ืขืกืกื'"' 6ืž'ืฅืš' 


{ . (ืฉืก81090) ืฆืืคื˜ืกืžืขื–ืก/ื™ 
6 ืชื• 427 ืกืงึทืชืค 2 ื–ืก} 1 4 23 /66110 186 10 16446:5 04 ืฉืก1} ืกืžื™ืš"' 
-166 106 01 50280 ืฉื•ืกืช 2 1010 6010164 1206 6/ื˜ ืชืกืžืฉืฉ ืฉื•ืก)! โ€ 6215ืฅ ืฅืชื’ืžื– 04 000156 
ืกืž ืฉื™ 00116520006815 ื˜ืก 01 ืกื ืงืก1 ืžื•ื’ืžืช 106 6ื ืข00ืก 25 14 , (42ืฅืกืข!168ืกื›ืŸ) /180ืขื˜ืกืกื’ืชืช} 
ื˜ืก 01 :1061 1016 10 ืฅ8060164 ื–ืก ื! 660000121122600 206 0622655 615055 ืฉ1ืก04ื˜ 
. (ืฉ10500) /6ืž/2402 8015 ืขื˜ 101/06066 ื–ืฉืกื ื˜ืกืข 15ืก1601 ืกืŸ} ืคืžืœืืกื˜ ืคื˜ื} , "16ืง60ืงืŸ 
.1116 1401121ื’ื•ืก ื’/60015/, 406 ืžืก ืช101012110 66421164 5ืกืžืคื•ืžื–ื˜} 22106ืงื’ืžืช ืกื’'ืš' 
 , '21246-โ€ 1016:654 04 05ืก11' :56041005 21ืช1:201110 115 114ื˜ื˜ 008013069 19936 6ื'ืš' 
-14/ /561ื˜ืกืฅ ื™ื™ , "081001016)'" , "16ื’1,106940 166ื˜50 58ื ืฉืก 01 1,681000 2 101 11415 


. "ืžืฆื•ืฃื 


ืขืก} ื 406 6 04 4006 ืกืช! ืฆ1 ื™ื– 4 ,ืฅื–121011002 5514 1060150-12ืฆื™' 
.41/-212200 ืช1 !2064 |11ืฉ 2 2211 .ืงื 2ื’ืช0ืก? 220 {ืขื 3ื˜ืžื’ืŸ 


ื•ื– 


ืชืขื˜ืคืงื 


( "1101061204 166ื˜50'') "0ืž1161112 1611598ื˜50'' 
9 /ืขืงืฅื–ื’ื˜ื–ืกืก1 ,9 ืกื 


1 +6ืกื›ืŸ 66 ืขื˜ 1ืกื˜ืกืž 21001022081021 ืกื} 01 4106 ืกืž) 18 "1,116 ืฆืžืช 04 2865 ื™ื™ 
6ื˜ื™ ,19505 ืกืž ืื’ 26820:1164166 1610 502110154 1006 01 ื’ืช:106ื˜., (ืฉ1416) ื 6ืกืžื’ืžืžืื˜ื 
.196 166ื–ื’ื•ืก 406 ืกืงืก 0021615 4156 

ืฆ8100'' ื˜ืก 3'ืžื–ืกืž41610/ ื’ื–ืก!500 !0 01102104ื’ื•ืงืŸ 606 65ื•ืช000/1 102822106 ืกืž 1' 
,1989 ,1 ืกื! ืช1 2064 1565 "116101406 500161158'' 1988 )ื•ืค 1256 ืกื} ืชื’ 011066ืช1 "1946 

265116'' , "ืฉ8125110 - 5101103 16 0211165 2150 8601100 96ืกืขื›ืŸ '6ื˜199 ื–2ื’:0ืก1 6' 
2254:214 2600264) ื–ืก/1ืื• ื’5ืฉืกืŸ ืงืžื˜ืกืฅ 0ื’} ืขืก "ืฅื ืก56 {ื’ืกืฅื–ืกื˜ื ืžื’/" 200 "ื–ืกืžืžื•ื›ืŸ 
6 /1106:27 1116 101 "ืžื–ื•ื’( 1,146 6151 ื˜ืกืฅ ,:1/10106. :510 1146 , (ืฉืฉืก241090) 
5/8 ืกืž) 061601246 ืก} "8004 0164 186 {:ืกื•ืค ืกืž} 204 (1900-1987) ืžื 28ืช 081 
. (6ืฑ810500) ื15ื ื˜ืกืžืื’ืฅ:1 ืขืก2101 1116ื˜ืจ ืกื} 04 ืฆื’ืกืžื–ืขื ื˜ 


ืชื’ืžื–ื–ื˜6/ืžืค 2126061 {ืก 022565ื2. ืฆืชืชืกืกืงืŸ ืกื} 00242103 5604004 ื•ืกืง ืกืž 
ืฉ6ืฅ10140124 ,8002 {ื˜ืกื!) ืช1ืก6ืž:2111 ื˜ืกืขื’ืฆ' ืฆื "2106 3/11296 014'' 204 ((5006ืก24) 
ืชื’ืžื–ื˜ื’ืชืกืก) 21041 ,(52002:4200) !2120 4ื’241ื” "2064 4006' 04 56100004 ,(ืž26810 
-2/105) 2102116 80:15 , (58ืž311) 100ื˜0ื’ืช:282) 1616 206 /116116 1322 , ({8ืก+ืกืงื˜ืกื•ื’) 
. (54ืช811) 6165 1114 , (ืขืคืขื’ืชืกืก) :2104 ื’ืฅืช1ืข , (ืฉืกืก 

ืกืช} /0 16761 100 :2412 ืคืฅ2/ื•/2 161211005 1046102410021 ื˜ืก 01 0016116 106 5ืกืกื›ืŸ'" 
-212064 200 :1266 ื˜ืก 04 6/ื’1626 41500820158102 2 625 ื”ืกื ืื˜ืจ 110058;ื˜ืกืกืžื”ื•ืกืช 
1 13 ื’ืชืก{ืกืกืขื›ืŸ ืฆ1}---"?016166 1695 ืฉึธื’ืขื• ืกื ืช1 6ื˜ืก 11661216 1655 6ืขืกื˜ื˜ ืกืืฉืœ 4210615 
({ืค1ื˜ืกืžื–ืกื2)) {ืฅืžืž4:00ื˜1'01 25111/ /41212115 206 066ื›ืŸ ืช124:21012 ืฆื˜ืกื ื–ื’! ืก} ืฆื› 110ื˜ืฆ 
.ืช460410 41121/5 11604ื˜ื’) | 1086 ืชืกืงืก ืžืกื ื—ืฆื• "810106:004 04 1,659005' 0169 ืคื  ืžื’ 
/102115ืกืŸ "00:10ืฉ ืžื–21046 ืกืž} ืช1 ืช2606121/0) ืงืžื˜ืกืฆ 106 60110060 0169 ืคื•ืช ืžื– 
6 }0 6016 ืงืžื˜ืกืฅ 106 01 ื’ืช016ืกืขื›ืŸ 106 ืชืก 1000965 (6ื•2410900) 205601021 120112:64 
6' |ืกื˜ืกืช 2:055714'5) 5111 ืฉื‚' ื’ืขืก?}! 042161 ืกืช} ื’ืข 00001665 9600100 16 .19803 
-10222 21090060 486 ืฆืก 011:026108ื˜ื›ืŸ 1115 165 ืžื–0ืข1 ืงืž:ืคืคื•ืžืช 25ื˜ื˜ ืž10ื’ื˜ื˜ โ€ 1265410165 2000 
67 !0216 1015 1165ื•1621 "11611012400 161150ื˜50' .2046 :1206 ื–ื˜ื ,"ื ืกื’ืฅ0'' 2106 
. "0ื–4011-5610109 ืชืก 140ื—1:095) 3111 ?'' 04 4616 ืกืž} 

5 1516 601ื’ืก 406 01 9601104 1400 .ืฅืžืž8101102:4 . 0ื–01161019) :1661 1'' ืกื’'ืš' 
ืฆืก โ€ ืžื–2116101) 11651604. 0165 161010ืกื›ืŸ 11ื˜ื• ืคืžืกืงืก 11 1024611215 04 020106 6106 2 
1116:4 102822106'5 86} 01 16061 ืฉืฉืก{ 106 10 ืคื–ืžื ืกื›ืŸ ืกื’/ื˜ (ื–1ืขืก:2,81) ืฅ9ืช:118' ื˜ืกื˜ื’ืฆื™ 
.215ืกืฅ /16060 106 1 ืงื–ื’}ืžืกืžื–1{ืงื–ืกืก /!10051 0660 225 ืžืกื ืžื˜ ืช01161019 

: (054) 12660016 ืžื–ืก}} /16416 2 16061060 /60100 686 /ื’ืกืฅ 1256 }0 ืกืืก ืกืž}) (4/ 

"0624! 116085, 

4 10 0006 1'76 .ืžื–161115216 ืช1 215ืกืฅ ืงืกืž6ื˜ื˜} /05ืช21 1176 1'76 ืฉื•ืกืžืข ื’ื•ืกืฅ 145 
ืชืกื ืžืื• 110015 01 0010 ืกืž1 ื’ื–ืก/1 ืฅ262 ืชื–ืก} ืžื–2 1 .ืž630ืช2:2 206 ื’ืกืค ืฆึถืžื– 1511ื˜ 60 
664 106 220 645ืกื˜ื• 120166 ./ืฅืก46:01ืช6 1040 25060066 2264 ืงื‘ื˜6ื’ 1600166ืื• 25 
1 1 8006 1 .ืฅืž0ืก22 01 50266 2 ืช1 13 20:06715'' 2204 6205 40 0625664 "/10:21021 ืžืงื–ืกื–ืื™' 
58016 ืฅืžืช ื˜ืกืฅ ืงึทืžื•ึนืกืช56 ืžื–ื’ 1 .0115864ื˜ื›ืŸ ืคืื–ืกื• {ืžื– 8206 048 1 00100ื˜ ืžื•ึน ืช0182 ืช2 
ืคื•ื} 06021160 100ืฉ "1910 0ืชื˜ 1014 . 212822106 0ืก16:0521 16 ื–ืก} 1046ืขืฆ 1 68947 


ื•ื– 


-04 2001278ืง ืกืขื•ื•ืกื•ื–ืขื˜ืกืชืชืกืงื— ;ืœืขืื˜ืกืžืข402 ื”ืกื–ืกื•ืกืืข 0000288 ืื•ืžืืชืฅืงื 
110070416:18110 

-ืฆื”ืกืงื 1220 110 .ื”ื’ืืกืฅ3ืขืฐ262 ,ืฆืืกืกื•-ืกืช ื’ืข 28ืข1ืกืงืกื’ื ื”ืกืชื•ืข .8 .4 
3 00ืกืฐื“/060 86 32608 ืืื’ื–-ืคื–ื”ืช0 .ืข7ื–3082ืข2ื–00 ืกื ืขื˜ืขื” 310 824 ,ืคื–ื’ื 
-112:2ืงืฅื2 82100600 {;ื ื•ืกื•ืืกืช 

22302601218 ื”ื•ื ื˜ืคื”ื’ืขื’ืกื—ืก 69267 8220 ืื—ืืกืกื˜ืฅ 14 .8 .4 

6 686 ืฉืืกื˜ืก11 .ืกืชืžืกืื ืกืชืชืกืงืช 103866 ,ืกืกืงืชืก8 62048ืฑ1100 :2.2 .46 
-606 681 ืื”ื’ื•ืก8 0ื•ืฆืงืกื“ืกื' 8 ,ืฆื—ื—ืขืฅืง?ืช 2600 ืกืืžื’ืชื– ืืก0ื–82 ื—ืงืช 8ืž003227 
-/26 68 ื’ื”ื–0ื ื’ืชืžืฆืฅืงื– 1242 .23842 6806804000 4ืฐื–062201 8 ื˜ื–ืกืขื”ื’ื’ืื˜ 
082 ,ืงืกื— 168 20 606ื 0228062ื ืกื— ,1832224 0601601868888 82 79ื“018082 
-112 8 1680 ,1128086 ,ื“ืฅ/012 16 ื”ืขืงืกื–ืกืข ืข ื’ืงืขื–ื’ืžืกื–ืขื” 680620428 ,ืชืข 
:0101 ืฆื”ืขื”ืก2ืื ืกืงื˜ืฅ ืฆืขืืก0ืžื”8216ืกืชืกื”ืกืกืข-ืกื˜ื˜ืฅ 

-2400 //1240 /000128 ืกืช 222ื’ืงืขืื’ ื”ืขื’ืกืื ืกืชืชืกืงื— ืžื–ื’ืชืื’ ืืกื”ืฆื .4.8 
ืฆืขื—ืชืฆืฅืงื– 1678 

40 /ื–ืขืง6220022ืกืช 32242:036646 8 40167 8006016 68 40 :8 .4 
-11216 .0006ื—80 ืืกืžื˜22 8 ืกื•ืขื˜ืขื‘ืกืช ืกื ืฅื˜ืžืขื–ื2 32 ืœืชืžื’ืชืื”ืกื– ืฐืขื–40086 
ืฐื—ื–3 ืื—ื”ื—ื 828080ืข02 6016ื8 2131 .180ืกืกื˜ืขืื’ืขืงื–ืกืก 22788681066 824 ื”ืกืืก 
8ื’ื˜ืขื”ืกื— 806 46 ,ืžื–ืฆื•ืก 2100861 .ืคื–ื’ื ืขืกืง ื ืฆืข 28 886016 ื–ืžืืกื”ืกืกืงื— 
.3248407 00006ื 8484 ืก 426 ื–0 0ื–ื˜ ,ืืกืŸ 8 ื”ืขื”ืกื”ืืกืก 467 ื”ื–20 .ืข3ื’ืงืก 


8 ื44ื–00800 0 1216268ืขื˜ ื–ืกืฅืงืขืื•ืงืกืฉืฐืข 0220680ืช ื—ื’ื˜ืงืฉืฆื2 
.28/131 8ืกืงืฅื™ื“ืžื” ืฅื 

1011606011024 4210 ืขืื’ืื’ืืงืกืฅืง ืืืžื”ื”ืกืขืžืขื’ื’ืงื“ 328622:26108 ืงืกืืก1ืŸ 
-0ืงื4 ,ื•ืงืขื“ืืงืกื“ืžืช 8,ึธ, /680680406 80124ืข80ืืกืช ื”ื—ื” ื–ื“ื‘ืืงืกื“ื’ 4 
.8301422 0ืช68062040 ืคื”ืกื–ืขื ืฅ0ื 4),8โ€ ื›ืื• 

|-- ืขืชื•ืžืืงืกื— ืืกืฅื—ื•ืžืช ,5ืง02082 ื”ืขืืกืกืขืืง-(ื’ืขืขืชื”)ืกื680020 /842ื–41602 
ื’ื— ื!/ืกื– ืฐืฐืฐื“086:)+ ื ืกืขืžืกืื ืกื”ืขืงืช 21:/24106 028062106 03202282640 188 
-06ื—84--2016ื 8 28/26 ืž2ื’0ื–16 ื”ื’ืงืกื“ื .ืžืžื—ืกืกื ืคืช46828 ื— ืคืงื’ืžื”ื” 38 
ืช 0 ืกืช 


-86 ืกืื ืฅ 26 ,2ื’ื ืขื”ืื˜ืขื”ืกืช 88006822428080/0 014600ื•ืข18ืกืกื’ื˜ืขืก 046ื18 4 
-68 /1626ื˜ืฅ ืคื–ืฐ8ืกื–ืกืŸ 128286 {ืก1ืกืขืงืขื—ื’117 .ื’ื•ื•ืื”ืข 282826ืชืกืžืกืงืช 04ื–ืก2' 
-ืกืงื“ืกืช /626ื ืขื˜ืฅ 2 .2100486 ื˜ืž ื’ื•ืขื”ืขื˜ืขืชืกืช 23 ืืก8ื”ื”ืก 8 2384 ืกื–ืกืืกืขืกืืŸ 
ื”ืขื•ื—ืกื•ืืกื //118101610116 2210016/0 20 ,488 1244 ,ืกื–ืกืžื 6936104 
-6ืข201ื˜ ืกืื ืฅ 310 28ื ,1080724 8 ื ,02224 4ืฐื2610 8 } ืคื–ื’ืฆืฅื‘ืข 220 ืื•ื”ื” 
0 ื’ 160:2/4 .ืฐ062201 /281004000 28068408408 8 ืืกื–ืกืขืืขื–ืื’ืงืช 340 
-ืกื—8 20001046 ื˜ืกืขืชื’ื–00 ื”ืžืกื { ื ื”ื’ืื ื”ืขืกืกืงืขื 8 064272ืช ืกื”ืžืชื’ืขืžืกืชืก 
ืืกืงืกื–ืกื 8 822006 ืืกืงืกื“1ื 80 ื’ืžื•ืขื”ืข ืกืืกืงืฅ 124 ื” 110608272 ื”ืขื—ืกืชื–ื’ื˜ 
0 } ,2816060840 ื”202ืฆืกืงื— ืงืืกืงืข ืขืืกืง8ืก 86 -- 15 ืืข ื‘ืข ,ื’ืืขืžืกื˜ืฅ 33 
-80ืกื–ืฅืกืขืงืช 0100088 00 0026886 060040822880/8ืกืงืช 8 ืกืืžื”ืก1 86 32608 
-ืขืกืฆืฅ ื‘ืข 10ืืข 10ื˜ ื•ืืก1 8 ื—ืข 80 ,108ืกืขื”ื’ืขื’ื•ืกืืก 806 00 866016 ืืืขื–ื–ืž82 
.3211111 ื”ื—ืžืกืื ืชืกืชืกืงืชื” 07 0182328826108 46 /241626ืกืง ื 408 

-46 026228 ืื’? 70ื˜ ,347210ืก ื ,64224286ืกืงืข8 8 6317 ืกืื ืกื– 8 ,42 .8 .4 
0 ,10 3170 -- 288406ื—ืช 682806 .ืขืขืžืกื”028ื—22 ืืกืžืžื”ื—ืžื’ืงื— 8 ื–ื’ืขื– /ืžืงืกื–ืกื 
-0611607861 /0100088 00 ื ืื‘ืช ืฆืืกืืก68768 ื ืกืขืืกื’ืข180ืก ืžืกืกื”ืขืžืกืื‘ึผื— 
06 0ืฅื–32620 6806 ืข ืž2ืกื 2280 .8020182ืกืืฆืฅืง ื–ืืืกืง10ืก 00 ืข ,ื•ื–ืกืกืข 
0 ,ืžื–ืฅืžืืงืกื˜ื”ืกื” ืฅื˜ืกื .ืื‘ื” ืฆืืกืžื”ืกืง ื 848160602 0006000 ืขืชื”ืชืžื—ืกืงืช 
/310 8 1:43600 8ืืฐ6ืช42206 68068084000 0200 ื”ืขืžื•ื’ืชืกืื  663 
.104ืขื˜ืฅื”ืกืช 116 0ื2ืขืกืžื–ืกืกืงืกืช 

-ืž7ืข06027 ืงื ื™ืก 10 ,006,2242046ืข8 0 ืงืกืž0ื–23ืง 3867 ืื ืฅ 023 :.8 .4 
-00160104 ืื’ืืขื”ืกืขืฅื—ืกืกืง ืื•ืžืžื˜ื˜ืื”ื‘ื’ืง 8 ืืื’ืขืฅืžืชืื’ ื ื”ื’ืืงืฅืื’ 8210 063ืกื˜ ื”ืก 
/101084 224286ืข6ืกืงืขื 8 ื’ื238 6806804000 8ื8ื—28216ืชืกืชืกืงืช ืืžืžืคื”ื’ 
ืื—ื” ื 006042478ืกืช 26672846 ื–ื23ืงื˜8 10 /,ืืก1 ื”ื”ืช ื”ื—ืืž208ืกืฅ 806 ืž003227 
06 ื}'ืชืก8 424 9ื–4ืž200128 4106 ,201 0ืื˜ืช2800807 82 68 4014 
0284 8 ื 22 (ืกื“ืขืฅื–ืขื–ืกืžื—ืื”ืกืช 18 01802:8210016008 8 ื”ืื•ื‘ืช 6806208000 
ื• -2916ืขืžืฅื”ืกืช 246 ื0? 8 ืข ืื’ื”ืกืื–ื– 

0 /ืื”ื”ืกื–ื’ื–ืขื˜ ืืื—ื•ื’ื ื˜ื–ืขืข0006 122246 686 ืกื”8ืก6 ืกื ืฉืกืžืกื :8 .4 
! 2870008 ื”ืขืžืกืื ืกืชืชืกืงื” ืžื–ืก2ืง01ื200ื 60278880ื—0 101080 42017600780ื–ื 
-/36680-86102ืฅ 2044 ืกืชืกื’ืื ื™ืขื”ื‘3ื’ืง 020010886ื” 0 ืžืกืžื—ืื–ืืกืชื”ืกื ืฆืขืืกืง8810 
!ื ื”ืื—ืืกืกื˜ืฅ 16 ,4086380 ,ื–2:0ืง/8ืก ืคื”ืกืง ืกื ืขื–ืขืคื”ืกื .22160842208 ืฆืขืืกืกื˜ 
;ืกืื ืฅ ื–ืžื, ,ื ื”ืฐื’2ื/ืก1 1ืขื–460086 ืืขืืขืืื’ืขืงื–ืกืก 7ื”10108 010086ื ,0648ืกืกืช 
-4328 848281000 206200804000 2828ืชืช 0 38/12162484 8ื”12ืข0006 ,ืกืืขื”ืขื 
-020 408816 ื 10108ืฅ1060 ืคืž2ืก8 110 .;ื•ื•ื•ืชื’4/1 23242167800182 ืข 800182ืช16 
...4120008 ืื ืžืื ื™ืขื”3ื’ืง ื”ื”ื” ืฐืฐื–82ื6010ืงื ื ื’,ืขืืขื”ืกืกื˜ืฅ ืข ,ืขืงื”ื 

ื”ืขืฐื—22ืง1 88ืžื”8208082 0 ืื–ืขืื ,ืืขืงืก:ืกืข ืกืช 000648ื ืข.. .8 .4 
88 ,3228 ืกืขืืกืกื˜ืขืชืกื—ืืงืกืช 80840170086 ,1401214 .ืกืงืฅื ืคืชืฅื /112040022880 
38 ืงืืืงืกืขืง 0664 { ืื—ืกืคื ,6662 24200208 ืื—ืชืฅืงืช 238424 112 ืกืขื•ืขื”ืช40ื’ 
ืคื ืกื•ืืกืช 10246 :68 ื–ืกื ื”ื’ื˜ืงืฅืื’ :82 .2?ืืž23 02808ืง 0804 ืฆื•ื– ืขื” ืžืฐ/43026 
' .ื–ื•ื ืขื”ืข ื–ืืขื’ื ืกื•ื’ื˜ืขืฅื‘ืข 

222 ื–ืื’ื•ืกื•ื’ื˜ืฅื‘ื ืž;ื•ื•ืกื•ืืกื— 48 ืกืืืงืกืขืฅืง 11468ืข:2281 2168 (0 :2.2 .460 
-16 8 .3820616 ืกืื ืฅ ื–ืžื 0708806 ื–ืืกืืกืกืฅืง-ื–ืขืขื”ืข 118116 0116808ื’ืฆืืขื”ืกืฆืฅื— 0 ื— 
-ืกื— 48000 6046 ?ื’ื˜ืขืฅื”ืกืช ืขืชืžื’ื”ืื”ืก? ื•ืขื–46:086 ืื”216ื ืขื˜ {ืชืกื– ืืกื•ืขืฆืฅื 
.43812 //2:10ืกืง ืคื–ืื ืฅื‘ึฟืข ืกืื ืกืฆืฅื”ืช ืื— ื–ืขื–ืกื•ืืกืช 8010086 ,216042708ื 2638 
-43472 8 10 ,/232282 ืื ืžืื ืขื 42026108 ืกื–ื˜ 2 ,ืืกื”ื’ืžืงืฅืื’ -- ื”ื’ืžืงืขื;2 110 
?ืืกืื 82ืก ,1802282 0ืช36040ืขื ืฆื”ืกืžืกืช ืกื— 2427060 204000 ืกื–ื˜ืกืช 16780808 
3228 ืขืื•ืืžืกื’ืŸ 0 ื—ืข 246 128 ืื” 8ืกื“1ืื˜ืขืฅื”ืกืช 116 8208ืืฆืฅ6 

-0007861 ื–ื’ื–ื–ืื ืฅื’ 31000 ื”ื”ืช 110 8ืกืžื–ืขื˜ืฆืฅื”ืกืช 1248 ืกื’ืื ืชืกืช 116 :8 .4 
6018 .8ืฐ060230828 820024000 0708408 001884ืช 01 4ื8ืช32 ืกืขื’ืขืกื•ืฅืžื“ืก 
-{ืื 8ืชืกืงื— ืกื ืขืžื˜ืืื‘ืกืง 8 ื˜ื–ื—ื–ืกืฅืช 01088: ื•ืžื 408ืฐ08ืกื˜ืฅ 0084 ื’ืื 2ืงืื“ 
-/2000827 ืืก2ืฅืก -- 4324216280182 226200808000 00480074ื ื–ืขื–82ื 116 


.,ื–ืื–ืขืžืช2102ืฐ16 ืก 8818084 
-22 ื”8ืก3ืฅ06 ื ืžื–ืืงืกืฉ /320380 866 ื 010041609 ื ื•ื ืื”ื 2 :22 .46 
ื” ื 122 ืฆื—ื—ืขืฅืง? โ€ 42200 0032278 02440ื 0026 ืืกืกืกื•ืช 8 86 8629 ?ืขื– 


ืฆืŸ 


-42001 00:2408 ื”ืขื˜ืกื”ืžื’ืงืชืฅ 12888000 ืืกืืขื”ืžืชื’ื˜ื’ื” :206060 48ืฐ8ื’308 
0 ื ืืืคึผืกืงืกืช! 4684ืข226802082008 ืืกืง22680282 2ื—060230828 ืก0ื–ืกื˜ 
-219808 2720 ื”ืกืื•ืŸ 222200228084 012682 ืืกืืขืžืžืชื’ื˜ื”ืงืŸ ,ืืก3286014167 


-08832 ,00008ื—80 11604078840 114 78ืขื–0186 ื”ืขืกืกืงื—ืกืช ื—ืข -- ,30808ืชืฆืฅื 408 
-4626 //200044080 8 ื•ื•ืขื”ืข 23842 6806208000 ืืกืขืž282ืชืกืชืกืงืช 0 ืฆื ืžื  
.ื’ืง 


ื—ื”ื6 10208 30-4 40846 8 ,23860180 ืื’ื ืื‘ืืŸ :ืข20442080 4606070404 
8628008 ืืžืง4070 ื 228206ืกืชืกืงืช ,8ืฐืฐ3286216 0:ืž6ืกื˜ืฅ 806 ื—ื–ื˜ืกืช ื•ืžื–ื•ืžืงื32 
-ืฆื‘ึผืข 86 ื–ืฉื•ืื”ืข ,ืืกืขื˜ืกื˜ืกื•ืชืืกืข ืืขืื”ืกืง 32 ,ืงืกืช 164 0 .83846 ืืกืืก8ืก680 42 
-ืขืงื—ื’ืกืงืช ืื–ื’ื•ืŸ 26 1628 0102 ืฐืข8ื—ืก32862 ืืกืžืกืกื˜ืฅ ืืกืžืชืก 8 ื 8708 
ืื—ืžืกื˜ืฅื‘ืข 8 60672ืก0ืงืช 317000 ื’ืขืžืกืžืžืกื—800 ื”ืชื” 6401600180ืข21 467ืืขื˜ 
?ื ืขืงืฅื“ืคื”ืฅื ,ืขืืงืกื–ืกืชืข /680680840 ,23842 0ื–0ื6806/0 

-ืขืง 034088ื— 30 ,108 0 ืž/084232 ื–ืกืขืชืกืชืก 8060 11060446 .820006 .4 
0ื˜ ,0684061 116 .ืžืกื’ืžืขื˜ืกื23 8ืฐืž06023082 ืกืชื–ืกืขืช2220 2808ื–07 08020782ื 
4" 232408 014ืž002ืข1:21 ื”ืขื˜ืกื˜ืฅื‘ืข ืกืกืงื—80 267 ืืขืชืกืžื 1636846 8 
-68 8ืฐ2322 0126288000 ืฆื”ืกื– 1982 8 ืืกืขื—ื ืื ,0820868) .ื0160088ืกืงืกื–8 
-ืกืช 112112 ื”61ื˜::11 .ืกืขืžืกื ืกื•ืชืืกืข 2428 220060282204ืง ื”ืงื’88ืืฅ6 68084000ืง 
,1220 ืขืืื”ืกืฅื—ืกืกืง ืกื–ืื ื ืฅืช ื–ืืก8ื˜120626 ื21060 8 ,02026ื– ืืกืกืกื•ืช 8 :ื”ืื’ื—ืื‘ 
-4220 (ื–ืžื—ื—ืฆืฅืง?ืช ืž003128218 ,8ืกืืข:ืขื’ื ื™ืฅ ื”ืข /241626ืก 00008ื—32 ืฐืขื™ืขื”ื’ื– ื—ืงืช 
.438142 68062084000 ื”ื’ืข:ื•ืกื˜ืฅื‘ืข ื”ื”ืช ื–ืขืก 

ืื–ื˜ืžืกื— 6 200016 ,2100486 ื ืžื–ื”ื”ืขืงื—ืชืกืงืช 82646320104 110 :2.2 .406 
2ืฐ11206616 ื–ืฐืขื6806/20 ื–ืื ื˜ื–ื•ืกืขื” ื”ื’ื–ืืžื–ืง186ืก1 

-80 8 ,0086112840 ืž000004200 420 { 1082 ืกืชืกืชื•ืฉืกืงืช ืกืขืžืกื 8 :8 .4 
0ื–1200280 ื”ืขื–ืกื”ืชืž2ืงื—ืฅ 0ืช22880 1 ืขื—ืกื–ืข20128ืกืงื— ืกืขื–ืกื’ื ื™ืฅ ืื—ื—ืžืืงืช ืืกืžืกื– 
-227ืช 000204308270 ื”ืืกืง8 6/2242/0066 8 26100680 21008488 88ืฐ06083082 
-01066ืช 07 ืืขื–ืก0ืืข0ืข328 8 -- ืฆืข 4074660180 ,83000284 ืชื—ืช ื–ืžืกืงืฅื 1316 
,1989 06814608 ืก .6 .ื– ,1012 660000ื˜ืฅ 1021600ืฅ0262 823222 0 24 ,0016 
-110624 2100884 1040224 ืื•ืžืžืžื”ืก2ื–ืก 8 ื’ื•ืขื•ืขื”ืข ืกื ืขืืกื˜ืฅื‘ืข ื ืคื–ืขืชืฅื–ืกืขืงืช 
-4060002 007 .2416062ืกืง 32000008 8814011611410 ืกืช 2260:2 1128ืžื—60 ื–ืขืกื–ืก 
ื”ืืชืช 6ื623088 ืฅ0128 ืฆื•ื”ืกืื–ื•ืŸ 4284246 ,32820619 ื–726ืฅ6 00008ื—32 ืขืœืขื˜ืฉ 
ืงื— 0 820626846 5ื–ืขื–0860ืช0 ,0ื˜4006 ,ื“ืกืฅืขืก/0 80600 26 110608 .ื”ืขื“ืชื’3 
6111611141ื›ืŸ ื–ืืกื“ื”ื–ืŸ 

820,287 /00:2143218002 /881ืขืชืก ืื” 26104ืžืขืง21ืืกืฅ11062 :2.2 .46 
7ืœืื–ืขืŸ 888 06111606023082176 ื ื’ื–ื•ื•ืขื”ื’ ื”ืืืกื˜ืขื‘ื’ 

ืื”ืช 2800886ืง ืื’ืชืกืื—ื– 6230884 8 ืคื–ืฆื•ืงืื–ืก ื”11008802212610 :8 .4 
-438:42 6806204000 ื”ืขืชืกื˜ืฅื‘ืข 21484000ื–ืž2ืฅ 4028 ื–ืขื—ืชืฅืงื– 0624082210114016 
4 (ื”ืขื’ืกืข6ืง 1224000 ืžืขื–ืกืงืช /8030224210 ื—ืชืกื–ื’ืชืกืช 8684010086 02842840) 
-68064 ืฆืขื’ืขื”ืฅ6 ืž8ืกืืขื ืกื˜ืฅ ื”ื”ืช 112/03382 ืืกื–ืขื˜ืขื”ืกืžืฅ 26ื˜ืฅื”ืก 3108 8 4828 
/42200 0726203:16 ืคืžื–ืขื—ืกืชื•ืžื /ืกืžื˜ืชืขืž2ืงืช 2:07ื–ืขื˜ืก .ื—ื—ืฅืงื– ืื•ืžืฆื˜ื•ืžื‘ืช-0ืืก 
-ืงืกืืก 00017861018604040 ืžื–ื–ื’6 2022432 0102 ืื”ืช ื–ื ืืื’ืงื–ืกืงืช 306822ืฅ 
3101 10ื˜ 1828 ื’ืžื–ืขื”ืข ืงืืกืงืฅ 1166 ื ืคื–ืขื˜ืกื•ื”ืื8 /41068 (ืืก? 0 ,8202ืกืงืื–ืืกืง 
-24000 8006016 ื1100676 .ืžื–ืขื˜ืฅื‘ืข 80/482162880 ื–ืก/ืฅื”026 6216 ืกืกืงื—ืก8 
ื28ืž8ืกืงืขื•ืขืฉืขื”ื’ืื ืกื”ืกืขื˜ 20072103806 ืื“ ืชื’ 0202480 80600 6ื”ืื ืก10ืŸ 
-ืกืงืช 0246 /ื–ื•ื•ืขื”ืชืข /02ื•32:0 ,620868ืกื˜ /060ื 2ืช 86 8628 228216062ืกืชืกืงืช 
-864820 8030207:808 (ื—ืื—ืชืกื“ืกื 3828244 {ืืกื–0ืฅ1266 ืื•ื‘ืช 3100 ืคื–ื’ืž2ืชืกืช 
ืืžืžืขื”ืกืกื–ื ืขื–ืกืกืžืกืงืช 022 0ืช16ืฅื16 ืกืžืขืžึผืกื”ืกืช /80ืงืกืช ื 2610680 .ืขืืขืช 
8 6264ื–ืขื˜ืฅ ืืื•2ืืข0ืข4822 ื”ืขื”ืกื•ืขื ืขืžืกืช ืกื–ืฅื–ืขื–ืกื˜ืข ืขืงืช ืงื’ืžืขืืกืก 
-ืฅืขืงืขื—ื—ืฅืกื– 0?:00000, ืชืฆืฅืงืืกื8 ,ืœืชืžื’ื”ื/06 ืฐ1ืขื–460086 ื’ื”ื’ืงืฅื2 ืคื–ืชืกื•ืืกืช 18 
ื–ื•ื•ืชื”ืชืช 232042 4ื–06220 8 ื˜ื–ืกืขืชื’ืขืžืกืชืก 806 ื”ืืกืกื˜ืขื–ืื’ืงื— ื”ืกื–ืกืŸ 

/616ื“ื’ืื˜ืฅ 8206ืขื06 ืืกื–3 ื 0ื•ืขื–ืก0ื’ื˜ืฅ ื ืžื˜ืกืชืคืขืงื— ืขืช 840ื ืก14 :ืข.2 .46 
?2608 ,8ืกื”ืกืงืกืช ืืขืืชืฅืงืช 43 

-11226 ื–ื ื–ื ืขืืกื– 282/10846ืข62 8 8006116:10 .116008064040 :8020660 .4 
-ืืกืฅืชื•ืžื ?036 32 422008 ืืขืืกืคืชืกื–ืขื˜ืฅ ืฆืืกื”ืกืกืงืช ืžื–ืขื–ื•ืกืง 380ืขื–20ื˜ ื”ืกืืก 
,4ื“ืขื–ืขื–ืกืžืขืชืกื— 422828408000ืข84006ื {ื”ืกืช ืืกื–ืคึผ 8 01808:821014600084 ื˜8ืกืื—ืื” 


ื–ื–ื• *11 


66 ื‘ื” ืืื ื–ื”ืกืกื˜ ,ื’ืช2ืขืงืฅืื’ 216082408ื ืื”ืืกืกืฆืขื ื—ืงื-ืกื˜ืงืขื–ื’ืงืกื•ื ื—ืขืช 
.42028162 /ื–ืžื–ื•ืง1112ืกื–ืืขื”ื—ื–ืืกื 1ื00408:0 8 ื–ื ื”ืกื– 

32 3 ืกืืคืกืขืช ื’ืชื—ื˜ืขื”ืกืช ื”ืขืื’62ืง 1022 ืกื–ืกื”ืžื–ืกืงื— 0446,ื 8 
:(61112) 

|ืชืžื‘ึผืฅืงืช 8228268816 45 

-/027ืข1160 8 ืฉืžื”ืื  ื”ื 284, ,267 02178ื”282 04000 ืกืื ืฅ ,382616 ื–ืžื 1228 
3 0 07008284 3 ืขึฐืืฆื”ื ื ืงื”ื ืืก ืขืืกืกื ื ื—ื’ืฆืกืขืงื— ื” ื–ืืกืงื–ืกื” ื ืกื 
2 ืงืฉืืกืŸืš ืขื—4626 ืขืงืŸ .ืž8001ื˜86 8 ื—ืกื ื•ืฅ ื—ืข 323124 ืกืื ืฅ  4010080โ€ ื’ื’ื•ืขืชื’ 
-00 8 ,2ืข6002/2/7-ืชืง4/10 ืืขื•ืžื”62460626 160180822246ื ืฅืก 6806 ื”ืื–ื’ืงืืกืงื— 
841 1100812210 .2721508ื˜ืกืช 116076 .ืข10ืง4640086 08ืข112402 ืขืื–ื•2/0 ืขืื•ื”ืกื“ืก 
4640078 ื’ื”ื’ืžืงืฅ 28 000ืืกืืขื”ื’2ืกืฅืงืกืช ื”ื—ื” 4282028006 ,3006 40007406 6806 
6 .ื˜ื–ืืื’ 20200 ื—232ืืขืงื— 8ื2610 ืืขื“1ื› 10246 4010082 ,ืขืกืขืŸ1 ืฅืข 
-460 8 406070 11222676 88 ,803802800 ื–ื•ื—ืชืข 02 028080 6327278ืช12 10ืกืกืงื— 
ื2870 ืžื”ืกื– ืกืขืžืื ืกืงืช 8 ืื’ื /ืชืชื ื’ื .3006 20600 ื”ื”ื” ืขื”ื”ื•ื’ื”ืื”ืกื– ื–ืขืขื–ืกื 
-ืขืืขื 

-110816 1181116111681 8 102ืขื03:240 8ืฐ1216ืขื˜ ืื ืคืงืกื–ืกื 0 ,ื’2ืืขื .24 3006 
-2ืข033ื— 6806/4080/6 //00861040 8 328612 8614000 4168 032/8282680 ,ืกืง 
ืกืฐืขืžื•ืคื”ืก6 ;ืขื–ืขื”ืกืžืกืงืช ;ืืขื–ืขืงื /ืžื˜ืงืขื–ื’ืงืกื–ืขื” 22386018488--ืืขื ืืกืงืžืช 
8 {;ืขื–ืขืž82ืกืงืขืงื–ืขืื› ื3216 ,4212 ื ืื—ื‘ื—ืื’ /00342167880 08068 1808 
78 040824 ,ื’ืืžืกืขื— 600 ื‘ืข 2840ืข8 3100 24ื ,1126 ืข ืคื”ืขื’ืง13ืฅ 
.2686 8 10ืกื–ืืกืง8 

7 -- ืขืืืข260/ื–40102840ืข ื 6ืงืฅ?2ืงืกื ืขื” ืขืกืืกืคื—ืกืช 8 1662 4080680428 
-226117 /008260ืช802 ,ืฐ328268082 ื–ืืืืกืคื”ืกื— ืื–ืžื”ืกื–ืขืฅื—ื–ืคื ,ื–ืื’ื 06300 
. (32011282) 006002ื—411:160 ื–ืืกืคื–ืก 

ืืงืก1ืก 8/8ืฐื0868460/ืงืฅื—16027ืขื” 632172617ื— (/ืขืืžืง10 .ื–) 86/260 ื”ื—ื›ึฟ 1103 
-0ืข111 11 ืฅื–ืขื”ื 44 /2606,326 0 .860062800422 2ืชืข2128 ืคืžืกืช 28ืฐ41100061 
-21008) 08ืืขื–ืฅืง6! ื”ืื’ืฆื—)/ /26ืช/88/01 ืœืงื—ื 600 ืชืข 3286 /400128 202ื 
-02024 0 220042388260 ื—ื’ืžืงืฅืื› 4003802002 4112 /ืกืืขืงืกืฅืง 1102 .(82 
540ืž107 5802 ;ืขืืกืงืื’ื– 1124 ืกืชืกื–ืชืชืกื•ื ืžื ,0022 4160 ื’ื•ืืžื”ืขืฉ 66ื˜ืชืฅืก 402 
.003228/8 600 0076ืช 260 2822042178 ื”ืขืกืขื—ืก -- ืฆื”ืกืช ืืกื—:ืžืกืงืช 8 

267 ืืขื”ื”ืขืฅืง! ืคืž2ืงืก/11 20ืงื–ืกื˜ื–ื›ึผ-ืืขืงืกื–ืกืข ืขื”ืขืฉ4002ื˜?431 232686ืง 8 
-ืขืชื4282 0 34121626/6 /62ื30280 (2100482) 2/ืขืืฐ6ืžืกืชืฅืช 8ื0ื’21 260ืงื–ืกื 
-680668 008610844 ืขืกืชื—ืฅืงื– 360408ืข31800020 243860140/2 220 -- ืœืืื’ื 

-ื”ื 2./1 ื’ืืคืกืขื” 386018846ืข4116 2002620820246 212067ื˜6ืกืช ื—ื’ืžืกืฅื2 
0 /4ืชืก4208 180036084000 3ืข2) ืœืฆืฅื”ืขื–ื’!2 24 ืข /ืช7ืง114866 11 ื’ืื—ืื” 
. (1988--1919 ,622ืืกืžืชืขื 2162062 166022072 00861?08000ืก 

-00 ื—ื–ืžืงื?ื“0 ืขื”ื•2ื”ื8ื”6/ ืขืืข46:0861 0022 1600ืฅื16 2828 0 ื”ื’ืžืขื˜ื’1ืŸ 
-ืกืงืช 208626 ื–ืืกืืกืžืชื’0680 3 .ื ื—ืขืงืกื–ืกืชืข 4080020428 ืฆืืืงืกืขื ืกื ืฆืขืžื˜ืืกื–ืก 
ืืกืž2268 0 ืกื–ืกืืกืžื”ืกืืื’ืช 14 11 .ืฉืกืงืช /2601ืง ื”ืชืื•ื•ื’ืืขื”ืกืขืฅื— 6104ื’ืื ืชืกืช 
8ืขื—200626 6ืช312 ืืกืžืžื”ื’ื˜ื’2 0 22008238826104 .ืขืขืงืกื–ืกืข 3102 ืก6ื”ืกื—ืงืกืช 
-ืกืขืง ื 6/8ืข:ื•2ืงื™ื“ืกืก:ื”ืชืชืข 8060602300:) .2021122112 3622 112 680668 ืืืžืคืกืงื” 
-882611 //2024607860ืฅื ื–ืžื”ื—ื’ืขืง216ื 1ื’ืื ืฅืฆื—ื”ืก ืขื”ืืงืก?1ืกืข 4080620428 ืกืืืง 
-ื26 ,218602211226680 ื”ืืžืกืชืกืžื‘ืขืกืงื— ื”10ื”3801ืข00ื—800 //401000 1184 ,ื”ื 
-216/82 /82 ,8200200 .21 ,2ื–ื”ืž602 

-ืฆื 0086004000 200128ืง 088201682ืกืช ืขื’ืืข020ื– 416228324 ื’ืืขืงืกืฆืฅืช 
. (11008482) 86080804000 2080860112) 8ืืื–ื•ืื ืกืช 

8 36 2668 ื•ืขืชืก 112 ื—ื  ืกื” ืืขืชืกื•ื ืื—ื˜ืกืื ื”ื“ืกืงื— 112 48286 
-606ืช ื—312 0881 8 ื—ื—ื–ื•ืกื ื•ืžื 40012 ,0668320) .ืกื•ืข8ื622ืง 8 ืืกืกืขื— ืืกื–ืกืช 
ืกืืกืงื—111 .002608026108ื ืืขืžื•ื’ืช //1680 /1228040 01280 3170 ,ื—ืขืื”ืกืงื“ื–ืก 
,160186 8ืก/112 ื ืขืขื•32ืข21ืงื260 ,ืขื“20200ื”ื—ืช ื–ืžืืกื”ืกืกืงื— 2210108ืื ืฅ060 
-ื”ืกืช ,ื–ืืกืกืขื— 06300 0238026108 188 -- ,ืข0864ื—36 ื“ืข10ืก ื0?008ื 1066106 8 
. (1100882) ื–ืืกืงืก:ื•ืžืขืช210 ื–ืืกืกืขืงืกื ืื–ืžื•ืก/8ืกืกื– 

-80106 2010288 /1600274 ืขืชืžื’ืชื/ืกื– ืฐืข4600861 822ืงืฅืื’ ืืืขื”ืขืฅืงื–ืกืก 
:0602 11202021000 1401670782ืข21 ืขืื’ืืขืžื–260ืง ืฐืืž0186101868 0 ื”ืกืชืขื– 


ื ื–ื 10 ืก ื™ื™ ืช 


(1122ืข2ืกื˜ 4)208610428) ืœืชื•ื’ื”ื/ืกื– ืฐื–ืขื“40:086 
9 ,ืค5ื—068024 ,2 ืคืืŸ 


-ืฐ28100400020 142328826104 188 -- /28686442 0600 ื–ืžื’ืขืž2/ื“40 
7 800102282811600 , (14468) ื’ืงืกืชื’ืขืกืฆืฅื 1100402 0378ืช ืคื–ืกืกืžืกืช ื”608482ื˜ 
6,; 1044 50-4 8 ืกืชืกืžื˜828ืกืงืขื–ื ื—ืขื”ืขืก62ืง ืช ื’ื”ืกืžื‘ืขืกืงืช 8804000ื—012 
.1648021/2 ืข46:0861 60ื10 88/8ื06822020 808132109ื“0 ืข8601ืกืช ื–ืžืžื’ื—ื– 

84 4 ื1110/086-2167/66 2ื–ืืกืง ืคื“2ื“ื’ื˜ืกืช /26ืื ืชืกืชืกืงืช ื”ื’ืืกืฅื2 
-2ื•1ืงืฅื2 ืื’2ืืกืฅื—ื•ืžื ืขืขืกืกื’ืŸ ืืื˜ื”ืกื”ืกืกืช 8 ื’ืืก ืืื•ื•ื’ืืขื”ืกืฅืื— 2232280) ืขื’ืื“ืขื—ื– 
. (ื”ืืกื– 1989 32 1 ืคืื” ื ื— ื”ืกื– 1988 34 ื’ื— 

-41102382 ,4802022082 20084238ืง 128046 202282107ืกืงื— 1062 ืฆ11003 
8 6806804000 020200ื ืขื” ืขืฐืง24010 48800824 ื 0664 1818ื˜ืขื–ืŸ 
-2ืงื–ืกืช 1666 2072460 0 ,411282 200423ืง , (11008482) 2071022242 8ืฐื”16682 
ื— (1987--1900) 042ืข226 02ืข1100 ื”ืขืช220716 ืกืชืกื˜ืงืฅื–ื’ืงืกื“1ืขืช ื‘ืข ืขื”ืกืคื–ื—ื 
0186 ื”ื’ืžืงืฅืื’ ืกืชืกืงืกื ืกืืช 8ืกืขืขื’ืืขื”ืกืฅืช ,ืœื’ื•ืžืงื 4012028 200423ืง 
. (2400488) 0ืช218408/60 068ืข110 217002ืงืกื“ืขื— ืกืขื–ืกื—-99 

-41100 408ืขื“ืก ื ืžื”ืืขื˜ 26321210108 ื’ื—ื’ืžืงืฅืื’ ืกืืขืžืกืฅืง 08ืืกืกื˜ืขื–ื›ึผืกืช 3 
ืœื–ืžืžืื–ืกืช 26068680846 460020116 ืชืข (2100482) 22:ืืงืฅื–111 1/42417868 ืขื ืžืงืกื“ืก 
040008632ืช , (06820195 1144072680428 ,ื–ืขื 11088) 82/ืกื“1ืขื•ืคื”ืข21 28082 
-1108) 242ื•ืืžืฅืง 1 22:ื–110 ,(ื”ืฐ82ืง22)) 242812 112802 /18401800684ืก 
-210 8004024 ,(ืืกืžืข6/) 42ื8ืž60ืืข22 8024ืข/64062 ืข 1682602 ื•ืžืชืขื. ,(ื”ืกืงืกื– 
24 ื’ื’ืขืงืข! ื (8ืืก/ืฅืง806) ื’82ืขืื–70ื”11 ืืžื!ืŸ ,(2100482) ื’ืงืกื˜ืคืชืขื– 
. (ืืก,21) 

8 ื“00ืข832 ืื–ืžืฐืžื”20604821202 ืฆืขื ื–22 ื’ืงืฆืฅื“ืžืชืฅื ืขื” 22ื–4806 
ืคื”ื‘ืขืื’ 01?224322208 0108 20600000620182,3 1000 ื”ืื˜ืžืกืงืฅ 00740267ืช 
6 46 ืžื ืฅื˜ื—ืช 80 ;ืขืื–ืžื˜ื–ืกืื’ืงื– 6066 ืืื ืข8ื6 ,26208 ืช 01408 ืืื–ื ื’1 
7ึธ,ืก,ืขืกืœืงื’ืงืืฅ 238601880 200421048261ืง ืก0ืงืช80 3109 -- ืข?ืขืื–ืขื˜ืงืขืฅ:ื–ืคื”ืฆืฅื 
-000842832 8040/4ื—216ืกืขื— 0840/8:ืข808ืฅ6 8ื—2062216ืกืงืช ,ืชื–ืงืฅื–ื’ืื’ืงื” ื— ื–ื›ึผืกื— 
ืฐืืกืง48 32861424 ืฆืข080ืก ื (616040848) 2820066006ื”600 ืขืขื”ืขืกื’ื ืืื 
-1100626 .ืืื’ืืคืกืขื˜ืขืžืกืฅื— ื”2326ืง 8267:ืž0ืื–ืก ื”ื’2ื–ื•ืงืฅืื’ ืืื ืขืงืกื–ืกื ,602107827 
8 346ืฐ6ื”208407 421040206 84ืื–6ืข32 88016ืกืกืช 10208 80-4 ื—ืื ืกืชืกื”ืกื ืื’ื–ื 
:2036 3824ืฅื”5 ?ืกืขื”ื’ื˜ืงืขืฅืขื;2 /26ืชืฅื–ืกื•ืื ืขืื–ื’ืงืกื–ืกื ืก ,ืขืกืงืขื ื•ืืกืžืกืืก087ืก 
-00006882 1 ื”ื—ื”ืข20ื 2042242 23 282ืชืช 8ื—223726 32860210267 .(1100482) ืžื—ื’ืš 
-2100 8 ืืื–ื•ื’ืืขื—ืกืฅื— 860808 1640 ืž ื”ื’ื•ื•ื2ืชืกืช 116 ,022ืžืชืฅืก ืข ืžื‘ืขื!(4 ืœื’ 
2ืžืง4)041486 ื–ืืกื”ื’ืงืฅืื’2 6272 2282 1103246 .ืขืžืง8186ื46 8226ืžืฅืื’ ื0 0808 
ื™3200 ืชืกืช 6647ืช64072 3107 ืชืกืขืืขื”ืกืฅื” ืขืชืžื’ื”ืชืื”6ื– 0ื•ืข?400086 .6327222ืช12ืŸ 
-28140641243262 06 28ื–ืืกืกืกืง 1 4/4ื—8ืฐ4820 ืืกืืžืกื— 

ื–2ื”2ืข60ืก81 ื–ืžืžืกื”ืž2ื ืกืชืกืงืช ืกืืกืงืขืืžื• ื’ืชื’ืžืงืฅืื’ื  8408606 ื–ืืกื’ื ืขืกื˜ื˜ื˜ 8 
.-000822/ืฅ208 /8ืกืกืงืช80 .ื”ืขืฉื’ืงื–ืกืขื”ืกืขื .ื’ืืขื ืขืงื ื”082ืข4/1416027 232672ืง 

0 ื–1207 218082 /ืื“6ื32 ืกืขืืกืกื˜ืขืืกื”ืกืช /ื—2316ืง 2182007ืงืื–1ืก 
ื”ืกืกืฅืฅ 226846ืช /01866426 248100 .ืขืขืืขื–ืืงื 419ืก48008060 (ืงืขืืืกื–ื—ืืช) 


11--+65 || 


ืชื”ื”ืชืื”ืžื– ื˜ืฐื–ื“0084ืก 


(2ืชืกืงืŸ 008610828) 


ื”ื ืžืื ื™ื”ืกืกืืกืื ื 
ื”ื’;ืงืฅืื’ ื”ื ืžื•ื•ื•ื•ืกืžื“ืกืกืื ืกื”ืฅื-ืกื•ื•ืงืขื–ื’ืงืกื–ืืช 


6 +/68060408602 ืกื–ืช 
0 816166ืกืื— 001034 88ื–ืงืก 


ืชื– 1961 6 113226168 
ื›ึผื˜ืช216ืกืื” /8ืืก46008610 80180ื”1132216 


0 14 ืช ืžืฅื– ?8 2.8 ืงืกื–ืื’ื”ืกืง 1382 


ืข ? 8 ื” ืช 0 ื ืช ื˜ ืชืข 


,(6228:002ืง 0ื—72840ืช .ืื’3) ืงืกืชื”ืกื .ื 
ื™ืชืฆื’ืชืกืŸืช .2 ืืก72ืง0ื– .0 168 .1 
60ืช022 .ืค ,ืงืกืื•ื”ื”ืชืกืช .} ,ืงืกื”ื˜ืชืื–ืกื•ืช .8 
ืฐ62ื”ื’ืงื•ื•ืŸ .11 ,/0ืืก1860 )1 

+2017248 +1 ,ืงืกื–ื˜ืขื–ืข .ืข 

(8ืง0680614 01861018646814) 


!222;ืืงืขื; 6ืฐ8648ื628ืง ืกืกืžืชืช 
.17 ,082ืงืฐ2 .ื—ืฅ ,1162 ,100482! ,101000 


1-+- - ืก00ื–ื22ืกืž 288818ื—ื– 
7,-- ืž06122 068 1861018688818ืก 


ื”ืฐื˜ื22ืกืง 400828ืฐ 1640โ€ 4ื”8004601864842ืฅื 
.2 6 ื ื’ ืง 46 .ื ,2 8 0ืกืช ืกื 00 ื™ื 
4 ื’ ื ื•ื• ืง 16 .ื ืงืกื–ืืกืงืงืกื 


21ืฑ06 ื 0462640ื—1102 .30.12.1988 2600 8 04880 
-ืกืชืขื“ 22ืืฆื˜ .700:1081/4 ื–ื‘ืืงืก .18.01.1989 
.ืกื— .ื—ืกืข) .ืชืื 1130,25 .ืช .1166 .{ ืกื ืื’ืืกืฉื’ืงื– 
.1369 .328 .ื—ืกื 70 11642 .5,53-0,125 .ืช .ืืฆื .(15,75 .ืช 


ืฐ3842668 ืกืชืก2,2808 ืกื–ืก8ืก2ืฅืง1 2ืฐ026ืฐ0ืก 
ืœื•ื•ื•ืกื•ืชืก8ืกืง 8ืง8ืืก1/+4 7 ื˜ื ื”ืขืฉื’ืงื–ืกื”ืขืื“ 8080828ืก40ืช 
0ื–44008684840ืขืก10 *ื’ื–ื’ืืื“ืงืกื—4008380 8,0 
86784ืช6ืก23221 ืื‘ืช26 ืกื” 0002 01618ื160 
ื™ื—ื”ืžืกื–ืงืกื“ ื”ืกื”ื8 ืชืข ืืื’ืงื™ื•ื•ืชืกืช 

.13 ,280628082 .ืงืกืช ,100888ื ,121019 


1 
9 ืฆืชื”ื’ืชืื”ืกื– ืฐืฐื“40080 ื”ื’ืืงืฆืืœ( 60 


!11 401:13, 
ื“ื‘ ื™ื• .ืฆื’ื™ 3 ื•ื• 


ื•ื– ื™ - . 
ืืจื™ ื“ืข -ืืจืšืŸ ?ื™ื™ ืจ ื‘ืฆ : :